Summits of the Americas
The Summits of the Americas (SOA) is a series of international summit meetings that bring together the leaders of countries in the Organization of American States (OAS). All countries have sent representatives to every meeting, except for Cuba which was expelled from the OAS under pressure from the United States after the Cuban Revolution of 1959. Cuba participated in the 2015 summit in Panama, and sent its foreign minister to the subsequent 2018 summit in Peru.[1][2] In the early 1990s, the formerly ad hoc summits were institutionalized into a regular "Summit of the Americas" based on the principles of democracy and free trade.[3] The meetings, organized by a number of multilateral bodies led by the OAS, provide an opportunity for discussions about a variety of issues and topics.
List of summits[]
Summit | Dates | Host Country | Host City | Host leader |
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1st | December 9–11, 1994 | ![]() |
Miami | Bill Clinton |
2nd | April 18–19, 1998 | ![]() |
Santiago | Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle |
3rd | April 20–22, 2001 | ![]() |
Quebec City | Jean Chrétien |
Special | January 12-13, 2004 | ![]() |
Monterrey | Vicente Fox |
4th | November 4–5, 2005 | ![]() |
Mar del Plata | Néstor Kirchner |
5th | April 17–19, 2009 | ![]() |
Port-of-Spain | Patrick Manning |
6th | April 14–15, 2012 | ![]() |
Cartagena | Juan Manuel Santos Calderón |
7th | April 10–11, 2015 | ![]() |
Panama City | Juan Carlos Varela |
8th | April 13–14, 2018 | ![]() |
Lima | Martín Vizcarra |
The events that garnered the most general public and media attention were the Quebec City and Mar del Plata summits (3rd and 4th respectively), both of which provoked very large anti-globalization and anti-Free Trade Area of the Americas protests and attendant police response.
OAS member states[]
All 35 independent nations of the Americas are members of the OAS.
Non-members[]
The following jurisdictions are not members of the OAS as they are dependencies of other nations. They are grouped under the nation that has sovereignty over them.
Sovereign state | Jurisdiction | Dependency type |
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Autonomous country |
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Overseas region |
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Overseas region | |
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Overseas region | |
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Overseas collectivity | |
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Overseas collectivity | |
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Overseas collectivity | |
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Constituent country |
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Public body | |
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Constituent country | |
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Public body | |
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Public body | |
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Constituent country | |
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Overseas territory |
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Overseas territory | |
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Overseas territory | |
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Overseas territory | |
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Overseas territory Disputed with Argentina | |
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Overseas territory | |
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Overseas territory Disputed with Argentina | |
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Overseas territory | |
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Unincorporated organized commonwealth |
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Unincorporated organized territory |
References[]
- ^ Prieto, Alfredo. "Everybody But Cuba," Havana Times. April 15, 2009.
- ^ "Cuba's Raul Castro skips Summit of the Americas". 13 April 2018.
- ^ Twaddle, Andrew C. (2002). Health Care Reform Around the World, p. 382.
- ^ Summit Americas: I summit (1st)
- ^ Summit Americas: II summit (2nd)
- ^ Summit Americas: III summit (3rd)
- ^ Summit Americas: Special summit
- ^ Summit Americas: IV summit (4th)
- ^ Summit Americas: V summit (5th)
- ^ Summit Americas: VI summit (6th)
- ^ Summit Americas: VII summit (7th)
- ^ Summit Americas: VIII summit (8th)
- ^ Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). New York: United Nations Development Programme. 2019. pp. 300–303. ISBN 978-92-1-126439-5. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
- Twaddle, Andrew C. (2002). Health Care Reform Around the World. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 978-0-86569-288-6; OCLC 48132063
External links[]
- Summits of the Americas
- The Fifth Summit of The Americas
- Summits of the Americas Follow-up System (SISCA)
- Follow-up and Implementation of Summits
- Summits Virtual community (SVC)
- Organization of American States
- Politics of the Americas
- 20th-century diplomatic conferences
- 21st-century diplomatic conferences