University of Arkansas

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University of Arkansas
University of Arkansas seal.svg
Latin: Universitas Arkansiensis[1]
Former names
Arkansas Industrial University
MottoVeritate duce progredi (Latin)
Motto in English
To Advance with Truth as our Leader
TypePublic flagship land-grant research university
Established1871; 150 years ago (1871)
Parent institution
University of Arkansas System
Academic affiliations
Space-grant
Endowment$1.21 billion (2020)[2]
Budget$866 million (FY 2018)[3]
ChancellorBill Kincaid (acting)
ProvostCharles Robinson
Academic staff
1,353[4]
Administrative staff
3,150[4]
Students27,549 (Fall 2020)[5]
Undergraduates22,825[5]
Postgraduates4,354[5]
Other students
383[5] (Law)
Location
Fayetteville
,
Arkansas
,
United States

36°04′07″N 94°10′34″W / 36.068681°N 94.176012°W / 36.068681; -94.176012Coordinates: 36°04′07″N 94°10′34″W / 36.068681°N 94.176012°W / 36.068681; -94.176012
CampusCollege Town
412 acres (1.67 km2)
ColorsCardinal, White[6]
   
NicknameRazorbacks
Sporting affiliations
NCAA Division I – SEC
MascotTusk & Big Red
Websitewww.uark.edu
University of Arkansas logo.svg

The University of Arkansas (U of A, UArk, or UA) is a public land-grant research university in Fayetteville, Arkansas.[7] It is the flagship[8] campus of the University of Arkansas System and the largest university in Arkansas. Founded as Arkansas Industrial University in 1871, classes were first held on January 22, 1872, with its present name adopted in 1899. It is noted for its strong programs in architecture, agriculture (particularly animal science and poultry science),[9] communication disorders, creative writing, history, law (particularly agricultural law),[10] and Middle Eastern studies,[11] as well as for its business school, of which the supply chain management program was ranked the best in North America by Gartner in July 2020.[12]

The university campus consists of 378 buildings spread across 512 acres (2.07 km2) of land in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Some well known architecture on campus includes Old Main, the first permanent academic building erected. Academic programs are in excess of 200.[13] Enrollment for the fall semester of 2019 was 27,559.[14] The ratio of students to faculty is approximately 19:1. The university is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" and totaled expenditures of $175.5 million in FY 2018.[15][16][17]

UA's athletic teams, the Arkansas Razorbacks, compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) with eight men's teams and eleven women's teams in thirteen sports. The University is known for its traditions, including Calling the Hogs at sports events, and the Senior Walk, more than 4 miles (6.4 km)[14] of campus sidewalk etched with the names of all UA graduates since 1871. The University of Arkansas is also known for being the home of the founding chapter of Chi Omega sorority.

History[]

Main article: History of the University of Arkansas
Old Main on the University of Arkansas campus.

Early developments[]

The University of Arkansas was founded in 1871 on the site of a hilltop farm that overlooked the Ozark Mountains, giving it the nickname "The Hill".[18]

The university was established under the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act of 1862. The university's founding also satisfied the provision in the Arkansas Constitution of 1868 that the General Assembly was to "establish and maintain a State University."[19]

Bids from state towns and counties determined the university's location. The citizens of Fayetteville and Washington County.[19] pledged $130,000 toward securing the university, a sum that proved to be more than other offers. This was in response to the competition created by the Arkansas General Assembly's Organic Act of 1871, providing for the "location, organization and maintenance of the Arkansas Industrial University with a normal department [i.e., teacher education] therein." Classes started on January 22, 1872.

Notable landmarks[]

Completed in 1875, Old Main, a two-towered brick building designed in the Second Empire style, was the primary instructional and administrative building. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Its design was based on the plans for the main academic building at the University of Illinois, which has since been demolished.[20] However, the clock and bell towers were switched at Arkansas. The northern taller tower is the bell tower, and the southern shorter tower is the clock tower. One legend for the tower switch is that the taller tower was put to the north as a reminder of the Union victory during the Civil War.[20] A second legend is that the contractor accidentally swapped the tower drawings after having had too much to drink. Although the southern tower was designed with clock faces, it did not hold a working clock until October 2005. The bell tower has always had some type of chime, initially a bell that was rung on the hour by student volunteers. Electronic chimes were installed in 1959.

In addition to the regular chimes of the clock, the university's Alma Mater plays at 5 pm every day.[20] Old Main housed many of the earliest classes at the university, and has served as the offices of every college within the university during its history. Today, in addition to hosting classes, it contains the restored Giffels Auditorium and historic displays, as well as the administrative offices of the J. William Fulbright College of Arts and Sciences.[19]

The lawn at Old Main serves as an arboretum, with many of the trees native to the state of Arkansas found on the lawn. Sitting at the edge of the lawn is Spoofer's Stone, a place for couples to meet and pass notes. Students play soccer, cricket and touch football on the lawn's open green.[20]

Beginning with the class of 1876, the names of students at University of Arkansas are inscribed in "Senior Walk" and wind across campus for more than four miles.[14] The sidewalk is one of a kind nationally.[19] More recently, the names of all the recipients of honorary degrees were also added, including such notables as J. Edgar Hoover, Queen Noor, President Bill Clinton, and former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.[20]

