Viceroy of Liangguang

Map of viceroys in Qing Dynasty of China

The Viceroy of Liangguang or Viceroy of the Two Guangs, fully referred to in Chinese as the Governor-General, Commander and Quartermaster, Supervisor of Waterways, and Inspector-General of the Two Expanses and Surrounding Areas, was one of eight regional Viceroys in China proper during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The two Guangs referred to Guangdong and Guangxi provinces. The areas under the Viceroy's jurisdiction included present-day Guangdong and Guangxi provinces, as well as Hainan Province.

History[]

Ming dynasty[]

The office of the Viceroy of Liangguang originated in 1452 during the Ming dynasty. The Jingtai Emperor accepted Yu Qian's proposal to create the office and appointed Wang Ao (王翱) as the first viceroy.

In 1465, the Chenghua Emperor appointed Han Yong (韓雍) as Left Censor-in-Chief and Viceroy of Liangguang. The office was formalised in 1469, with the administrative headquarters fixed in Wuzhou, Guangxi.

In 1536, during the reign of the Jiajing Emperor, the viceroy (錢如京) created a separate administrative branch in Zhaoqing, Guangdong. In 1564, the headquarters shifted from Wuzhou to Zhaoqing after (吳桂芳) sought approval from the Jiajing Emperor.

Qing dynasty[]

The office was recreated in 1644 during the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor in the Qing dynasty. It was called "Viceroy of Guangdong" (廣東總督) even though its jurisdiction included Guangxi. The headquarters were in Guangzhou, Guangdong. In 1655, the headquarters shifted back to Wuzhou.

In 1663, during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor, the office was split into two: Viceroy of Guangdong and Viceroy of Guangxi. The headquarters of the Viceroy of Guangdong moved to Lianzhou (廉州; present-day Hepu County, Guangxi). A year later, the Viceroy of Guangxi was merged with the Viceroy of Guangdong, and the headquarters shifted back to Zhaoqing.

In 1723, during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor, the office was divided into Guangdong and Guangxi again, but were merged again within the following year. In 1729, in response to a rebellion by the Miao people, the Yongzheng Emperor placed Guangxi under the jurisdiction of the Viceroy of Yun-Gui to facilitate the coordination of military operations. In 1734, Guangdong and Guangxi were merged under a single office, Viceroy of Liangjiang, and had remained like this until 1905.

In 1746, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor, the headquarters of the Viceroy of Liangguang shifted to Guangzhou and remained there permanently.

In 1905, during the reign of the Guangxu Emperor, the Viceroy of Liangguang concurrently held the position of Provincial Governor of Guangdong.

List of Viceroys of Liangguang[]

Ming dynasty[]

