Theodoxus
| Theodoxus | |
|---|---|
| |
| An oblique left side view of a live Theodoxus fluviatilis | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Neritimorpha |
| Order: | Cycloneritida |
| Superfamily: | Neritoidea |
| Family: | Neritidae |
| Subfamily: | |
| Genus: | Theodoxus Montfort, 1810[1] |
| Type species | |
| Theodoxus lutetianus Montfort, 1810 | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
| |
Theodoxus is a genus of nerites, small water snails with an operculum, some of which live in freshwater, and some in both freshwater and brackish water, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family Neritidae, the nerites.[2]
Distribution[]
The distribution of the genus Theodoxus includes Europe and northern Africa and also extends east to southern Iran.[3] No other species within Neritidae have sympatrical distribution with Theodoxus.[4] The distribution of the genus Theodoxus is an exception within Neritidae, because Neritidae live primarily in the southern hemisphere.[4] Species within Theodoxus are the only Neritidae snails, that live in temperate climate.[4]
Bunje & Lindberg (2007) presented the first phylogenetic hypothesis of the clade Theodoxus.[4] The evolution of the genus Theodoxus was affected by separating of Mediterranean Sea and Paratethys sea in Miocene.[4]
Description[]
Representative row of radula teeth of T. fluviatilis
The shell in this genus is semiovular with a flat apertural plain. There is no umbilicus. The columella and inner whorls are dissolved.[3]
Species in the genus Theodoxus are highly variable in size, in color pattern of the periostracum, in details of the operculum and in the radula, and all these factors can make identification to species level very challenging.[5]
Ecology[]
These animals live on stones, and often also under stones, in up to 5–6 m depth or deeper, feeding on algal covers.[3] Theodoxus needs rough surfaces in order to be able to digest its food, so a stony substrate is necessary.[3] Green algae[clarification needed] are not consumed; Theodoxus has no cellulases.[3] These snails lay egg capsules containing 30-70 eggs each, usually on the shells of other Theodoxus animals; only one juvenile grows, the other eggs serve as food.[3]
Species[]
There were no systematic review of the genus Theodoxus as of 2007.[4] Bunje (2004) noted at least 34 extant taxa at species level in the genus Theodoxus. IUCN Red List (2015) provided conservation status for 23 species of Theodoxus.[6]
Species within the genus Theodoxus include:
- Subgenus Brusinaella Andrusov, 1912[7]
- † (Seninski, 1905)
- Subgenus Calvertia Bourguignat, 1880[8]
- † (Fuchs, 1870)
- † Wenz, 1930
- † (Brusina, 1874)
- † (Capellini, 1880)
- † Gozhik, 2002
- † Anistratenko & Gozhik, 1995
- † Kühn, 1963
- † (Brusina, 1902)
- † (Sinzov, 1896)
- † (Pavlović, 1931)
- † (Pantanelli, 1876)
- † (Brusina, 1874)
- † (Fuchs, 1870)
- † (d'Ancona, 1869)
- † (Fontannes, 1878)
- † Gozhik in Gozhik & Datsenko, 2007
- † (Brusina, 1884)
- † (Férussac, 1823)
- † (Semper, 1867)
- † Gozhik in Gozhik & Datsenko, 2007
- † (Andrusov, 1909)
- † (Porumbaru, 1881)
- † (Brusina, 1892)
- † (Sinzov, 1896)
- † (Brusina, 1878)
- † Wenz, 1943
- † Gozhik in Gozhik & Datsenko, 2007