One of the more unusual structures at Arkansas is the Chi Omega Greek Theatre, a gift to the school by the sorority's national headquarters. It marked the first time in the history of Greek letter social organizations that a national sorority had presented a memorial of its foundation to the institution where it was founded.[20] Chi Omega was organized on April 5, 1895, at the University of Arkansas and is the mother (Psi) chapter of the national organization. The theater has been used for commencements, convocations, concerts, dramas and pep rallies. The largest crowd ever assembled there – upwards of 6,000, according to professor Walter J. Lemke – was for a concert by the Army Air Corps Band during World War II. From 1934 to 1991, the space under the stage was used for a rifle range by the Army ROTC.[20]

African American history and African studies program[]

The first African American student, James McGahee, attended the University of Arkansas in 1872, following the university’s opening in 1871 during the Reconstruction era, to “prepare for the ministry of the Episcopal Church”. He is noted as having a grade average deemed excellent. Alongside McGahee, two other African American men, Mark W. Alexander and Isom Washington, are noted as having attended Arkansas Industrial College, however no record of their enrollment has been found. Following the end of Reconstruction, the racial dynamic shifted at the university and it is unknown if McGahee was able to continue his education following 1873.[21][22]

Former state senator and U.S. congressman John N. Tillman served as president of the University of Arkansas from 1905 to 1912. In the Arkansas State Senate he proposed the Separate Coach Law of 1891, a Jim Crow law to segregate African American passengers. The bill became law and was enforced for many decades.[23]

The University of Arkansas admitted Silas Herbert Hunt of Texarkana, an African American veteran of World War II to the university's School of Law in 1948. Hunt's enrollment was regarded as the first successful school integration below the Mason–Dixon line of that era.[24] While Hunt was admitted into the University, his attendance was not met without controversy. With extremely mixed reviews stating that it was both a good and bad idea for a black student to attend the university.[25] African American students were permitted to attend the University, under the condition that they enroll as graduate or law students, and be taught in segregated classes. Unfortunately, Silas Hunt was only able to complete one year of education. In April 1949, Hunt was admitted to the VA hospital, where he later died of tuberculosis, aggravated by injuries he had sustained in the war.[26][27]

Roy Wilkins, administrator of the NAACP, wrote in 1950 that Arkansas was the "very first of the Southern states to accept the new trend without fighting a delaying action or attempting to... limit, if not nullify, bare compliance." A large part of Hunt’s success was due to three advantages found in Arkansas: there were no laws on the books specifically prohibiting mixed education in the state, a supreme court ruling that stated law students be allowed to study in the state they intended to practice, and the means for admitting African American Student to address legal education being seen as affordable and equitable.[27][28]

In the fall of 1948 changes were made to the University’s segregation policy, which allowed for the admittance of African American students into regular classes. The first to follow Hunt was a student by the name of Jackie L. Shropshire, who would later go on to become the University’s first black graduate in 1951. Several African American students followed in his footsteps, attending various graduate programs at the University. As a result, race relations at the University of Arkansas greatly improved. Arkansas was freely admitting African American students as early as 1957, while many southern states still prohibited black students from attending all white universities. The events in Little Rock at this time did some damage to race relations at the University that would not be fixed for some time.[27]

In 1969, the University created the Black Studies Advisory Committee to facilitate the creation of a Black Studies program, which began in the fall semester of 1968 with 19 courses offered.

In 1990 Gordon Daniel Morgan, a professor of sociology at the university and an alumnus of its graduate school, wrote The Edge of Campus: A Journal of the Black Experience at the University of Arkansas with his wife Izola.

In 2004, the University provided resources to help support the program, establishing the John White Scholarship, Sankofa Registered Student Organization, and Ghana study abroad tour. In 2008, The Black Studies program was renamed the African and African American Studies (AAST) program and expanded its course offerings and student enrollment. In 2014, the program moved to a new space in Memorial Hall and was added to the University Core. A year later, an online minor and graduate certificate in African and African American Studies was established. The University hosted its first annual AAST Graduate Fellows search symposium in 2016 and established the Dr. Roy S. Bryce-Laporte scholarship later in 2018.[29] In 2019, the University of Arkansas Board of Trustees voted to rename halls B and C of the Northwest Quad in honor of Dr. Gordon Morgan and Dr. Margaret Clark, respectively.[30] The University has also hosted guest lectures by Dr. Aldon D. Morris, Dr. Carol Anderson, and Nikole Hannah-Jones related to African and African American studies.[29][31]

Notable people in African and African American history at the University[]

  • Dr. Gordon Daniel Morgan – An alumnus and one of the first Black professors at the University of Arkansas, and was hired to teach sociology[30]
  • Dr. Margaret Clark – One of the first Black professors at the University of Arkansas, and was hired to teach world languages[30]
  • Dr. Gerald Jordan – attended the University of Arkansas School of Journalism and Media, and is the University’s current Faculty and Athletics Representative to NCAA and SEC[32]
  • Dr. Caree Banton, Dr. Brandon Jackson, Dr. Benjamin Fagan, Dr. Valandra – 1st Cohort of Joint-Appointed faculty to AAST program[29][33]
  • Directors of African and African American Studies Program[29]
    • 2004 – 2012 Dr. Charles Robinson
    • 2012 – 2015 Dr. Calvin White
    • 2015 – 2017 (interim) Dr. Pearl Dowe and Dr. Yvette Murphy-Erby
    • 2017 – 2020 Dr. Valandra
    • 2020 – Current Dr. Caree Banton[34]