#	Name	Portrait	Start of term	End of term	Notes
1	Wang Ao 王翱		1452	1453	Promoted to Secretary of Personnel
2	Han Yong 韓雍		1465		Concurrently Left Censor-in-Chief
3	Qin Hong 秦紘		1489	1495	Concurrently Right Censor-in-Chief; later dismissed from office
4	Deng Tingzan 鄧廷瓚		1495	1497	Concurrently a Provincial Governor; later promoted to Left Censor-in-Chief
5	Pan Fan 潘蕃		1501	1506	Concurrently Right Censor-in-Chief; later promoted to Left Censor-in-Chief
6	Xiong Xiu 熊繡		1506	1514	Concurrently Right Deputy Censor-in-Chief; later promoted to Censor-in-Chief in Nanjing
7	周南		1514	1515	Retired
8	Chen Jin 陳金		1515	1519	Later promoted to Censor-in-Chief
9	張嵿		1522	1525	Concurrently Right Censor-in-Chief; later promoted to Censor-in-Chief in Nanjing and Secretary of Works
10	姚鏌		1525	1527	Concurrently Right Censor-in-Chief
11	Wang Shouren 王守仁		1527	1529	Concurrently Secretary of Defence in Nanjing and Left Censor-in-Chief
12	Zhang Jing 張經		1537	1544	Promoted to Left Vice Secretary of Defence
13	陶諧				Concurrently Right Vice Secretary of Defence
14	鮑象賢				Concurrently Right Vice Secretary of Defence
15	張岳		1544	1545	Concurrently Right Deputy Censor-in-Chief
16	吳桂芳		1563	1566	Concurrently Right Vice Secretary of Defence
17	Tan Lun 譚綸		1567	1568
18	Zhang Han 張瀚		1568	1569	Concurrently Left Vice Secretary of Defence and Right Censor-in-Chief
19	劉燾		1569	1570	Concurrently Left Vice Secretary of Defence and Right Censor-in-Chief
20	李遷		1570	1571	Concurrently Right Vice Secretary of Defence and Censor-in-Chief
21	殷正茂		1571	1575	Concurrently Secretary of Defence in Nanjing
22	凌雲翼		1575	1578	Concurrently Left Vice Secretary of Defence and Right Censor-in-Chief
23	劉堯誨				Concurrently Right Vice Secretary of Defence and Right Censor-in-Chief
24	陳瑞		1582	1583	Concurrently Secretary of Defence and Right Censor-in-Chief
25	郭應聘		1583	1584	Concurrently Secretary of Defence
26	吳文華		1584	1587	Concurrently Right Vice Secretary of Defence and Right Censor-in-Chief
27	吳善		1587	1588	Concurrently Right Vice Secretary of Defence
28	Liu Jiwen 劉繼文		1588	1591	Concurrently Right Vice Secretary of Defence
29	Xiao Yan 蕭彥		1591	1592	Concurrently Right Deputy Censor-in-Chief
30	Chen Ju 陳榘		1593	1594	Concurrently Right Vice Secretary of Revenue
31	陳大科		1595	1598	Concurrently Right Vice Secretary of Defence
32	戴耀		1598	1609	Concurrently Secretary of Defence and Right Deputy Censor-in-Chief
33	張鳴岡		1610	1614	Concurrently Right Vice Secretary of Defence and Right Censor-in-Chief
34	周嘉謨		1615	1617	Concurrently Provincial Governor of Yunnan
35	許宏鋼		1618	1620	Concurrently Right Vice Secretary of Defence and Right Censor-in-Chief
36	陳邦瞻		1620	1621	Concurrently Right Vice Secretary of Defence
37	胡應台		1621	1624	Concurrently Right Vice Secretary of Defence and Right Censor-in-Chief
38	何士晉		1624	1625	Concurrently Right Vice Secretary of Defence and Right Censor-in-Chief
39	商周祚		1625	1626	Concurrently Right Vice Secretary of Defence and Right Censor-in-Chief
40	李逢節		1627	1628	Concurrently Right Vice Secretary of Defence and Right Censor-in-Chief
41	王尊德		1628	1631	Concurrently Right Vice Secretary of Defence; died in office
42	王業浩		1631	1632	Concurrently Right Vice Secretary of Defence and Right Censor-in-Chief
43	熊文燦		1632	1637	Concurrently Right Vice Secretary of Defence and Right Censor-in-Chief
44	張鏡心		1637	1641	Concurrently Right Vice Secretary of Defence
45	沈猶龍		1641	1644	Concurrently Right Vice Secretary of Defence

Southern Ming dynasty[]

Qing dynasty[]