- † (Semper, 1867)
- † (Neumayr, 1869)
- † (Brusina, 1902)
- † (Brusina, 1902)
- † Locard, 1893
- † Kühn, 1963
- † (d'Ancona, 1869)
- † (Burgerstein, 1877)
- † Gozhik, 2002
- † (Brusina, 1874)
- † (Sinzov, 1896)
- † Gozhik, 2002
- † (Andrusov, 1909)
- † Milošević, 1983
- † Locard, 1883
- † (Brusina, 1884)
- † (Brusina, 1874)
- † (Sinzov, 1896)
- † Locard, 1893
- † (Sinzov, 1884)
- † (Fuchs, 1870)
- † (Brusina, 1893)
- † (Brusina, 1902)
- † (Pavlović, 1931)
- † (Brusina, 1874)
- † (Andrusov, 1909)
- † (Brusina, 1884)
- † (Sandberger, 1875)
- † (Brusina, 1892)
- † (Brusina, 1878)
- † Gozhik in Gozhik & Datsenko, 2007
- † (Brusina, 1893)
- † (Fontannes, 1887)
- † Gozhik in Gozhik & Datsenko, 2007
- † Gozhik, 2002
- † Gozhik, 2002
- † (Andrusov, 1909)
- † (Pavlović, 1903)
- † (Brusina, 1878)
- † (Brusina, 1884)
- † (Fuchs, 1870)
- † (Pavlović, 1903)
- † (Brusina, 1897)
- † (Brusina, 1884)
- † Gozhik, 2002
- † (Pavlović, 1903)
- Subgenus Neritonyx Andrusov, 1912[9]
- † (Seninski, 1905)
- Subgenus Ninniopsis Tomlin, 1930[10]
- † (Andrusov, 1912)
- Subgenus Neritaea Roth, 1855[11]
- Theodoxus anatolicus (Récluz, 1841)[12][13][14]
- † (Férussac, 1823)
- Theodoxus jordani (Sowerby)[14]
- † (Gaudry & Fischer in Gaudry, 1867)
- Theodoxus niloticus (Reeve, 1856)[14] - synonym: Theodoxus africanus (Reeve, 1856)[15]
- † Schütt, 1976
- Schütt, 1963[12][13]
- (Menke, 1828)[12][13]
- Subgenus Theodoxus Montfort, 1810
- Theodoxus altenai Schütt, 1965[12][14]
- (Lamarck, 1822)[12][16]
- † (Cobălcescu, 1883)
- † (Handmann, 1882)
- † Jekelius, 1944
- † Stefanescu, 1896
- † (Porumbaru, 1881)
- † (Krauss, 1852)
- Theodoxus danubialis (Pfeiffer, 1828)[12][16][14]
- † (Oppenheim, 1919)
- † (Almera, 1894)
- † (Philippi, 1844) [12][16]
- † Jekelius, 1944
- Theodoxus euxinus (Clessin, 1886)[12][16][17]
- Theodoxus fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758)[12][16] - type species.[18] synonyms: Theodoxus brauneri (Lindholm, 1908)[18] (but as separate species per[12][16]); Theodoxus brauneri f. lacrymans Lindholm, 1908;[18] Theodoxus brauneri f. alboguttata Lindholm, 1908;[18] Theodoxus brauneri f. pulherrima Lindholm, 1908;[18] Theodoxus lutetianus Montfort, 1810.[3] Bunje (2005)[19] does not consider Theodoxus velox Anistratenko, 1999[20][17] to be a distinct species from Theodoxus fluviatilis.[19][14][17]
- † (Thomä, 1845)
- (Martens, 1879)[12][14]
- † (Bellardi & Michelotti, 1841)
- (Martens, 1879)[12][16]
- † Jurišić-Polšak, 1979
- † (Handmann, 1887)
- Theodoxus meridionalis (Philippi, 1836)[12][21][16]
- † Papp, 1979
- † Papp, 1953
- † (Bellardi & Michelotti, 1841)
- Theodoxus pallasi Lindholm, 1924[22][12][16][17] - synonym: Theodoxus lituratus (Eichwald, 1838)[22]
- † (Tournouër, 1879)
- Theodoxus prevostianus (Pfeiffer, 1828)[12][16][14][23]
- † (Sinzov, 1896)
- Theodoxus saulcyi (Bourguignat, 1852)[12][16]
- † (Calvert & Neumayr, 1880)
- † (Neumayr in Herbich & Neumayr, 1875)
- † (Fuchs, 1877)
- † (Eichwald, 1853)
- Theodoxus subthermalis (Bourguignat in Issel, 1865)[17] or Theodoxus fluviatilis subthermalis Issel, 1865[16]
- Theodoxus transversalis (Pfeiffer, 1828)[12][16][14]
- † (Grateloup, 1839)
- † Jekelius, 1944
- Theodoxus valentinus (Graells, 1846)[12][16]
- † (Brusina, 1902)
- Subgenus ?
