Valentine Lawless, 2nd Baron Cloncurry

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Valentine Brown Lawless, 2nd Baron Cloncurry (19 August 1773 – 28 October 1853), was an Irish peer, politician and landowner. In the 1790s he was an emissary in radical and reform circles in London for the Society of United Irishmen, and was twice detained on suspicion of sedition. He gained notoriety for his celebrated lawsuit for adultery against his former friend Sir John Piers, who had seduced Cloncurry's first wife, Elizabeth Georgiana Morgan. He took up residence at Lyons Hill, Ardclough, County Kildare, and commensurate with his status as an Anglo-Irish lord, reconciled to the Dublin authorities after his politically turbulent youth, served as a Viceregal advisor and eventually gained a British peerage.

Birth[]

Valentine was born in Merrion Square in Dublin.^[1] His father, Nicholas Lawless, son of the Dublin merchant Robert Lawless, as a young man emigrated to France where he purchased an estate at Rouen. Later, Nicholas Lawless returned home and converted from Catholicism to the Church of Ireland. A wool merchant and banker, Nicholas Lawless was created a baronet in 1776 and elevated to the peerage as Baron Cloncurry in 1789. Valentine's mother was Margaret Browne, only daughter and heiress of Valentine Browne of Mount Browne, County Limerick; she died in 1795.^[2] The family lived mainly at Maretimo House, Blackrock, County Dublin, which Nicholas had built around 1770.

Valentine was educated at a school in Portarlington, then at King's School, Chester, and at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated as Bachelor of Arts in 1792, after which he spent some time abroad, mainly in Switzerland. For a time he contemplated a career at the Irish Bar, and entered the Middle Temple in 1795.^[3]

Revolutionary career[]

Mystery surrounds Lawless's involvement in the 1798 Rebellion and the Irish rebellion of 1803, which were designed to establish an independent republic in Ireland. He has been cited as the chief organiser of the United Irish Movement in London, but downplayed this aspect of his life in his later writings when the democracy movement had long been suppressed. He is believed to have joined the United Irishmen in 1793, shortly before his father, the first Lord Cloncurry, took charge of Lyons House. Valentine was imprisoned in June 1798 on suspicion of treason in London, released, re-arrested and held in the Tower of London until March 1801. It was widely believed that his long imprisonment hastened his father's death in August 1799.^[4] Lawless’s agent Thomas Braughall was also arrested and he was asked to subscribe to the defence of Father James O'Coigly, a United Irish leader hanged in London in 1798.

Paris and Rome[]

On his release Lawless went to Paris and then Rome, where he met and married his first wife, Elizabeth Gergiana Morgan, daughter of General Charles Morgan. It was an impulsive love marriage to a "woman he adored", but which he later came to regret as "hasty and imprudent".^[5] He was in Rome during Robert Emmet's rebellion and is believed by Emmet’s biographer Ruan O’Donnell to have been a member of the new Republican Government in waiting. Lawless used his time in Rome to purchase works of art being sold off by Italian nobles under pressure from Napoleon's oppressive taxation, and sent four shiploads to Ireland for the refurbishment of Lyons House. They included a statue of Venus excavated at Ostia and three pillars from the palace of Nero originally looted from Egypt, but other artefacts were lost when the third shipment sank off Wicklow Head.^[6]

Lyons House[]

Lyons

Lawless returned in 1804 to oversee Sir Richard Morrison's £200,000 refurbishment of Lyons House (equivalent to €15.25m today) and the reorganisation of his extensive estates. He employed the Italian painter Gaspare Gabrielli to paint the frescoes, a fact which assumed great significance during his subsequent action for adultery.^[7]

At Lyons, Lawless hosted Catherine Despard, possibly at the request of Sir Francis Burdett who had help secure her a pension following the execution of her husband, Captain Edward Despard, for treason (the Despard Plot) in 1803.^[8]

Divorce and remarriage[]

Crim. Con, a cartoon of Sir John Piers and Lady Cloncurry witnessed in an embrace by the painter Gaspare Gabrielli. The caption claims that the sketch "has been valued by 12 Connoisseurs at Twenty Thousand pounds!", a satirical allusion to the sum awarded to Lord Cloncurry by the jury in the ensuing criminal conversation court case of 1807.

In 1807 Lawless brought a sensational action for criminal conversation against Sir John Bennett Piers, 6th Baronet, a neighbour and school friend,^[9] whose dalliance with Lady Cloncurry had been witnessed by the painter Gaspare Gabrielli while he was at work painting frescoes at Lyons House. The lurid details of the case aroused huge public interest, in particular the barely credible evidence that the couple had been too preoccupied to notice that the painter was up a ladder in the same room.^[10] Lawless first became suspicious when he saw his wife and Piers walking hand in hand: he confronted his wife who broke down and confessed.^[11] Piers did not contest the action, having fled to the Isle of Man, where he remained for some years.^[12]

Lawless was awarded the then enormous sum of £20,000 in damages, although it was many years before he actually saw the money.^[13] As usual the action was the prelude to a divorce from his wife, which he obtained by a private Act of Parliament in 1811. They had a son, Valentine, who died young, and a daughter, Mary, who married firstly Henry Fock, 3rd Baron De Robeck, by whom she had three children. Like her parents', her marriage ended in divorce by Act of Parliament. She married secondly in 1828 Lord Sussex Lennox, by whom she had three further children.