Research[]

Vitamin E was co-discovered by UA Agricultural Chemistry Professor Barnett Sure (1920–51). Sure, along with fellow professor Marinus C. Kik (1927–67) made major advances in nutrition science during their long tenures at the University of Arkansas. Sure co-discovered vitamin E, and extended knowledge of how vitamin E, amino acids and B-vitamins function on reproduction and lactation. Kik developed the process for parboiling rice (a major agricultural crop in the state) to increase retention of vitamins and shorten cooking time.[19] He documented benefits of adding fish and chicken to rice and grain diets to provide adequate protein for a growing world population. Sure and Kik were Agricultural Experiment Station scientists and professors in the UA Department of Agricultural Chemistry, which merged in 1964 with Home Economics, now the School of Human Environmental Sciences.[20]

In the 1920s, Loy Barton, an engineering graduate student at the University of Arkansas, set forth the principle of high-level Class B plate modulation for radio transmission and developed the technology that allowed small- and medium-size AM radio stations to flourish across the United States. Barnett later joined RCA and continued research on broadcast technology into the 1960s.[19]

The most widely implemented automated mail sorting equipment in the world–the Wide Area Bar Code Reader–was developed by the University of Arkansas College of Engineering. A $50,000 grant from the United States Postal Service (USPS) to Professors Dwight F. Mix and J.E. Bass in 1989 began the research and development effort.[20] By 1999, more than 15,000 University of Arkansas bar code readers were located in every major USPS facility, increasing the efficiency of processing 20 billion pieces of mail a year at a savings of $200 million. This R&D effort has spawned four additional electronic systems to help the USPS "read the mail."[19]

During the 1980s, Professors Allen Hermann and Zhengzhi Sheng of the Department of Physics were in the vanguard of research in superconductivity: the phenomenon whereby Direct Current (DC) electricity, once started, can flow essentially forever.[20] The Thallium-based material they discovered at Arkansas held the world's record for high temperature, 125K, for five years (1988–93) and drew international attention to the university. Their work led to numerous patents and a manufacturing agreement, as well as further advances in high-density electronics.[20]

University of Arkansas plant pathologists George Templeton, Roy Smith (USDA), David TeBeest and graduate student Jim Daniels conducted research in the early 1970s that led to COLLEGO, the first biological herbicide for weed control in a field crop. Other UA scientists and students worked on the project that resulted in EPA registration of COLLEGO by Upjohn in 1982 for control of northern jointvetch in rice and soybeans. The work provided a model used worldwide to develop biological herbicides. Leadership in this area helped the U of A obtain grants from the USDA and others for construction of the Rosen Center for Alternative Pest Control.[20]

Academic rankings
National
ARWU[35] 138–155
Forbes[36] 271
THE/WSJ[37] 401–500
U.S. News & World Report[38] 160
Washington Monthly[39] 295
Global
ARWU[40] 501–600
QS[41] 1001–1200
THE[42] 601–800
U.S. News & World Report[43] 671

Campuses and academic divisions[]

The University of Arkansas offers more than 200 programs of study leading to bachelors, masters, doctoral, and law degrees.[44] Academic programs are organized into numerous departments and schools based out of the ten primary colleges on the main campus.[45] The following degree-granting academic divisions are located on the Fayetteville campus:

College/school founding[20]
College/school Year founded
Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences 1905
College of Engineering 1912
College of Education & Health Professions 1912
J. William Fulbright College of Arts and Sciences 1912
School of Law 1924
Sam M. Walton College of Business 1926
Graduate School and International Education 1927
Fay Jones School of Architecture and Design 1974

Other divisions[]

The Honors College and Global Campus do not award degrees but provide degree programs with honors coursework and distance education opportunities, respectively, for the Fayetteville campus:

College/school founding
College/school Year founded
Honors College 2002[46]
Global Campus (School of Continuing Education and Academic Outreach) 1969[20]
Bell Engineering Center contains the College of Engineering.
University of Arkansas School of Law.
Vol Walker Hall contains the School of Architecture.

System facilities[]

Main article: University of Arkansas System

Altogether there are thirteen branches and six other units in the University of Arkansas System, including the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences in Little Rock; four-year campuses in Fayetteville, Fort Smith, Little Rock, Monticello, and Pine Bluff; and two-year community or technical college campuses in Batesville, De Queen, Helena-West Helena, Hope, Mena, North Little Rock, and Morrilton. Units also under the UA System include the Clinton School of Public Service, the Criminal Justice Institute, the Arkansas Archeological Survey, the Division of Agriculture, the Winthrop Rockefeller Institute, and the Arkansas School for Mathematics, Sciences, and the Arts.

The University of Arkansas was the home for the Southeastern Conference Academic Consortium, SECAC, where the 14 member schools of the Southeastern Conference pool resources to assist each other academically (the Consortium later relocated to Birmingham, Alabama, where the SEC has its headquarters).

