Swedish Armed Forces

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Swedish Armed Forces
Försvarsmakten
Coat of arms of the Swedish Armed Forces
Coat of Arms of the Swedish Armed Forces
War flag of Sweden
War flag and Naval Ensign of Sweden
Founded1521; 500 years ago (1521)
Current form1975; 46 years ago (1975)
Service branchesCoat of arms of the Swedish Army Swedish Army
Coat of arms of the Swedish Air Force Swedish Air Force
Coat of arms of the Swedish Navy Swedish Navy
Coat of arms of the Home Guard Home Guard
HeadquartersStockholm
Websitewww.forsvarsmakten.se
Leadership
Commander-in-chiefGovernment (Andersson Cabinet)
Minister of DefencePeter Hultqvist
Supreme CommanderGeneral Micael Bydén
Director GeneralMikael Granholm
Chief of Defence StaffVice Admiral Jonas Haggren
Manpower
Military age18–47[1]
ConscriptionYes[2][3][4]
Available for
military service		3,020,782 males, age 18–47 (2017 est.),
2,760,451 females, age 18–47 (2017 est.)
Fit for
military service		1,980,592 males, age 18–47 (2017 est.),
1,649,875 females, age 18–47 (2017 est.)
Reaching military
age annually		58,937 males (2017 est.),
56,225 females (2017 est.)
Active personnel24,000[5]
Reserve personnel31,800[6]
Expenditures
Budget60.6 billion kr (2019)[7]
Percent of GDP1.1% (2019)[8]
Industry
Domestic suppliersBAE Systems AB
Saab Bofors Dynamics
Saab AB
Related articles
HistoryMilitary history of Sweden
RanksMilitary ranks of the Swedish Armed Forces

The Swedish Armed Forces (Swedish: Försvarsmakten, "the Defense Force") is the government agency that forms the armed forces of Sweden, tasked with the defense of the country as well as with promoting Sweden's wider interests, supporting international peacekeeping, and providing humanitarian aid. It consists of the Swedish Army, the Swedish Air Force and the Swedish Navy, as well as a military reserve force, the Home Guard. Since 1994, all Swedish military branches are organized within a single unified government agency, headed by the Supreme Commander, even though the individual services maintain their distinct identities.

The Swedish Armed Forces consist of a mix of volunteers and conscripts. About 4,000 men and women are called up for service every year;[9] this is expected to increase to 8,000 per year by 2025.[10]

Units of the Swedish Armed Forces are currently on deployment in several international operations either actively or as military observers, including Afghanistan as part of the Resolute Support Mission and in Kosovo (as part of Kosovo Force).[11] Moreover, Swedish Armed Forces contribute as the lead nation for an EU Battlegroup approximately once every three years through the Nordic Battlegroup. Sweden has close relations with NATO and NATO members, and participates in training exercises like the Admiral Pitka Recon Challenge, and Exercise Trident Juncture 2018. Sweden also has a strong cooperation with its closest allies of the Nordic countries being part of the Nordic Defence Cooperation (NORDEFCO) and joint exercises such as 2019.[12]

Sweden has not participated in an officially declared war since the 1814 Swedish–Norwegian War, although e.g. Swedish aircraft took part in the NATO-led 2011 military intervention in Libya. Swedish foreign policy has managed to keep Sweden out of war through a policy of neutrality.

History[]

Main article: Military history of Sweden

After a period of enhanced readiness during World War I, the Swedish Armed Forces were subject to severe downsizing during the interwar years. When World War II started, a large rearmament program was launched to once again guard Swedish neutrality, relying on mass male conscription to fill the ranks.

After World War II, Sweden considered building nuclear weapons to deter a Soviet invasion. From 1945 to 1972 the Swedish government ran a clandestine nuclear weapons program under the guise of civilian defense research at the Swedish National Defence Research Institute. By the late 1950s, the work had reached the point where underground testing was feasible. However, at that time the Riksdag prohibited research and development of nuclear weapons, pledging that research should be done only for the purpose of defense against nuclear attack. The option to continue development was abandoned in 1966, and Sweden subsequently signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1968. The program was finally concluded in 1972.

During the Cold War, the wartime mass conscription system was kept in place to act as a deterrent to the Soviet Union, seen as the greatest military threat to Sweden. The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union meant that the perceived threat lessened and the armed forces were downsized, with conscription taking in less and less recruits until it was deactivated in 2010.