- † (Jenkins, 1864)
- † (Revilla, 1958)
- Starobogatov, 1994[22][17]
- † Jekelius, 1944
- † (Simionescu & Barbu, 1940)
- † (Royo Gómez, 1922)
- † (Oppenheim, 1919)
- (Wood, 1828)
- Theodoxus coronatus (Leach, 1815)[24]
- † (Klein, 1853)
- † (Brusina, 1892)
- (Lindholm, 1908)[20][17]
- † (Neumayr, 1880)
- Theodoxus euxinus (Clessin, 1886)
- Odabaşi & Arslan, 2015
- Sands & Glöer, 2020
- † (Bukowski, 1896)
- † (Brusina, 1878)
- † Jekelius, 1944
- [citation needed]
- † (Stefanescu, 1896)
- (Miller, 1879)
- (Sowerby, 1849)[citation needed]
- Theodoxus maresi (Bourguignat, 1864)[25]
- (Pallary, 1920)[26]
- Golikov & Starobogatov, 1966[17]
- [citation needed]
- Theodoxus numidicus (Récluz, 1841)[27]
- [citation needed]
- Theodoxus pallasi Lindholm, 1924
- Dunker, 1861
- † Sauerzopf, 1952
- † (Magrograssi, 1928)
- † Esu & Girotti, 2015
- † (Oppenheim, 1919)
- (Tournouêr, 1879)[12]
- † Jekelius, 1944
- † Jekelius, 1944
- Ahuir, 2020
- † Papp, 1953
- † Jekelius, 1944
- † Neubauer, Harzhauser, Georgopoulou, Mandic & Kroh, 2014 †
- † Theodoxus quadrifasciatus (Bielz, 1864) †
- † Pană, 1990
- † (Tournouër in Fischer, 1877)
- (Lindholm, 1901)[20][17]
- (Grimm, 1877)[22][17]
- † (Stefanescu, 1896)
- † Geyer, 1914[23]
- † (Brusina, 1876)
- † Jekelius, 1944
- † (Revilla, 1958)
- † (Jenkins, 1864)
- † Neubauer, Harzhauser, Georgopoulou, Mandic & Kroh, 2014
- Theodoxus subthermalis Bourguignat in Issel, 1865
- † Harzhauser, Neubauer & Hoşgör, 2018
- † Jekelius, 1944
- † Rust, 1997
- (Graëlls, 1846)[12]
- Theodoxus velox V. Anistratenko in O. Anistratenko, Starobogatov & V. Anistratenko, 1999
- (Sowerby II, 1849)
- Sands & Glöer, 2020
- Sands & Glöer, 2020
- † Brusina, 1902)
- Synonyms
- † Theodoxus burdigalensis (d'Orbigny, 1852) : synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) trifasciatus (Grateloup, 1839)
- Theodoxus cariosus (Wood, 1828) and are synonyms of (Wood, 1828)[28]
- † Theodoxus dacicus Jekelius, 1944: synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) leobersdorfensis dacicus Jekelius, 1944
- Theodoxus doriae Issel, 1865: synonym of Theodoxus fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) represented as Theodoxus (Theodoxus) fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Theodoxus euphraticus (Mousson, 1874)[29] is a synonym of Mousson, 1874[30]
- † Theodoxus intracarpatica Jekelius, 1944 : synonym of † Theodoxus intracarpaticus Jekelius, 1944
- Theodoxus lutetianus Montfort, 1810: synonym of Theodoxus fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) represented as Theodoxus (Theodoxus) fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758)
- † Theodoxus mariae (Handmann, 1887): synonym of † Handmann, 1887
- † Theodoxus martensi (Brusina, 1884): synonym of † (Brusina, 1884)
- Theodoxus neglectus is a synonym of (Pease, 1861)[28]
- † Theodoxus oslavanensis Rzehak, 1893: synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) cyrtocelis austriacus (Rzehak, 1893)
- Theodoxus oualaniense (Lesson, 1831): synonym of Checked: verified by a taxonomic editorClithon oualaniense (Lesson, 1831)
- † Theodoxus perlongus Jekelius, 1944: synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) zografi perlongus Jekelius, 1944