Campus[]

The University of Arkansas Agriculture Building is one example of Collegiate Gothic architecture on campus as part of the 1925 master plan.
Main articles: University of Arkansas Campus Historic District and Campus of the University of Arkansas

The University of Arkansas campus sweeps across hilltops on the western side of Fayetteville, Arkansas. Among the 378 buildings on the campus, 11 buildings have been added to the National Register of Historic Places individually, with most buildings in the historic core being named as contributing properties to the University of Arkansas Campus Historic District.[47]

Construction began on Old Main in 1873 and was completed by 1875 in the Second Empire architectural style. Built with local brick and sandstone, Old Main serves as the university's signature building. The building has remained on campus despite its recommended removal in the 1925 master plan from the architects of Jamieson and Spearl.[48] This plan included destruction of all existing campus buildings and reconstruction in the Collegiate Gothic style. Several buildings were built in this style near the core of campus, including the Vol Walker Hall, Engineering Hall, Chemistry Building, Agriculture Building, and Home Economics Building. The plan ran out of funds and was never completed, leading to a somewhat haphazard arrangement of buildings after the 1930s.

The university's oldest tradition is Senior Walk, which contains the names of graduates from each class of the university. Beginning at the front steps of Old Main and running along the sidewalks across campus, Senior Walk is adorned with more than 170,000 names of former students.[49] This tradition is unique to American universities.

The Fine Arts Center was designed by Fayetteville native Edward Durell Stone, who also designed Radio City Music Hall and the Museum of Modern Art in New York City and the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. The buildings are indicative of Stone's idiosyncratic modern style which included patterns of ornament. Stone also designed a fraternity house, now used for academic purposes, and an apartment complex named Carlson Terrace on campus, which has since been demolished.

The east end of the University of Arkansas campus is adjacent to Dickson Street, which is one of the premier entertainment districts in the state. To the south of the university is Fayetteville High School, which contains nationally recognized academic and athletics programs.[50][51]

The buildings listed individually or as contributing properties to the University of Arkansas Campus Historic District on the United States National Register of Historic Places for their architectural or historic significance are:

Sustainability[]

One of the university's stated goals is "promote environmental sustainability", a goal being aggressively pursued through several construction improvement projects on campus in recent years.[52] In 2008, Arkansas adopted a climate action plan, including the goals of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 50% by 2020 and to become carbon-neutral by 2040.[53] In 2008, the university signed a $22.9 million contract with Energy Systems Group to make energy improvements to 56 buildings, a program named "Razor's EDGE." The program was designed with a payback period of 13 years based upon projected electricity and water savings. The university also completed a study to install a cogeneration unit, which utilizes the heat given off by the natural gas power unit to heat the steam that is piped into campus buildings for climate control. This model replaces the current model ("business as usual" alternative), which uses a utility power plant that exhausts heat to the atmosphere and a separate boiler plant to generate the steam, while also increasing efficiency of both processes.[54]

Athletics[]

Main article: Arkansas Razorbacks

The mascot for the University of Arkansas is the Razorback, a type of wild boar, and Arkansas teams are often referred to as the Hogs (shortened version of Razorbacks). The school competes in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) in Division I of the NCAA. No school in the SEC has won more total national championships than Arkansas; and only 4 schools nationwide (UCLA, Southern California, Stanford, and Oklahoma State) have won more national titles than the Razorbacks.[55][56]

From 1971 through 2007, Arkansas had completely separate men's and women's athletic departments. On January 1, 2008, the two departments merged, leaving fellow SEC school Tennessee as the only remaining NCAA Division I school with separate men's and women's athletic programs.[57]

Football[]

The 2010 Arkansas Razorbacks football team played against the Alabama Crimson Tide in September, 2010.
Main article: Arkansas Razorbacks football

A football team began representing the University of Arkansas in 1894 and has since become one of the nation's top 25 programs in terms of all-time wins at the Football Bowl Subdivision level.[58] The program was a charter member of the Southwest Conference (SWC) in 1915 and remained in that conference until departing for the Southeastern Conference in 1991, where Arkansas has remained.[59] From 1915 to 1991, the Razorbacks won the SWC championship 13 times and the national championship in the 1964 season, with great success coming under coaches Frank Broyles, Lou Holtz and Ken Hatfield.[59] Today, the team plays its home games on campus at Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium, or at War Memorial Stadium, located in Little Rock, making the University of Arkansas the only Division I program with two home stadia.[60] Arkansas has also had recent success in the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) era, obtaining its first BCS berth in the 2011 Sugar Bowl and climbing as high as #3 in the BCS rankings in 2011 under Bobby Petrino.[61]

Basketball[]

The 2012–13 Razorbacks in action against Syracuse
Main article: Arkansas Razorbacks men's basketball

Men's Basketball: The head coach of the men's basketball team is Eric Musselman, who was previously the head coach at the University of Nevada. The Razorbacks play their home games in Bud Walton Arena on the University of Arkansas campus, one of the largest home arenas in college basketball.[62] The team won the 1994 National Championship under coach Nolan Richardson, and has been to six Final Fours (1941, 1945, 1978, 1990, 1994, 1995).[63] Arkansas basketball was the winningest program in the Southwest Conference, winning the conference 22 times, the most of any of the SWC schools.[64] This conference dominance led the Hogs to be named the eighth-best program in history by Street and Smith's magazine.