Sweden remains a neutral country, but has cooperated with NATO since the Partnership for Peace in 1994. Sweden was one of five partner nations granted the status of Enhanced Opportunities Partner at NATO's Wales Summit in 2014, coinciding with Russia's illegal annexation of Crimea and intervention in Ukraine.

The Russo-Georgian War of 2008 and the events in Ukraine in 2014 gradually shifted Swedish debate back in favor of increased defence spending, as concerns grew over Russia's military buildup and intentions. Conscription was reintroduced in 2017 to supplement the insufficient number of volunteers signing up for service. Unlike in the past, the current conscription system applies to both men and women.

Doctrine[]

Main article: Foreign relations of Sweden

The Swedish Armed Forces have four main tasks:[13]

  1. To assert the territorial integrity of Sweden.
  2. To defend the country if attacked by a foreign nation.
  3. To support the civil community in case of disasters (e.g. flooding).
  4. To deploy forces to international peace support operations.

Sweden aims to have the option of remaining neutral in case of proximate war.[14] However, Sweden cooperates militarily with a number of foreign countries. As a member of the European Union, Sweden is acting as the lead nation for EU Battlegroups[15] and also has a close cooperation, including joint exercises, with NATO through its membership in Partnership for Peace and Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council.[16] In 2008 a partnership was initiated between the Nordic countries to, among other things, increase the capability of joint action, and this led to the creation of the Nordic Defence Cooperation (NORDEFCO).[17][18] As a response to the expanded military cooperation the defence proposition of 2009 stated that Sweden will not remain passive if a Nordic country or a member of the European Union were attacked.[19]

Recent political decisions have strongly emphasized the capability to participate in international operations, to the point where this has become the main short-term goal of training and equipment acquisition.[20][21][22] However, after the 2008 South Ossetia war territorial defense was once again emphasized. Until then most units could not be mobilized within one year. In 2009 the Minister for Defence stated that in the future all of the armed forces must capable of fully mobilizing within one week.[23]

In 2013, after Russian air exercises in close proximity to the Swedish border were widely reported, only six percent of Swedes expressed confidence in the ability of the nation to defend itself.[24]

Organization[]

Swedish Armed Forces is located in Sweden
Norrbotten Regiment
Norrbotten Regiment
Artillery Rgt
Artillery Rgt
Skaraborg & Logistic Rgt
Skaraborg & Logistic Rgt
South Scanian Rgt
South Scanian Rgt
Air Defence Regiment
Air Defence Regiment
Life Guards
Life Guards
Göta Engineer Rgt
Life Rgt Hussars
Life Rgt Hussars
Ranger Btn
Ranger Btn
1st Marine Rgt
1st Marine Rgt
Muskö
Karlskrona
Karlskrona
F 7
F 7
F 17 & 3 Helicopter
F 17 &
3 Helicopter
F 21 & 1 Helicopter
F 21 &
1 Helicopter
2 Helicopter
2 Helicopter
Swedish Armed Forces
C2 Rgt
C2 Rgt
CBRN Defence Centre
CBRN Defence Centre
Gotland Rgt
Gotland Rgt
Swedish Armed Forces main bases 2017
Blue 000080 pog.svg Naval Base Blue 0080ff pog.svg Air Base Green pog.svg Infantry Base Pink pog.svg Mechanized Infantry Base
Orange pog.svg Cavalry Base Yellow pog.svg Artillery Base Purple 8000ff pog.svg Air Defence Base Black pog.svg Engineer Base
The Swedish multirole fighter, the Saab JAS 39 Gripen.
The Infantry fighting vehicle CV 90 produced and used by Sweden.
NH90 of the Swedish Armed Forces
The Swedish Visby class corvette.

The Supreme Commander (Swedish: Överbefälhavaren, ÖB) is a four-star general or flag officer who is the agency head of the Swedish Armed Forces and the highest ranking professional officer on active duty. The Supreme Commander reports, normally through the Minister of Defence, to the Government of Sweden, which in turn answers to the Riksdag. The current supreme commander is General Micael Bydén.