#	Name	Portrait	Start of term	End of term	Notes
Viceroy of Guangdong (including Guangxi) (1644–1661)
			1644	15 June 1647	Vacant
1	佟養甲		15 June 1647	1651
			1651	12 July 1653	Vacant
2	Li Shuaitai 李率泰		12 July 1653	16 March 1656
3	王國光		16 March 1656	10 July 1658
4	李棲鳳		10 July 1658	2 November 1661
Viceroy of Guangdong (1661–1665)
5	李棲鳳		2 November 1661	2 April 1665
6	盧興祖		2 April 1665	4 July 1665
Viceroy of Guangxi (1661–1665)
	于時躍		1661	1663
	屈盡美		1663	1665
Viceroy of Liangguang (1665–1723)
7	盧興祖		4 July 1665	30 December 1667
8	Zhou Youde 周有德		30 January 1668	6 February 1670
9	[citation needed] 金光祖		6 March 1668	1 February 1682
10	吳興祚		1 February 1682	8 August 1689
11	石琳		19 August 1682	17 December 1702
12	郭世隆		17 December 1702	23 January 1707
13	趙弘燦		30 January 1707	19 November 1716
14	楊琳		25 November 1716	9 September 1723
Viceroy of Guangdong (1723–1724)
15	楊琳		9 September 1723	26 April 1724
Viceroy of Guangxi (1723–1724)
	孔毓珣		1723	1724
Viceroy of Liangguang (1724–1728)
16	孔毓珣		26 April 1724	11 November 1728
Viceroy of Guangdong (Guangxi was under the Viceroy of Yun-Gui) (1728–1734)
17	孔毓珣		11 November 1728	29 March 1729
18	郝玉麟		29 March 1729	21 March 1732
	張溥		14 October 1731	25 February 1732	Acting Viceroy
	鄂彌達		21 March 1732	17 October 1732	Acting Viceroy
19	鄂彌達		21 March 1732	5 January 1735
Viceroy of Liangguang (1734–1905)
20	鄂彌達		5 January 1735	30 August 1738
21	馬爾泰		30 August 1738	10 August 1744
	慶復		28 May 1741	28 January 1743	Acting Viceroy
	策楞		28 January 1743	17 July 1743	Acting Viceroy
22	那蘇圖		10 August 1744	14 May 1745
23	策楞		14 May 1745	28 October 1748
24	Yengišan 尹繼善		28 October 1748	24 November 1748
25	Šose 碩色		24 November 1748	9 February 1750
26	陳大受		9 February 1750	14 November 1751
27	阿里袞		14 November 1751	24 February 1753
	班第		16 October 1753	3 May 1754	Acting Viceroy
28	策楞		16 October 1753	3 May 1754
29	楊應琚		3 May 1754	31 August 1757
30	鶴年		31 August 1757	14 January 1758
	李侍堯				Acting Viceroy
31	Chen Hongmou 陳弘謀		14 January 1758	27 May 1758
32	李侍堯		27 May 1758	27 May 1761
33	蘇昌		27 May 1761	22 July 1764
34	李侍堯		22 July 1764	25 February 1777
	楊廷璋		22 July 1765	24 April 1767	Acting Viceroy
35	楊景素		25 February 1777	19 March 1778
36	桂林		19 March 1778	11 January 1780
37	巴延三		11 January 1780	20 February 1784
38	舒常		20 February 1784	26 February 1785
	Sun Shiyi 孫士毅		26 February 1785	1 September 1785	Acting Viceroy
39	富勒渾		1 September 1785	23 May 1786
40	Sun Shiyi 孫士毅		23 May 1786	19 February 1789
41	Fuk'anggan 福康安		19 February 1789	14 September 1793
42	長麟		14 September 1793	5 July 1796
43	朱珪		5 July 1796	29 September 1796
44	吉慶		29 September 1796	17 December 1802
45	長麟		17 December 1802	26 January 1803
	瑚圖禮				Acting Viceroy
46	倭什布		26 January 1803	30 January 1805
47	那彥成		30 January 1805	12 December 1805
48	吳熊光		12 December 1805	6 January 1809
49	永保		6 January 1809	20 February 1809
50	百齡		20 February 1809	16 February 1811
51	Songyun 松筠		16 February 1811	5 November 1811
52	蔣攸銛		5 November 1811	22 October 1817
53	Ruan Yuan 阮元		22 October 1817	22 June 1826
54	李鴻賓		22 June 1826	14 September 1832
55	Lu Kun 盧坤		14 September 1832	15 October 1835
56	Deng Tingzhen 鄧廷楨		15 October 1835	21 January 1840
57	Lin Zexu 林則徐		21 January 1840	3 October 1840
	怡良		28 September 1840	4 December 1840	Acting Viceroy
58	Qishan 琦善		4 December 1840	26 February 1841
59	祁