Turkestan Autonomy

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources:  –  ·  ·  · scholar · JSTOR (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Turkestan Autonomy Kazakh: Түркістан автономиясы Kyrgyz: Туркистан автономияси Tajik: Мухторияти Туркистон Uzbek: Turkiston muxtoriyati Russian: Туркестанская автономия
1917–1918
Flag
Anthem: National anthem of Turkestan
Approximate borders of Turkestan Autonomy
Status	Unrecognized state
Capital	Kokand
Common languages	Kazakh Kyrgyz Tajik Russian Uzbek
Religion	Secular state
Government	Republic
Historical era	Russian Civil War
• Independence declared from Russia	27 November 1917[a]
• Sovietization of Turkestan	22 February 1918
Population
• 1918	Almost 5 million[citation needed]
Preceded by Succeeded by Russian Turkestan Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
Today part of	Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Uzbekistan

The Turkestan Autonomy, or Kokand Autonomy, was an unrecognized state^{[citation needed]} in Central Asia that existed at the beginning of the Russian Civil War. It was formed on 27 November 1917^[a] and existed until 22 February 1918.^{[citation needed]} It was a secular republic,^{[citation needed]} headed by a president.^[2]

It was one of the first secular states where the majority of the population were Muslims.^{[citation needed]} It was the first democratic state in the history of Central Asia.^{[citation needed]} The capital of the state was Kokand, which until then was the capital of the Kokand Khanate. There were 5 official languages: Uzbek, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tajik and Russian. The population was about 5 million people,^{[citation needed]} mostly Uzbeks and Kazakhs, as well as Kyrgyz, Tajiks, Russians and others.^{[citation needed]}

History[]

The Turkestan Autonomy occupied former territories of the Russian Empire, which was called the Turkestan Krai or the Russian Turkestan, more particular parts of the Semirechye, Syr-Darya and Fergana Oblasts (Provinces). From the north it bordered on the Alash Autonomy, from the east on the Republic of China, from the south on the Emirate of Afghanistan, from the south-west on the Emirate of Bukhara, on the west and north-west on the Soviet Central Asian Regions.

The state was created by Jadids and  [ru]. The government of Turkestan autonomy in January announced its intention to convene its parliament on 20 March 1918,^[1] on the basis of universal, direct, equal and secret ballot. Two-thirds of the seats in parliament were intended for Muslim deputies, and one-third was guaranteed to representatives of the non-Muslim population.^[1] This was a good decision^{[according to whom?]} – such a parliament would undoubtedly unite all citizens of Turkestan and would become an insurmountable obstacle for the Bolsheviks.^{[citation needed]} The existence of such a parliament was to be the first step towards the democratization of Turkestan.^{[citation needed]}

In January 1918, in response to an ultimatum from the Soviets on the voluntary inclusion into Soviet Russia, Mustafa Shokay refused to recognize the authority of the Soviets. For the destruction of the self-proclaimed Turkestan Autonomy, 11 trains with troops and artillery under the command of  [ru] arrived from Moscow in Tashkent. As a result of hostilities, thousands of civilians were killed.^{[citation needed]} Thus, the Turkestan autonomy was liquidated by the Bolsheviks only three months after its creation. It was replaced by Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.^{[citation needed]}

In November 1917, Muhamedzhan Tynyshpaev was the first president of the state.^[2] The second and last president was Mustafa Shokay.^[2]

See also[]

• Alash Autonomy

Notes[]

References[]

• Turkiston Muxtoriyati — National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan