Tanker War

Tanker War
	Part of Iran–Iraq War
Date	1 February 1984 — 4 August 1988
Location	Persian Gulf; Strait of Hormuz; Sea of Oman;
Result	Ceasefire (at the end of the war)
Belligerents
Iran	Iraq; United States; Kuwait; Saudi Arabia;
Units involved
IRIN; IRGCN; IRIAF;	Iraqi Navy; Iraqi Air Force; United States Navy;

The Tanker War is a term that refers to skirmishes against merchant vessels in the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz between 1984 and 1988, during the Iran–Iraq War.

Overview[]

The Tanker War was started by the Ba'athist Iraq.^[1] Kuwait and Saudi Arabia allied with Iraq against Iran, while the United States intervened in 1986 to protect Kuwaiti tankers and subsequently was engaged with Iran.^[2]

List of attacks[]

1984[]


Date	Vessel attacked			Agent	Result	Ref
Date	Name	Flag	GRT/Date	Agent	Result	Ref
1984-03-01	Charming		Unknown	Iraqi missile	Unknown	^[3]
1984-03-01(?)	Sema-G		Unknown	Iraqi missile	Unknown	^[3]
1984-03-04	APJ Ambika		16000	Iraqi missile	Unknown	^[3]
1984-03-29	Iran Dahr		12257/71	Iraqi missile	damaged	^[4]
1984-05-27	Savoy Dean		19291/68	Iraqi missile	minor damage	^[4]
1984-06-03	Büyük Hun		80683/77	Iraqi missiles	severe damage	^[4]
1984-06-03	Giant Kirn		32107/71	Unidentified missile	set afire	^[5]
1984-06-06	Dashaki		19291/68	Iraqi missile	severe damage	^[4]
1984-06-10	Kazimah		160010/82	Unidentified a/c	severe damage	^[4]
1984-06-24	Alexander the Great		152372/73	Iraqi Exocet missile	severe damage	^[4]
1984-06-27	Tiburón		125389/73	Iraqi missile	severe damage	^[4]
1984-07-01	Al Kabeer		16575/65	Iraqi a/c	aground	^[4]
1984-07-01	Sitia Venture		15991/66	Iraqi a/c	aground	^[4]
1984-07-01	Alexandra Dyo		13316/69	Iraqi a/c	attacked	^[4]
1984-07-02	Won Jin		6164/74	Iraqi missiles	severe damage	^[4]
1984-07-05	Primrose		122203/76	Unidentified missiles	slight damage	^[4]
1984-07-10	British Renown		122203/76	Iranian a/c	slight damage	^[4]
1984-08-18	Endeavour		47310/76	Unidentified missile	set afire	^[5]
1984-08-24	Amethyst		31280/63	Unidentified missile	set afire	^[5]
1984-08-27	Cleo 1		20880/59	Unidentified missile	set afire	^[5]
1984-09-11	St. Tobias		115025/71	Unidentified missile	minor damage	^[5]
1984-09-12	Good Wind		11525/70	Iraqi missile	set afire	^[5]
1984-09-16	Med Heron		60655/77	Unidentified missile	Unknown	^[5]
1984-09-16	Royal Colombo		74474/75	Unidentified missile	Unknown	^[5]
1984-10-08	World Knight		114573/75	Iraqi missile	severe damage^[a]	^[5]^[6]
1984-10-11	Jag Pari		20991/82	Iranian (?) bomb	minor damage	^[5]^[6]
1984-10-12	Gaz Fountain		23796/69	Unidentified missile	set afire	^[5]^[7]
1984-10-15	Sivand		108721/71	Iraqi a/c	set afire	^[5]^[8]

1987[]