- † Theodoxus petralbensis Jekelius, 1944: synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) zografi petralbensis Jekelius, 1944
- † Theodoxus pictus (Férussac, 1823): synonym of † (Férussac, 1823)
- Theodoxus reclivatus Say, 1822: synonym of Neritina usnea (Röding, 1798)
- † Theodoxus rumanus (Stefanescu, 1896): synonym of † Theodoxus (Calvertia) stefanescui (Fontannes, 1887)
- † Theodoxus scamandri (Calvert & Neumayr, 1880): synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) scamandrius (Calvert & Neumayr, 1880)
- Theodoxus vespertinus : synonym of (Sowerby, 1849)[28]
- † Theodoxus vetranici (Brusina, 1902): synonym of † (Brusina, 1902)
- Theodoxus virginea (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Neritina virginea (Linnaeus, 1758)
- † Theodoxus (Vittoclithon) pictus bizonalis (Grateloup, 1839): synonym of † Agapilia picta bizonalis (Grateloup, 1839)
References[]
This article incorporates public domain text from the reference [3]
- ^ Montfort D. de (1810). Conchyliologie systématique, et classification méthodique des coquilles; offrant leurs figures, leur arrangement générique, leurs descriptions caractéristiques, leurs noms; ainsi que leur synonymie en plusieurs langues. Ouvrage destiné à faciliter l'étude des coquilles, ainsi que leur disposition dans les cabinets d'histoire naturelle. Coquilles univalves, non cloisonnées. Tome second. pp. [1-3], 1-676. Paris. (Schoell). page 350.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Bouchet, P. (2014). Theodoxus Montfort, 1810. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=153531 on 2014-11-17.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Genus summary for Theodoxus ". AnimalBase, last modified 24 February 2009, accessed 11 April 2011.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Bunje P. M. & Lindberg D. R. (2007). "Lineage divergence of a freshwater snail clade associated with post-Tethys marine basin development". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 42(2): 373–387. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.06.026.
- ^ Zettler M. L., Frankowski J., Bochert R. & Röhner M. (2004). "Morphological and ecological features of Theodoxus fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) from Baltic brackish water and German freshwater populations". Journal of Conchology 38(3): 305-316. .pdf PDF[permanent dead link].
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- ^ Andrussov (1912). Verh. Russ. min. Ges. St. Pétersburg (2)49: page 4 (Brusinaella) and page 1 (Neritonyx).
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- ^ Zettler M. & Van Damme D. (2010). Theodoxus meridionalis. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 11 April 2011.
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- Eichhorst T.E. (2016). Neritidae of the world. Volume 2. Harxheim: Conchbooks. Pp. 696-1366
External links[]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Theodoxus. |
- Bandel K. (2001). "The history of Theodoxus and Neritina connected with description and systematic evaluation of related Neritimorpha (Gastropoda)". 85: 65-164. abstract.
Categories:
- Neritidae
- Gastropod genera