Before the enactment of the 1974 Instrument of Government, the King of Sweden was the de jure commander in chief (Swedish: högste befälhavare). Since then, King Carl XVI Gustaf is still considered to hold the honorary ranks of general and admiral à la suite, but the role is entirely ceremonial.[25]

The Swedish Armed Forces consists of three service branches; the Army, the Air Force and the Navy, with addition of the military reserve force Home Guard. Since 1994, the first three service branches are organized within a single unified government agency, headed by the Supreme Commander, while the Home Guard reports directly to the Supreme Commander. However, the services maintain their separate identities through the use of different uniforms, ranks, and other service specific traditions.

Armed Forces Headquarters[]

The Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters is the highest level of command in the Swedish Armed Forces.[26] It is led by the Supreme Commander with a civilian Director General as his deputy, with functional directorates having different responsibilities (e.g. the Military Intelligence and Security Service). Overall, the Armed Forces Headquarters have about 1,000 employees, including civilian personnel.[27][28]

Schools[]

Some of the schools listed below answer to other units, listed under the various branches of the Armed Forces:

  • Artillery Combat School (ArtSS) located in Boden
  • Armed Forces Technical School (FMTS) located in Halmstad
  • Air Warfare Centre (LSS) located in Uppsala
  • Armed Forces Interpreter/Interrogator School (TolkS) located in Uppsala
  • Swedish Defence University (FHS) located in Stockholm
  • Field Work School (FarbS) located in Eksjö
  • Air Force Air Officer School (FBS) located in Uppsala
  • Swedish Parachute Ranger School (FJS) located in Karlsborg
  • Flight School (FlygS) located in Linköping/Malmen
  • Helicopter Combat School (HkpSS) located in Linköping/Malmen
  • National Home Guard Combat School (HvSS) located in Södertälje
  • Command School (LedS) located in Enköping
  • Anti-Aircraft Combat School (LvSS) located in Halmstad
  • Military Academy Halmstad (MHS H) located in Halmstad
  • Military Academy Karlberg (MHS K) located in Stockholm/Karlberg
  • Land Warfare Centre (MSS) located in Skövde also a detachment in Kvarn[29]
  • Swedish Naval Warfare Centre (SSS) located in Karlskrona and Stockholm/Berga[30]

Centres[]

  • Swedish Armed Forces Centre for Defence Medicine (FömedC) located in Gothenburg, with a section in Linköping
  • Swedish Armed Forces Logistics (FMLOG) located in Stockholm, Boden, Karlskrona and Arboga
  • Armed Forces Intelligence and Security Centre (FMUndSäkC) located in Uppsala
  • Armed Forces Musical Centre (FöMusC) located in Stockholm/Kungsängen
  • Recruitment Centre (RekryC) located in Stockholm
  • National CBRN Defence Centre (SkyddC) located in Umeå
  • Swedish EOD and Demining Centre (SWEDEC) located in Eksjö
  • Swedish Armed Forces International Center (Swedint) located in Stockholm/Kungsängen

Nordic Battlegroup[]

The Nordic Battlegroup is a cooperative formation of the Swedish Armed Forces alongside mainly the other Nordic countries but also some of the Baltic countries as well as Ireland, tasked as one of the EU Battlegroups. The headquarter garrison for this group is currently situated in Enköping, Sweden.

International deployments[]

Currently, Sweden has military forces deployed in Afghanistan with the NATO-led Resolute Support Mission. Swedish forces were part of the previous International Security Assistance Force (2002–2014) in Afghanistan. Sweden is also part of the multinational Kosovo Force and has a naval force deployed to the gulf of Aden as a part of Operation Atalanta. Military observers from Sweden have been sent to a large number of countries, including Georgia, Lebanon, Israel and Sri Lanka and Sweden also participates with staff officers to missions in Sudan and Chad. Sweden has been one of the Peacekeeping nations of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission that is tasked with overseeing the truce in the Korean Demilitarized Zone since the Korean war ended in 1953.[31]

Past deployments[]

A battalion and other units were deployed with the NATO-led peacekeeping SFOR in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1996–2000), following the Bosnian War. NORDBAT 2 has been studied as an example of mission command on a chaotic battlefield with conflicting national orders.

Swedish air and ground forces saw combat during the Congo Crisis, as part of the United Nations Operation in the Congo force. 9 army battalions were sent in all, and their mission lasted 1960–1964.