Date	Vessel attacked			Agent	Result	Ref
Date	Name	Flag	GRT/Date	Agent	Result	Ref
1987-07-24	SS Bridgeton			Iranian mine	damaged
1987-08-30	Sanandaj		129770/73	Iraqi a/c	damaged	^[9]
1987-09-01	Astro Pegasus		42510/75	Iranian w/s g/f	damaged	^[9]
1987-09-01	Bigorange XIV		197/56	Iraqi a/c	sunk	^[9]
1987-09-01	Munguia		140277/77	Iranian PG	set afire	^[9]
1987-09-01	Star Ray		99011/70	Iraqi missile	damaged	^[9]
1987-09-02	Nisshin Maru		103099/80	Iranian PG	damaged	^[9]
1987-09-02	Dafni		48473/57	Iranian boats	set afire	^[9]
1987-09-02	Diamond Marine		101416/74	Iranian boats	holed	^[9]
1987-09-02	Jolly Rubino		19418/78	Iranian boats	minor damage	^[9]
1987-09-02	Leonidas Glory		3717/73	Iranian boats	minor damage	^[9]
1987-09-09	Haven		109700/73	Iranian PG	damaged	^[9]
1987-09-20	Khark 2		137895/70	Iraqi a/c	damaged	^[9]
1987-09-20	Petroship B		25614/75	Iranian PG	minor damage	^[9]
1987-09-20	Shirvan		41439/79	Iraqi a/c	damaged	^[9]
1987-09-21	Gentle Breeze		57462/70	Iranian PG	severe damage	^[9]
1987-09-21	Marissa I		181/69	mine	sunk	^[9]
1987-09-27	Coral Cape		112825/74	Iraqi missile (2)	damaged	^[9]
1987-09-27	Iran Sepah		19702/76	Iraqi a/c	damaged	^[9]
1987-09-27	Merlin		110037/71	Iraqi missile (2)	damaged	^[9]
1987-09-27	Shirvan		41439/79	Iraqi missile	damaged	^[9]
1987-09-29	Khark		127453/73	Iraqi a/c	damaged	^[9]
1987-09-29	Koriana		38629/85	Iranian w/s	slight damage	^[9]
1987-09-30	Western City		105803/75	Iranian PGs	minor damage	^[9]
1987-10-01	Nichiharu Maru		120694/73	Iranian PGs	minor damage	^[9]
1987-10-01	Johar		49635/76	Iranian PGs	minor damage	^[9]
1987-10-01	Shenton Bluff		150/79	Iraqi missile	severe damage	^[9]
1987-10-02	Felicity		53226/68	Iraqi missile	set afire	^[9]
1987-10-02	Spic Emerald		11712/83	Iranian PG	set afire	^[9]
1987-10-05	Brazil Star		77294/72	Iraqi a/c	minor damage	^[9]
1987-10-05	Seawise Giant		238558/76	Iraqi a/c	minor damage	^[9]
1987-10-05	Shining Star		128929/71	Iraqi missile	severe damage	^[9]
1987-10-05	World Admiral		106673/74	Iraqi missile	minor damage	^[9]
1987-10-08	Tomoe 8		5267/86	Iranian PG	set afire	^[9]
1987-10-10	Rova		105286/75	Iraqi missiles	severe damage	^[9]
1987-10-12	Marianthi M.		13006/65	Iraqi missile	damaged	^[9]
1987-10-13	Atlantic Peace		43943/83	Iranian PG g/f	minor damage	^[9]
1987-10-14	Pegasus I		104918/73	Iraqi a/c	damaged	^[9]
1987-10-15	Sungari		124085/75	Iranian missile	set afire	^[9]
1987-10-16	Sea Isle City		55454/81	Iranian missile	moderate damage	^[9]
1987-10-23	Prosperventure L.		27333/87	Iranian PG	set afire	^[9]
1987-11-04	Taftan		141883/73	Iraqi a/c	damaged	^[10]
1987-11-06	Grand Wisdom		51121/76	Iranian w/s	minor damage	^[10]