Elizabeth had a second son, born in 1807, who was generally believed to have been fathered by Sir John Piers.^[14] Lady Cloncurry was the youngest daughter of General Charles Morgan, Commander-in-Chief, India, and his wife Hannah Wagstaff, daughter of William Wagstaff of Manchester. After returning to live with her father for some years,^[15] she went to Italy, where she remarried the Rev John Sandford, the absentee vicar of Nynehead, Somerset, in 1819, and died in 1857. She and Sandford had one daughter Anna, who married Frederick Methuen, 2nd Baron Methuen.

Her former husband remarried in 1811 Emily Douglas, third daughter of Archibald Douglas and Mary Crosbie, and widow of the Hon. Joseph Leeson, by whom she was the mother of Joseph Leeson, 4th Earl of Milltown. They had three more children, including Edward, 3rd Baron Cloncurry. Emily died in 1841: her husband in his memoir paid loving tribute to their thirty years of uninterrupted happiness.^[16]

Viceregal Advisor[]

From 1811 Lawless championed Catholic Emancipation later urged O’Connell to prioritise repeal of the Act of Union. But not wishing to compromise his friendship with Henry Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey , the new Lord Lieutenant, he was steadfast in not aligning himself publicly with O’Connell.^[17] After 1828 he became a member of the Anglesey's private cabinet and kept horses ready at Lyons for impromptu meetings with the viceroy both from 1828 to 1829 (when Anglesey was popular), and from 1830 to 1834 (when he was not). Dublin Castle remained suspicious, however. In 1829 Daniel O’Connell stated that the Lord Lieutenant had been recalled to London "because he visited Lord Cloncurry."^[18]

Lawles ran for parliament but remained prominent as a magistrate (he helped introduce public petty sessions in Kildare to make the legal system more accessible to the people) and as a "tithe abolitionist". He spoke out on the "partial and oppressive" nature of forcible tithe collection for the Church of Ireland in the House of Lords in December 1831. By then, shortly after the death of William IV, he had been admitted to the privy council and had been created the second Baron Cloncurry in the British peerage.^[17]

Death and reputation[]

His health began to fail in 1851. He died at the older family home, Maretimo House, Blackrock, on 28 October 1853, and was buried in the family vault at Lyons Hill. The title passed to his eldest surviving son Edward, who committed suicide in 1869 by throwing himself out of a third floor window at Lyons Hill.^[19]

Daniel O'Connell, despite their frequent and bitter political differences, praised Cloncurry warmly: "In private society, in the bosom of his family, the model of virtue, in public life worthy of the admiration and affection of the people".^[20]

He was a good landlord, and worked hard to alleviate the suffering caused by the Great Hunger. He had a keen interest in law reform, and as a magistrate began the practice of holding a court of petty session, which was later established on a nationwide basis by the Petty Sessions (Ireland) Act 1851.^[21]

Writings[]

His memoir, published in 1849, claimed: "The independence of Ireland is sure to come at last – as sure as that the Roman Empire fell in pieces, or the North American provinces are now free states. When misfortune shall overtake England, or the lot common to empires as to individuals, can she lay the flattering unction to her soul that she has acted with probity towards Ireland?"

References[]

Bibliography[]

• Howlin, Niamh Adultery in the Courts: Damages for Criminal Conversation in Ireland Palgrave Modern Legal History 2017
• Dunlop, Robert, "Browne, Valentine Lawless" Dictionary of National Biography 1885-1900 Vol.32
• W J Fitzpatrick: Life, Times and Contemporaries of Lord Cloncurry (1855). (Online version available)
• Holton, Karina: Valentine Lawless, Lord Cloncurry, 1773–1853 From United Irishman to liberal politician Four Courts Press, Dublin 2018 ISBN 978-1-84682-705-1 ^[1]
• Valentine Lawless, Personal recollections of the life and times, with extracts from the correspondence of Valentine Lord Cloncurry, Dublin: J. McGlashan; London: W.S. Orr, 1849. (Online version available)
• Linebaugh, Peter; Rediker, Marcus,The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic. Boston: Beacon Press. (2000) ISBN 9780807050071.
• Lyons House: A Guide (2001).
• Malcolmson, A.P.W. The Pursuit of the Heiress- Aristocratic Marriage in Ireland 1740-1840 Ulster Historical Foundation 2006
• Annals of Ardclough by Eoghan Corry and Jim Tancred (2004).