Personnel[]

From national service to an all-volunteer force[]

Chart showing the size of the Swedish Armed Forces 1965–2010. Yellow = number of air wings; Blue = number of infantry regiments; Red = number of artillery regiments; Green = number of coastal artillery and amphibious regiments.

In mid-1995, with the national service system based on universal military training, the Swedish Army consisted of 15 maneuver brigades and, in addition, 100 battalions of various sorts (artillery, engineers, rangers, air defense, amphibious, security, surveillance etc.) with a mobilization-time of between one and two days. When national service was replaced by a selective service system, fewer and fewer young men were drafted due to the reduction in size of the armed forces. By 2010 the Swedish Army had two battalions that could be mobilized within 90 days. When the volunteer system has been fully implemented by 2019, the army will consist of 7 maneuver battalions and 14 battalions of various sorts with a readiness of one week. The Home Guard will be reduced in size to 22,000 soldiers.[32] In 2019 the Swedish Armed Forces, now with a restored national service system combined with volunteer forces, aimed to reach 3 brigades as maneuver units by 2025.[33]

National Service Force 1995 Selective Service Force 2010 All-Volunteer Force 2019 Selective Service Force/Volunteer Force 2025
Maneuver units 15 brigades 2 battalions 7 battalions 3 brigades
Auxiliary units 100 battalions 4 companies 14 battalions ?
Readiness 1 to 2 days 90 days 7 days ?

Re-implementing conscription[]

After having ended the universal male conscription system in 2010, as well as deactivating conscription in peacetime, the conscription system was re-activated in 2017. Since 2018 both women and men are conscripted on equal terms.[9] The motivation behind reactivating conscription was the need for personnel, as volunteer numbers proved to be insufficient to maintain the armed forces.[9][34]

Personnel structure[]

Military personnel of the Swedish Armed Forces consists of:

  • Officer OFF/K – Regular continuously serving officers (OF1-OF9).
  • Officer OFF/T – Reserve part-time officers (OF1-OF3).
  • Specialistofficer SO/K – Regular continuously serving NCO (OR6-OR9).
  • Specialistofficer SO/T – Reserve part-time serving NCO (OR6-OR7).
  • GSS/K – Regular continuously serving enlisted (OR1-OR5).
  • GSS/T – Reserve part-time serving enlisted (OR1-OR5).
  • GSS/P – Personnel in wartime placement (OR1-OR5).

K = Continuously

T = Part-time

P = Conscript, for personnel drafted under the Swedish law of comprehensive defense duty

Planned size of the Swedish Armed Forces 2011–2020[]

Category Continuously serving Part-time serving Contracted
OFF 3,900 OFF/K 2,600 OFF/T –
SO 4,900 SO/K included in the above SO/T –
GSS 6,600 GSS/K 9,500 GSS/T -
Home Guard – – 22,000

Annual recruitment of GSS is assumed to be about 4,000 persons.

Source:[35]

Criticism and research[]

In 2008, professor Mats Alvesson of the University of Lund and Karl Ydén of the University of Göteborg claimed in an op-ed, based on Ydén's doctoral dissertation, that a large part of the officer corps of the Swedish Armed Forces was preoccupied with administrative tasks instead of training soldiers or partaking in international operations. They claimed that Swedish officers were mainly focused on climbing the ranks and thereby increasing their wages and that the main way of doing this is to take more training courses, which decreases the number of officers that are specialized in their field. Therefore, the authors claimed, the Swedish Armed Forces was poorly prepared for its mission.[36]

Major changes have been made to the officer system since then.[citation needed]

The transformation of the old invasion defence-oriented armed forces to the new smaller and more mobile force has also been criticized. According to the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces the present defence budget will not be enough to implement the new defence structure by 2019. And that even when finished the armed forces will only be able to fight for a week at most.[37]

During 2013 several Russian Air Force exercises over the Baltic Sea aimed at Swedish military targets have made the future of the Swedish Armed Forces a hot topic and several political parties now want to increase defense funding.[38][39][40] In August 2019, the government announced a bank tax to fund the military spending.[41]

Ranks[]

Gen. Micael Bydén, the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces.
Main article: Military ranks of the Swedish Armed Forces

When an army based on national service (conscription) was introduced in 1901 all commissioned officers had ranks that were senior of the warrant officers (underofficerare) and non-commissioned officers (underbefäl). In a reform 1926 the relative rank of the then senior warrant officer, fanjunkare, was increased to be equal with the junior officer rank underlöjtnant and above the most junior officer rank fänrik. In 1960 the relative rank of the warrant officers were elevated further so that

  • i. The lowest warrant officer, sergeant, had relative rank just below the lowest officer rank, fänrik.
  • ii. The second warrant officer rank, fanjunkare, had relative rank between fänrik and löjtnant
  • iii. The highest warrant officer rank, förvaltare, had relative rank between first lieutenant and captain.