1987-11-11	Fortuneship L.		118216/75	Iraqi GM (3)	damaged	^[10]
1987-11-11	Liquid Bulk Explorer		7060/72	Iranian PG	slight damage	^[10]
1987-11-12	Yousef^[b]		584/84	Iraqi a/c	hit	^[10]
1987-11-13	Salvital^[c]		742/76	Iraqi GM	severe damage	^[10]
1987-11-15	Lucy		36512/86	Iranian PG	damaged	^[10]
1987-11-16	Esso Freeport		122967/74	Iranian PGs	minor damage	^[10]
1987-11-16	Filikon L.		41330/76	Iranian PGs	moderate damage	^[10]
1987-11-19	Salvenus^[c]		699/78	Iraqi GMs	severe damage	^[10]
1987-11-20	Tabriz		41440/80	Iraqi a/c	damaged	^[10]
1987-11-22	Andromeda		38627/84	Iranian PG	damaged	^[10]
1987-11-23	Fundulea		6253/80	Iranian PGs	damaged	^[10]
1987-11-23	Uni-Master		11648/77	Iranian w/s	slight damage	^[10]
1987-11-26	Umm al Jathathel		47169/83	Iranian w/s	Unknown	^[10]
1987-11-29	Khark 4		127450/73	Iraqi a/c	moderate damage	^[10]
1987-12-02	Anax		122936/72	Iraqi a/c	slight damage	^[10]
1987-12-04	Actinia		109567/75	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	^[10]
1987-12-06	Estelle Mærsk		28010/87	Iranian PGs	minor damage	^[10]
1987-12-06	Norman Atlantic		42093/73	Iranian PGs	sunk	^[10]
1987-12-08	Alamoot		163173/77	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	^[10]
1987-12-09	Susangird		111287/73	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	^[10]
1987-12-11	Tharaleos		51372/69	Iranian FF	minor damage	^[10]
1987-12-12	Pivot		109700/75	Iranian FF	damaged	^[10]
1987-12-15	Mimi M.		16246/74	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	^[10]
1987-12-16	Taftan		141883/73	Iraqi a/c	minor damage	^[10]
1987-12-16	World Produce		17277/84	Iranian PG	moderate damage	^[10]
1987-12-17	Island Transporter		9714/68	Iranian PGs	damaged	^[10]
1987-12-18	Free Enterprise		113780/72	Iraqi a/c	went aground	^[10]
1987-12-18	Happy Kari		140227/74	Iranian PGs	set afire	^[10]
1987-12-18	Saudi Splendour		125394/75	Iranian PG	moderate damage	^[10]
1987-12-19	Karama Mærsk		167728/77	Iranian PGs	slight damage	^[10]
1987-12-22	British Respect		136601/74	Iraqi a/c	set afire	^[10]
1987-12-22	Burmah Enterprise		231629/78	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	^[10]
1987-12-22	Seawise Giant		238558/76	Iraqi a/c	set afire	^[10]
1987-12-22	World Petrobras		193778/77	Iraqi a/c	damaged	^[10]
1987-12-22	Stena Concordia		122199/73	Iranian FF	damaged	^[10]
1987-12-23	Berge Big		136364/75	Iranian PGs	set afire	^[10]
1987-12-25	Hyundai No. 7		11686/78	Iranian PGs	set afire	^[10]
1987-12-25	Nejmat el Petrol		12964/64	Iranian PGs	set afire	^[10]
1987-12-27	Stilikon		96747/64	Iraqi GM	set afire	^[10]
1987-12-31	Iran Sedaghat		4474/71	Iraqi a/c	decoy	^[10]