Main Article: Arkansas Razorbacks women's basketball

Women's Basketball: The Razorback women's basketball team, like the men's basketball team, plays home games in Bud Walton Arena, often referred to as the "Basketball Palace of Mid-America." The building is located on the University of Arkansas campus. The women's basketball team completed its 39th season in 2014-15, and has made 21 post season appearances. The Razorbacks made their first NCAA Women's Final Four appearance in 1998, with the help of team leader Christy Smith, and made history as the lowest seed (#9) in the west to advance.[65] On March 7, 2020 the team made it to the semifinals in the SEC tournament in Greenville, SC with Coach Mike Neighbors and were ranked #22 for the 2019-20 season, which has been the team's highest ranking since January, 2011.[66] This was also the first time the Lady Razorbacks have been ranked in the top 25 since 2015 and started off the season in the top 25 since 2002.[67]

Baseball and Softball[]

Main article: Arkansas Razorbacks baseball
Razorback Bo Bigham bats at the 2012 College World Series in Omaha, Nebraska

Men's Baseball: The Arkansas baseball team has had success both in the Southwest Conference, and in the Southeastern Conference. Between 1979 and 1989, the Diamond Hogs appeared in the College World Series four times, including a runner-up finish in 1979. Since joining the SEC, former Razorbacks player Dave van Horn has coached the team to the 2004, 2009, 2012,2015, 2018 and 2019 College World Series.[68] The team plays home games in Baum Stadium, recognized in 1998 by Baseball America magazine as being one of the top collegiate ballparks in America, and was #3 in 2009 according to Rivals.com.[69] The stadium has recently undergone expansion, including 20 new skyboxes (34 in all) and seats behind the bullpen in left field, and further expansion to enclose the park with seating has been included in the Athletic Facilities Master Plan.[70] On April 7, 2009, a stadium record 11,044 fans saw a 7–3 Razorbacks victory over the #1 Arizona State Sun Devils. A weekend series with LSU in 2007 drew 29,931, which is the SEC all-time attendance record for a three-game series.

Main Article: Arkansas Razorbacks softball

Women's Softball: The Arkansas Razorback softball team is led by head coach, Courtney Deifel and plays their home games at Bogle Park, located on the University of Arkansas campus. Bogle Park was made possible thanks to the lead gift made by Bob and Marilyn Bogle and the Bogle family, who have also made significant contributions to the University and the Athletics Department over the course of many years. An event celebrating the naming was held Friday, Oct. 26, 2009. The Lady Razorbacks participate in the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference, also known as the SEC.[71] The team has made NCAA Tournament appearances in: 2000, 2002, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2017, 2018, and 2019.

Track and Field[]

Men's Track and Field: The most successful program in NCAA history, the Arkansas men's track and field and cross country teams, led by head coach Chris Bucknam, sprints coach Doug Case and field coach Travis Geophert, are the most decorated teams in the athletics department. The program has won a total of 41 national titles (19 Indoor Championships,[72] 11 Outdoor Championships,[73] and 11 Cross Country Championships[74]), the last being the 2013 Indoor Track and Field National Championship (the 2004 and 2005 Outdoor Championships were later vacated due to NCAA infractions). One of its most famous stars is graduate Alistair Cragg who competed for Ireland at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Greece. Other Olympians have included Michael Conley, Daniel Lincoln, Graham Hood, Wallace Spearmon and Matt Hemingway. The team has a home indoor track at the Randal Tyson Track Center and outdoor field at John McDonnell Field, which hosted the 2009 NCAA Outdoor Track Championships. Current head coach Chris Bucknam, assistant coaches Doug Case and Travis Geopfert have continued to embrace the legacy, winning the 2009, 2010, and 2012 SEC Indoor Track Championships, along with the 2009 and 2011 SEC Outdoor Championships and the 2010, 2011 and 2012 SEC Cross Country Championships. The men's track and field team won the triple crown in 2012.

Women's Track and Field: The women's track and field team won its first national championship at the 2015 NCAA Indoor Championships, held in Fayetteville. Coached by Lance Harter, team members took first place in pole vault, the 3000-meter run and the distance-medley relay.[75] Top competitors include Olympians Veronica Campbell-Brown and Deena Kastor, who set the American marathon record at the 2006 London Marathon. Since then, the team has won four NCAA Division I championships, two in indoor track and field, and two in outdoor track and field.[76] The team also swept the 2019 calendar, winning the indoor, outdoor and cross country national championships. The athletes have access to indoor training and racing facilities at the Randal Tyson Track Center and outdoor facilities at John McDonnell Field located on the University of Arkansas campus.

Women's Athletics[]

Deena (Drossin) Kastor

The women teams at the University of Arkansas are also referred to as Razorbacks. There are 11 varsity women sports: basketball, cross country, indoor and outdoor track, golf, gymnastics, soccer, softball, swimming & diving, tennis, and volleyball. Among the most successful women teams are volleyball with 11 SEC Western Division titles; cross country with more SEC championships than any member institution; basketball with 12 postseason appearances in 30 years, including the 1998 NCAA Final Four; track & field with six SEC titles and the first back-to-back women's SEC triple crowns; and gymnastics, nationally ranked since the start of the program in 2002 with five NCAA Women's Gymnastics Championship appearances. Sprinter Veronica Campbell was the first Razorback woman to win a gold medal in the Olympics, with marathoner Deena Kastor, an alumna, bringing home a bronze medal in 2004.