In 1972 the personnel structure changed, reflecting increased responsibilities of warrant and non-commissioned officers, renaming the underofficerare as kompaniofficerare, giving them the same ranks as company grade officers (fänrik, löjtnant, kapten). Underbefäl was renamed plutonsofficerare and given the rank titles of sergeant and fanjunkare, although their relative rank were now placed below fänrik. The commissioned officers were renamed regementsofficerare, beginning with löjtnant. The three-track career system was maintained, as well as three separate messes.

A major change in the personnel structure in 1983 (NBO 1983), merged the three professional corps of platoon officers, company officers, and regimental officers into a one-track career system within a single corps called professional officers (yrkesofficerare). The three messes were also merged to one.

In 2008 the Riksdag decided to create a two-track career system with a category called specialistofficerare. When implementing the parliamentary resolution the Supreme Commander decided that some ranks in this category should, like the old underofficerare ranks in 1960–1972, have a relative rank higher than the most junior officers.

Other government agencies reporting to the Ministry of Defence[]

Main article: Government agencies in Sweden
  • Swedish Defence Materiel Administration, or Försvarets materielverk (FMV)
  • Swedish National Service Administration, or Pliktverket
  • Swedish Defence University, or Försvarshögskolan
  • Swedish National Defence Radio Establishment, or Försvarets radioanstalt (FRA)
  • Swedish Defence Research Agency, or Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut (FOI)
  • Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency, or Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap

Voluntary defence organizations[]

See also[]

References[]

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  9. ^ a b c Persson, Alma; Sundevall, Fia (2019-12-17). "Conscripting women: gender, soldiering, and military service in Sweden 1965–2018". Women's History Review. 28 (7): 1039–1056. doi:10.1080/09612025.2019.1596542. ISSN 0961-2025.
  10. ^ Regeringskansliet, Regeringen och (2020-10-16). "Substantial investment in total defence". Regeringskansliet. Retrieved 2020-12-12.
  11. ^ "Försvarsmakten utomlands - Försvarsmakten".
  12. ^ https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/siteassets/2-var-verksamhet/ovningar1/nw19/folder-nw19-webb.pdf
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  14. ^ "Sveriges säkerhetspolitik" (in Swedish). Government Offices of Sweden. 25 March 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-10-19. Sverige är militärt alliansfritt. Denna säkerhetspolitiska linje, med möjlighet till neutralitet vid konflikter i vårt närområde, har tjänat oss väl.
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  19. ^ Ett användbart försvar Archived 2015-02-25 at the Wayback Machine, last paragraph (In Swedish)
  20. ^ Försvarsreformen Archived 2008-06-01 at the Wayback Machine (In Swedish)
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  23. ^ "Ett användbart försvar – med kraftigt stärkt försvarsförmåga". regeringen.se. Archived from the original on 25 February 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  24. ^ Benitez, Jorge (30 April 2013). "Most Swedes doubt Sweden can defend itself". acus.org. Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
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  29. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-04-10. Retrieved 2008-05-28.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  30. ^ "Training Centres". Swedish Armed Forces. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
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  34. ^ Reuters: Sweden returns draft amid security worries and soldier shortage Archived 2018-03-07 at the Wayback Machine, 2 March 2017
  35. ^ Ulf Jonsson & Peter Nordlund, Frivilliga soldater istället för plikt 8FOI 2010[permanent dead link] 12/11/2012
  36. ^ "Karriärstyrda officerare skapar inkompetent försvar". Dagens Nyheter (in Swedish). 2008-11-06. Archived from the original on 2012-11-14. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
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  41. ^ "Sweden announces bank tax to finance military spending". France 24. 2019-09-01. Retrieved 2019-09-01.

Manpower-numbers are taken from CIA – The World Factbook

External links[]

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