1988[]

1988-01-01 to 1988-03-27
Date	Vessel attacked			Agent	Result	Ref
Date	Name	Flag	GRT/Date	Agent	Result	Ref
1988-01-01	Alga		16134/72	Iraqi GM	slight damage	^[10]
1988-01-10	Khark 3		137895/71	Iraqi a/c	minor damage	^[10]
1988-01-12	United Venture		13161/69	Iranian GM	severe damage	^[10]
1988-01-14	Petrobulk Pioneer		20446/80	Iranian w/s	damaged aft	^[10]
1988-01-15	Atlantic Charisma		23127/87	Iranian w/s	damaged	^[10]
1988-01-15	Igloo Espoo		10105/85	Iranian PGs	damaged	^[10]
1988-01-16	Rainbow		7589/82	Iranian PGs	severe damage	^[10]
1988-01-22	Havpil^[d]		10977/69	Iranian PG	minor damage	^[10]
1988-01-22	Topaz		85690/76	Iranian PGs	minor damage	^[10]
1988-01-22	Torm Rottina		20036/76	Iranian PGs	attacked	^[11]
1988-01-27	Coral Cape		112825/74	Iraqi imissile	damaged	^[11]
1988-01-29	Khark		116404/75	Iraqi a/c	minor damage	^[11]
1988-01-29	Khark 5		138394/75	Iraqi a/c	minor damage	^[11]
1988-01-30	Mare^[d]		9111/72	Iranian PGs	sunk	^[11]
1988-02-03	Makran		16000/74	Iraqi missile	set afire	^[11]
1988-02-03	Petrobulk Ruler		20505/75	Iranian PG	damaged	^[11]
1988-02-05	Tavistock		87464/71	Iranian PGs	damaged	^[11]
1988-02-07	Khark 5		138394/75	Iraqi a/c	set afire	^[11]
1988-02-07	Diane		38241/87	Iranian FF	set afire	^[11]
1988-02-09	Shir Kooh		140465/73	Iraqi a/c	damaged	^[11]
1988-02-09	Veronique		38795/76	Iranian FF	damaged aft	^[11]
1988-02-11	Happy Kari		38795/76	Iranian PGs	set afire	^[11]
1988-02-12	Kate Mærsk^[d]		167207/76	Iraqi a/c	set afire	^[11]
1988-02-15	Soleiman		1019/84	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	^[11]
1988-03-08	Tenacity		41195/65	Iraqi a/c	minor damage	^[11]
1988-03-15	Trade Fortitude		113950/72	Iraqi a/c	damaged	^[11]
1988-03-18	Berge Lord		138008/73	Iranian PGs	minor damage	^[11]
1988-03-18	Kyrnicos		41922/67	Iraqi a/c	moderate damage	^[11]
1988-03-18	Maria 2		22845/80	Iranian PGs	set afire	^[11]
1988-03-18	Neptune Subaru		22845/80	Iranian PGs	minor damage	^[11]
1988-03-19	Avaj		162028/75	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	^[11]
1988-03-19	Sanandaj		129770/73	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	^[11]
1988-03-20	Atlantic Peace		43943/83	Iranian PGs	minor damage	^[11]
1988-03-21	Fumi		36674/84	Iranian PGs	set afire	^[11]
1988-03-21	Iberian Reefer		7949/85	Iranian PGs	minor damage	^[11]
1988-03-22	Havglimt		28941/78	Iranian w/s	minor damage	^[11]
1988-03-22	Stavros G.L.		163810/76	Iranian PGs	set afire	^[11]
1988-03-23	Odysseas H.		18876/72	Iranian PGs	severe damage^[a]	^[11]
1988-03-27	Jainarayan Vyas		15035/75	Iranian PGs	moderate damage	^[11]