Main Article: Arkansas Razorbacks gymnastics

Gymnastics: In 2019, Jordyn Wieber was hired as the University of Arkansas head coach, following the retirement of Mark Cook. Wieber has a very impressive background, as she was one of the "Fierce Five," in the 2012 Summer Olympics. The gymnastics team, referred to as the GymBacks, practice at the Bev Lewis Center for Women's Athletics and compete in Barnhill Arena. As for the 2020 season, the team now holds seven beam titles and nine floor titles.[77] The GymBacks started the 2020 season ranked #19 by the Women's Collegiate Gymnastics Association. This is the 14th year in a row the gymnastics team has been ranked in the top 20.[78]

Volleyball: The Razorback volleyball team[79] practices and plays in the legendary Barnhill Arena, which used to house the men's and women's basketball teams before moving to Bud Walton Arena in 1993. The team is currently coached by Jason Watson who was hired in 2016 after Robert Pulliza, one of the nation's top recruiters, resigned from his head coaching position in 2015. Before Pulliza took over for Chris Poole in 2008, Poole's team had won 11 SEC Western Division titles from their inaugural season in 1994. As of 2013, the volleyball team has made 11 NCAA Tournament appearances. In 2015, the Razorbacks were one of just three teams ranked top 10 nationally in both hitting percentage and opponent hitting percentage.[80] In more recent years, four Razorback volleyball players were invited to the US Women's Volleyball tryouts in February of 2020.[81]

Main Article: Arkansas Razorbacks Swimming and Diving

Swim and Dive: The women's swim and dive team is coached by Neil Harper, who became head coach in 2016. During Harper's first season with the Razorbacks, the swim and dive team placed 11th at the SEC Conference Championship and during his second season, the team placed 10th.[82] The 2020-21 season was kicked off on November 7th, with the team facing the Missouri Tigers.[83] There were fourteen events held that day and the Razorbacks won seven of them. The impressive Brooke Schultz, earned NCAA Zone qualifying scores on the 3-meter and 1-meter springboard events.

Traditions[]

Senior walk[]

A sample of class of 2001 graduates.

The names of University of Arkansas students, starting with the first senior class of 1876, are carved into one of the concrete walkways or sidewalks on campus. This tradition was started by the 1905 graduating class of students, who drew their names into the walkway in front of Old Main, the oldest building on campus. Following classes added their names for more than a decade and then the university took over responsibility for adding new classes, as well as adding the names of students who graduated prior to 1905. Through most of the 20th century, the names were impressed in wet cement using brass letters. As the campus grew, and the graduating classes got bigger, the operation became unduly time-consuming. In 1986, the university's physical plant developed a special machine called the "Senior Sand Hog" to engrave the thousands of names required each year.[84] In 2013, Facilities Management found an accelerated level of weakening and crumbling of the first 50 years of Senior Walk. In 2020, to preserve the walk, the University replaced the original Senior Walk with high-grade monumental concrete, reinforced with steel bar, and the names were sandblasted in their original handwriting. The original sections of Senior Walk will be placed in Old Main for preservation of history.[85]

Spoofer's Stone[]

Spoofer's Stone after its 2020 repair.

Sitting at the edge of Old Main Lawn is Spoofer’s Stone, a large chunk of limestone left behind by a broken oxcart after the completion of the construction of Old Main in 1875.[86] The large stone quickly became a resting spot for students. At this time, male and female students were not allowed to interact on campus. Female students began leaving letters in the rock for their male friends (or romantic interests). In 1933, the female students at the University noticed the damage done to the stone from regular wear and tear and decided to have the stone mounted in a concrete base. A plaque was added to the stone commemorating the 1932-33 class who raised the money for the repair.[87] In the years after, Spoofer’s Stone became a popular engagement spot for couples who met while attending the University of Arkansas.[88] It became tradition for couples who were engaged there to chip off a small piece of the stone as a memento.[89]

On February 25, 2020, as repairs were being made to Old Main and a section of Senior Walk, a construction vehicle caused significant damage to Spoofer’s Stone, breaking it into several pieces. According to an announcement from the University via Facebook, a primary section of the stone, including the plaque, remained intact. Plans were made to repair the stone almost immediately. As of October 26, 2020, Spoofer’s Stone had been repaired and returned to its original location at the edge of Old Main Lawn, after the completion of reconstruction work done on Old Main and Senior Walk. At that time, the University also announced plans to add a crushed granite border around the stone.[90]

"Calling the Hogs"[]

Main article: Calling the Hogs

Fans of the University of Arkansas have been "Calling the Hogs" since the 1920s. This tradition, which refers to the school's most popular cheer at sporting events, is said to have begun when a group of farmers attending a game began issuing hog calls to encourage a lagging Razorback football team. The encouragement worked and the attending crowd took notice of the farmers' calling. By the next game, a group of men had organized to cry "Wooo, Pig, Sooie". The call has since become the school's best-known cheer.

Alma mater[]

The University of Arkansas Alma Mater was written in 1909 by , an alumnus of the University of Arkansas.[91] He submitted his song to an ongoing competition that was trying to find a song for the university and won first prize. , who was the director of the Glee Club at that time, set the song to music.[91] In 1931, the University College Song Association in New York reviewed a collection of 500 college tunes, and the University of Arkansas Alma Mater was judged to be one of the twenty-five best college songs of the United States. It is a student custom to point towards Old Main at the end of the verse when the words "we sing unto you" are sung.

Fight song[]

Main article: Arkansas Fight

Originally known as the "Field Song", the words and tune of the University of Arkansas Fight Song were written in 1913 by William Edwin Douglas while he was an undergraduate. Music was added by Henry D. Tovey, Douglas's music professor, and the song eventually became adopted as the "Arkansas Fight Song".[92]

School colors and mascot[]

The school color of cardinal red (Pantone #201) was chosen as the official school color by a vote of the student body in 1895. The two color choices were cardinal and heliotrope. White was added as a complementary color at a later date.

Tusk, the live mascot for the University of Arkansas.

The University of Arkansas mascot has not always been the Razorbacks. From 1894, when the football program began, until 1910, the official mascot was the Cardinals to complement the school color of cardinal red. In 1909, according to school lore, the head football coach Hugo Bezdek gave a speech to a large group of students at the Fayetteville train station after returning from a victory over LSU in 1909 during an undefeated season. Coach Bezdek informed the crowd that his team had performed "like a wild band of Razorback hogs." Although students had begun referring to the team as the Razorbacks as early as 1907, Bezdek's statement popularized the use of Razorback for the team. The Razorback, which is characterized by a ridged back and tenacious wild fighting ability, had long been associated with the backwoods of Arkansas. The students loved the comparison, and the nickname became increasingly popular. In 1910, the student body voted to change the official university mascot from the Cardinal to the Razorback.

Live hogs were occasionally brought to football games as early as the 1920s, but providing a permanent live mascot dates back to the 1960s and a number of hogs have represented Arkansas since then. Tusk, a 380-pound Russian boar that closely resembles a wild razorback hog, is the current official live mascot. He resides on a local farm and leaves his home to attend all Arkansas home football games, and other select events.

Additionally, the University of Arkansas has a family of uniformed mascots. "Big Red", (also known as the "Fighting Razorback"), is the traditional mascot for the university and attends all athletic events. "Sue E" is the female hog and "Pork Chop" is the kid mascot. "Boss Hog" is a nine-foot inflatable mascot that joined the mascot family during the 1998–99 football season.[93]

The Razorback Marching Band in formation at Razorback Stadium.

Razorback Marching Band[]

Main article: University of Arkansas Razorback Marching Band

The Razorback Marching Band, one of the oldest collegiate bands in the United States, was formed in 1874 as the Cadet Corps Band as part of the military art department.[94] The band participated in all the formalities of the Military Art Department, as well as playing for football games, pageants, and commencement exercises. In 1947, following a steady post World War II growth, the Cadet Corp Band was divided into the three current bands, a football band, a concert band, and an R.O.T.C. band. In 1956, the band adopted the name "Marching Razorbacks." In 2006, the Razorback Marching Band was awarded the highest honor bestowed upon a collegiate marching band, the Sudler Trophy. The band has also performed at the 2011 Allstate Sugar Bowl, the 2012 AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic, many other bowl games and even at Dallas Cowboys football games. As of 2020, the 350-member Razorback Marching Band, along with the Hogwild Pep Band and four concert bands, make up over two percent of the University's undergraduate population.[94]

Schola Cantorum[]

Main article: University of Arkansas Schola Cantorum

The University of Arkansas Schola Cantorum was created in 1957 by founding director Richard Brothers. Since then, Schola Cantorum has proudly represented the University of Arkansas across the country and on various international concert tours. In 1962, Schola Cantorum was the first choir to win The Guido d'Arezzo Award—at the prestigious International Polyphonic Competition in Arezzo, Italy.[95][96] In honor of its achievement, Schola Cantorum soon after appeared on NBC TV's "Today Show" and performed for U.S. President John F. Kennedy in the White House Rose Garden.[97] At every graduation ceremony, Schola Cantorum sings the National Anthem, the alma mater, and an invocation. As of 2012, the choir is under the direction of Dr. Stephen Caldwell. The choir participates at national and global events, as well as a number of events on campus.[98]

Clubs and organizations[]

There are over 350 registered student organizations on campus including special interest, religious, international and cultural organizations, honorary and professional service groups, and more.

The most recognized student organization on campus is the Associated Student Government, sometimes simply called "ASG." The student government is active in managing student fees, meeting with key university administrators and is actively involved in many important decisions made on the University of Arkansas Campus. Perhaps the most significant program on campus, ASG, along with University Parking & Razorback Transit, and with the support of the DRJ-III Memorial Foundation, manage the Safe Ride program which gives students a safe ride home from any unsafe or uncomfortable situation.

Arkansas is home of The Razorback, a national award-winning student yearbook, , a student-run television station, and The Arkansas Traveler, a national-award-winning student newspaper established in 1906. The university is also home to two radio stations: KUAF, a public radio station and NPR affiliate, and KXUA, an eclectic student-run station.

The University of Arkansas Press is known for publishing works on local and Southern history, as well as its strong poetry series, including books of poetry by former President Jimmy Carter and the former national poet laureate Billy Collins.