1988-03-28 to 1988-08-04
Date	Vessel attacked			Agent	Result	Ref
Date	Name	Flag	GRT/Date	Agent	Result	Ref
1988-03-28	Karama Mærsk		167728/77	Iranian PGs	minor damage	^[11]
1988-03-28	Golar Kansai		98905/72	Iranian PGs	minor damage	^[11]
1988-03-30	Anax		122936/72	Iraqi a/c	disabled	^[11]
1988-03-31	Haven		109700/73	Iraqi FF	aground	^[11]
1988-04-12	Sagheera		20817/81	Iranian PGs	set afire	^[12]
1988-04-18	Omnium Pride		13858/71	Iranian PGs	set afire	^[12]
1988-04-18	Willi Tide		283/79	Iran	attacked	^[12]
1988-04-18	York Marine		60814/75	Iranian w/s	set afire	^[12]
1988-04-19	Fal V		7214/72	Iranian PGs	damaged	^[12]
1988-04-24	Sea Trader		19482/76	Iranian PGs	minor damage	^[12]
1988-05-11	Khark		116404/75	Iraqi a/c	damaged	^[12]
1988-05-11	Iran Nahad		11205/70	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	^[12]
1988-05-12	Sea Sapphire^[e]		11205/70	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	^[12]
1988-05-14	Argosy		71080/70	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	^[12]
1988-05-14	Barcelona		122770/72	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	^[12]
1988-05-14	Beaufort^[f]		475/78	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	^[12]
1988-05-14	Safir^[f]		475/78	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	^[12]
1988-05-14	Scan Partner^[f]		499/79	Iraqi a/c	sunk	^[12]
1988-05-14	Seawise Giant		238558/79	Iraqi a/c	severe damage	^[12]
1988-05-14	Burmah Endeavour		231269/77	Iraqi a/c	minor damage	^[12]
1988-05-16	Bisoton		112445/72	Iraqi a/c	minor damage	^[12]
1988-05-18	Ace Chemi		112445/72	Iranian PGs	set afire	^[12]
1988-05-19	Barge Strand		43849/82	Iranian PGs	minor damage	^[12]
1988-05-26	Mundogas Rio		12251/67	Iranian PGs	damaged	^[12]
1988-05-26	Don Miguel		10526/76	Iranian PGs	damaged	^[12]
1988-06-04	Shoush		113788/72	Iraqi a/c	Unknown	^[12]
1988-06-09	Salverve^[b]		742/76	Iraqi a/c	damaged	^[12]
1988-06-11	Dhaulagiri		7895/82	Iranian PGs	minor damage	^[12]
1988-06-11	Esso Demetia		125293/73	Iranian PGs	minor damage	^[12]
1988-06-11	Iran Fallahi		17716/72	Iraq a/c	Unknown	^[12]
1988-06-14	Neptune Subaru		51894/86	Iranian PGs	moderate damage	^[12]
1988-07-01	Khark 4		127450/73	Iraqi a/c	damaged	^[12]
1988-07-01	Fortuneship L		118216/75	Iraqi a/c	damaged	^[12]
1988-07-03	Berge Strand		43849/82	Iranian PGs	minor damage	^[12]
1988-07-07	Fellowship L		118215/74	Iraqi a/c	set afire	^[12]
1988-07-08	Star Ray		107432/70	Iraqi a/c	set afire	^[12]
1988-07-12	Universal Monarch		40840/81	Iranian PGs	damaged	^[12]
1988-07-15	Sea Victory		43456/69	Iranian PGs	minor damage	^[12]
1988-08-04	Berge Lord		138008/73	Iranian PGs	minor damage	^[12]

Notes[]

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b constructive loss
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b tug
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b salvage tug
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c hit in error
^ tug towing Iran Nahad
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c tugs damaged by explosion of Barcelona

References[]

Footnotes[]

^ Roach, J. Ashley; Greenwood, Christopher J.; Lagoni, Rainer; Meron, Theodor (20–23 April 1988), "Missiles on Target; The Law of Targeting and the Tanker War", Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law), 82: 154–169, doi:10.1017/S0272503700072980, JSTOR 25658421
^ Dudley, William S. (2007), "Navies, Great Powers – United States, 1775 to the Present – The tanker war", in Hattendorf, John J. (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195130751.001.0001, ISBN 9780195307405
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Herman, Arthur (7 March 1984), "Two cargo ships were hit by Iraqi missiles", United Press International
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Silverstone 1984, 21 (4)
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Silverstone 1985, 22 (2)
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Iranians Bomb Tanker From India in the Gulf", The New York Times, Associated Press, 13 October 1984
^ "Liquefied Gas Ship Set Ablaze in Gulf", The New York Times, Reuters, 14 October 1984
^ Middleton, Drew (21 October 1984), "Gulf War: Iran's Push is Limited", The New York Times
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an Silverstone 1988a, 25 (1)
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay Silverstone 1988b, 25 (2)
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah Silverstone 1988c, 25 (4)
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai Silverstone 1989, 26 (1)

Sources[]