Distinguished Lecture and Headliner Series[]

Two of the most visible student-run organizations on campus are the Distinguished Lectures Committee and Headliners Concert Series. Notable speakers and bands to visit the University of Arkansas as a result of these organizations include lectures by Ehud Barak,[99] Benazir Bhutto,[99]Dave Barry,[100][99] George H. W. Bush,[99] James Carville,[100] Anderson Cooper,[99] Geraldine Ferraro,[101] Al Franken,[102] Malcolm Gladwell,[102] Magic Johnson,[103] James Earl Jones,[104] Martin Luther King III,[105] T. Boone Pickens,[106] Mary Matalin,[100] Ehud Olmert,[107] Apolo Ohno,[102] Robert Redford,[104] Salman Rushdie,[104] Ben Stein,[102] Joseph Taylor,[108] Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama.,[109] Nikki Giovanni,[110] Aron Ralston,[111] General Wesley Clark,[112] Elie Wiesel,[113] and Jane Goodall.[114] Past concerts were headlined by Dierks Bentley,[115] the Foo Fighters,[116] John Mayer,[117] O.A.R.,[118] The Roots,[115] T.I.,[115] Third Eye Blind,[115] and Snoop Dogg.[115]

Greek life[]

Sororities

Fraternities

Professional and Honorary

  • Alpha Chi Sigma 1928 (Alpha Sigma chapter, professional chemistry fraternity)
  • Alpha Epsilon Delta (Pre-medical honor society)
  • Alpha Gamma Rho 1934 (Social/professional agriculture)
  • Alpha Kappa Psi 1928 Beta Zeta Chapter (professional business fraternity)
  • Alpha Phi Sigma 2008 Iota Rho Chapter (Criminal Justice Honor Society)
  • Alpha Rho Chi (architecture)
  • American Marketing Association
  • Beta Gamma Sigma 1932 (business honor society)
  • Delta Phi Alpha Iota XI Chapter (German honor society)
  • Eta Sigma Phi (Classics honor society)
  • Kappa Kappa Psi (Lambda chapter, national honorary band fraternity)
  • Lambda Pi Eta 1985 (communication studies honor society)
  • Phi Alpha Theta 1921 (history honor society)
  • Phi Beta Kappa 1932 (liberal arts and sciences honor society)
  • Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia 1925 (Alpha Omicron chapter, oldest national music fraternity)
  • Sigma Alpha Iota Chapter (professional agriculture sorority)
  • Sigma Alpha Iota 1925 (Sigma Omicron chapter of national music sorority)
  • Sigma Delta Pi (Spanish honor society)
  • Sigma Phi Lambda 2005
  • Students of Retailing Excellence 2011
  • Tau Beta Sigma 1950 (Psi chapter of national band sorority)
  • Theta Tau 1928 (Upsilon chapter, professional engineering)

Notable people[]

Main article: List of University of Arkansas people
Bill Clinton
Jerry Jones

Though neither attended the university, both former president Bill Clinton and former secretary of state and presidential nominee Hillary Clinton taught at the University's law school in the early 1970s. The house where they lived in Fayetteville is now a historic site and museum.[119]

The University of Arkansas Alumni Association operates chapters in 30 states throughout the United States.[120] Throughout the university's history, faculty, alumni, and former students have played prominent roles in many different fields. Among its Distinguished Alumni is Ricardo Martinelli, former president of the Republic of Panama from 2009 to 2014.[121] Seventeen Arkansas graduates have held the position of governor, including the current Governor of Arkansas Asa Hutchinson.[122][123][124] Twenty-six University of Arkansas graduates have also represented the state of Arkansas in the United States House of Representatives, including at least one in every Congress from the start of the 57th Congress in 1901 to 2009.[125][126][127] Six Arkansas graduates have also held at least one US Senate seat from Arkansas since 1945. From 1979 to 2003, both seats were held by Arkansas graduates: the late J. William Fulbright[128] and current US Senator John Boozman.[129]

Arkansas alumni have also become prominent in the music world. Singer songwriter Ben Rector graduated from The University of Arkansas in 2009.[130] A notable single of his includes "Brand New", which was featured in the trailer for the Nicholas Sparks film The Choice.[131][132]

Arkansas alumni have made contributions to the business world and academia. These alumni include Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones.[133] Other Arkansas business alumni include executives of major corporations like S. Robson Walton of Wal-Mart, Scott T. Ford of Alltel, and Ed Wilson of Fox Broadcasting Company & Tribune Broadcasting.[134][135][136][137][138] Other Arkansas alumni have also held Chancellor and President positions at numerous universities including John Tyler Caldwell who served as the Chancellor of North Carolina State University, and Ray Thornton who served as President of Arkansas State University.[139][140]

Arkansas alumni have also made contributions to professional sports. Arkansas Razorbacks have moved on to play in the NFL, NBA, WNBA, and MLB. Notable alumni in the world of sports include MLB Cy Young Award winning pitcher Cliff Lee and seven-time NBA All Star Joe Johnson.[141][142] Others former Razorbacks include 10 Olympians who have won 14 Olympic medals including Mike Conley, Sr. who won Olympics medals at the 1984 and 1992 Olympics.[143][144] Eight Pro Football Hall of Famers including Dan Hampton attended the University of Arkansas.[145]

Gallery[]

Main article: Campus of the University of Arkansas
  • Bronze Razorback donated by Alpha Delta Pi sorority
  • The Arkansas Union
  • Chi Omega Greek Theater
  • Mullins Library
  • The Fulbright Peace Fountain

  • Gearhart Hall (formerly Ozark Hall)

  • Spoofer's Stone
  • Leflar Law Center
  • Clinton School of Public Service
  • Tri Delta Clock
  • Faulkner Center for the Performing Arts
  • Vol Walker Hall
  • Carnall Hall
  • Old Main, original building at UA

See also[]

References[]

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External links[]

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