Silverstone, Paul H. (1984), "Naval Intelligence", Warship International, International Naval Research Organization, 21 (4): 396, JSTOR 44891106
Silverstone, Paul H. (1985), "Naval Intelligence", Warship International, International Naval Research Organization, 22 (1): 51, JSTOR 44888933
Silverstone, Paul H. (1985), "Naval Intelligence", Warship International, International Naval Research Organization, 22 (2): 145–146, JSTOR 44891147
Silverstone, Paul H. (1985), "Naval Intelligence", Warship International, International Naval Research Organization, 22 (3): 306, JSTOR 44891192
Silverstone, Paul H. (1985), "Naval Intelligence", Warship International, International Naval Research Organization, 22 (4): 399, JSTOR 44891899
Silverstone, Paul H. (1986), "Naval Intelligence", Warship International, International Naval Research Organization, 23 (1): 30, JSTOR 44894586
Silverstone, Paul H. (1986), "Naval Intelligence", Warship International, International Naval Research Organization, 23 (2): 140, JSTOR 44889022
Silverstone, Paul H. (1986), "Naval Intelligence", Warship International, International Naval Research Organization, 23 (3): 271, JSTOR 44891948
Silverstone, Paul H. (1986), "Naval Intelligence", Warship International, International Naval Research Organization, 23 (4): 378, JSTOR 44889078
Silverstone, Paul H. (1987), "Naval Intelligence", Warship International, International Naval Research Organization, 24 (1): 71, JSTOR 44889099
Silverstone, Paul H. (1987), "Naval Intelligence", Warship International, International Naval Research Organization, 24 (2): 164, JSTOR 44894620
Silverstone, Paul H. (1987), "Naval Intelligence", Warship International, International Naval Research Organization, 24 (4): 358, JSTOR 44891264
Silverstone, Paul H. (1988), "Naval Intelligence", Warship International, International Naval Research Organization, 25 (1): 37, JSTOR 44889197
Silverstone, Paul H. (1988), "Naval Intelligence", Warship International, International Naval Research Organization, 25 (2): 195, JSTOR 44891248
Silverstone, Paul H. (1988), "Naval Intelligence", Warship International, International Naval Research Organization, 25 (4): 402, JSTOR 44892028
Silverstone, Paul H. (1989), "Naval Intelligence", Warship International, International Naval Research Organization, 26 (1): 83, JSTOR 44892063

[constructive_loss-6] Jump up to: ^a ^b constructive loss

[tug-12] Jump up to: ^a ^b tug

[st-13] Jump up to: ^a ^b salvage tug

[error-14] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c hit in error

[17] tug towing Iran Nahad

[Barcelona-18] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c tugs damaged by explosion of Barcelona

[1] Roach, J. Ashley; Greenwood, Christopher J.; Lagoni, Rainer; Meron, Theodor (20–23 April 1988), "Missiles on Target; The Law of Targeting and the Tanker War", Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law), 82: 154–169, doi:10.1017/S0272503700072980, JSTOR 25658421

[2] Dudley, William S. (2007), "Navies, Great Powers – United States, 1775 to the Present – The tanker war", in Hattendorf, John J. (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195130751.001.0001, ISBN 9780195307405

[Charming_and_Sema_and_APJ_Ambika-3] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Herman, Arthur (7 March 1984), "Two cargo ships were hit by Iraqi missiles", United Press International

[WI21-4-4] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Silverstone 1984, 21 (4)

[WI22-2-5] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Silverstone 1985, 22 (2)

[Jag_Pari_and_World_Knight-7] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Iranians Bomb Tanker From India in the Gulf", The New York Times, Associated Press, 13 October 1984

[Gaz_Fountain-8] "Liquefied Gas Ship Set Ablaze in Gulf", The New York Times, Reuters, 14 October 1984

[Sivand_and_Pacific_Protector-9] Middleton, Drew (21 October 1984), "Gulf War: Iran's Push is Limited", The New York Times

[WI25-1-10] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an Silverstone 1988a, 25 (1)

[WI25-2-11] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay Silverstone 1988b, 25 (2)

[WI25-4-15] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah Silverstone 1988c, 25 (4)

[WI26-1-16] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai Silverstone 1989, 26 (1)

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