Guangzhou

Prefecture-level and Subprovincial city in Guangdong, China

Guangzhou 广州市 Canton; Kwangchow
Prefecture-level and Subprovincial city
Clockwise to center: Guangzhou skyline and the Pearl River, Five Goat Statue, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, Zhenhai Tower in Yuexiu Park, Canton Tower, and Sacred Heart Cathedral.
Nicknames:  City of Rams, City of Flowers, City of Rice Spike
Location of Guangzhou City jurisdiction in Guangdong
Guangzhou Location of the city center in Guangdong Guangzhou Guangzhou (China) Show map of GuangdongShow map of ChinaShow all
Coordinates (Guangdong People's Government): 23°07′55″N 113°15′58″E / 23.132°N 113.266°E / 23.132; 113.266Coordinates: 23°07′55″N 113°15′58″E / 23.132°N 113.266°E / 23.132; 113.266
Country	China
Province	Guangdong
Municipal seat	Yuexiu District
Government
• Type	Sub-provincial city
• Body
• CCP Secretary	Zhang Shuofu
•  Chairman
• Mayor	Wen Guohui
• CPPCC Chairman
Area [1]
• Prefecture-level and Subprovincial city	7,434.4 km2 (2,870.4 sq mi)
• Urban	3,843.43 km2 (1,483.96 sq mi)
• Metro	19,870.4 km2 (7,672.0 sq mi)
Elevation	21 m (68 ft)
Population  (2020 census[2])
• Prefecture-level and Subprovincial city	18,676,605
• Density	2,500/km2 (6,500/sq mi)
• Urban [3]	16,492,590
• Urban density	4,300/km2 (11,000/sq mi)
• Metro	65,565,622
• Metro density	3,300/km2 (8,500/sq mi)
Demonym(s)	Cantonese
Time zone	UTC+8 (China standard time)
Postal code	510000
Area code(s)	(0)20
ISO 3166 code	CN-GD-01
GDP (nominal)[4]	2020
- Total	¥2.5 trillion $385 billion
- Per capita	¥163,336 $25,154
- Growth	6.5%
License plate prefixes	粤A
City Flower	Bombax ceiba
City Bird	Chinese hwamei
Languages	Cantonese, Mandarin
Website	english.gz.gov.cn

Guangzhou
"Guangzhou" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Simplified Chinese	广州
Traditional Chinese	廣州
Postal	Canton Kwangchow
Literal meaning	"Broad Prefecture"
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Guǎngzhōu Bopomofo ㄍㄨㄤˇ   ㄓㄡ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Goangjou Wade–Giles Kuang³-chou¹ Yale Romanization Gwǎngjōu IPA [kwàŋ.ʈʂóu] Wu Romanization Kuaon-tseu Hakka Romanization Kong³-ziu¹ Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Gwóngjàu or Gwóngjāu Jyutping Gwong2zau1 IPA [kʷɔ̌ːŋ.tsɐ̂u] or [kʷɔ̌ːŋ.tsɐ́u] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Kńg-chiu
abbreviation
Chinese	穗
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Suì Bopomofo ㄙㄨㄟˋ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Suey Wade–Giles Sui⁴ Yale Romanization Swèi IPA [swêi] Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Seuih Jyutping Seoi6 IPA [sɵ̀y]

Guangzhou (UK: /ɡwæŋˈdʒoʊ/,^[5] US: /ɡwɒŋ-/;^[6] simplified Chinese: 广州; traditional Chinese: 廣州; pinyin: Guǎngzhōu; Cantonese pronunciation: [kʷɔ̌ːŋ.tsɐ̂u] or [kʷɔ̌ːŋ.tsɐ́u] (listen); Mandarin pronunciation: [kwàŋ tʂóu] (listen)), also known as Canton /kænˈtɒn/^[7] and alternately romanized as Kwongchow or Kwangchow,^[8] is the capital and the largest city of Guangdong province in southern China.^[9] Located on the Pearl River about 120 km (75 mi) north-northwest of Hong Kong and 145 km (90 mi) north of Macau, Guangzhou has a history of over 2,200 years and was a major terminus of the maritime Silk Road,^[10] and continues to serve as a major port and transportation hub, as well as one of China's three largest cities.^[11] Long the only Chinese port accessible to most foreign traders, Guangzhou was captured by the British during the First Opium War. No longer enjoying a monopoly after the war, it lost trade to other ports such as Hong Kong and Shanghai, but continued to serve as a major transshipment port. Due to a high urban population and large volumes of port traffic, Guangzhou is classified as a Large-Port Megacity, the largest type of port-city in the world.^[12]

Guangzhou is at the heart of the most-populous built-up metropolitan area in mainland China, which extends into the neighboring cities of Foshan, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Shenzhen and part of Jiangmen, Huizhou, Zhuhai and Macao, forming the largest urban agglomeration on Earth with approximately 47.6 million inhabitants^[13] and part of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone. Administratively, the city holds subprovincial status^[14] and is one of China's nine National Central Cities.^[15] In the late 1990s and early 2000s, nationals of sub-Saharan Africa who had initially settled in the Middle East and Southeast Asia moved in unprecedented numbers to Guangzhou in response to the 1997/98 Asian financial crisis.^[16] The domestic migrant population from other provinces of China in Guangzhou was 40% of the city's total population in 2008. Together with Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen, Guangzhou has one of the most expensive real estate markets in China.^[17] As of the 2020 census, the population of the city's expansive administrative area was 18,676,605 inhabitants (up to 47% from the previous census in 2010) whom 16,492,590 lived in 9 urban districts (all but Conghua and Zengcheng).^[2]

In modern commerce, Guangzhou is best known for its annual Canton Fair, the oldest and largest trade fair in China. For three consecutive years (2013–2015), Forbes ranked Guangzhou as the best commercial city in mainland China.^[18] Guangzhou is highly ranked as an Alpha- (global first-tier) city together with San Francisco and Stockholm. As an important international city, Guangzhou hosts 65 foreign representatives,^[19][20] and ranks 10th in the world and 5th in China (after Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Shenzhen) in terms of the number of billionaire residents according to the Hurun Global Rich List 2020.^[21]

The city has a high level of scientific research output, ranking 14th globally and 4th in China (after Beijing, Shanghai and Nanjing),^[22] and is home to many of China's most prestigious universities, including Sun Yat-sen University, South China University of Technology, Jinan University, South China Normal University, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou University, Southern Medical University, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine.^[23][24][25]

Toponymy[]

A Qing-era portrait of the Grotto of the Five Immortals, the Taoist temple around the five stones which gave Guangzhou its nickname "The City of Rams".

Guǎngzhōu is the official romanization of the Chinese name 廣州; 广州. The name of the city is taken from the ancient "Guang Province" after it had become the prefecture's seat of government, which is how some other Chinese cities, including Hangzhou, Suzhou, and Fuzhou got their names. The character 廣 or 广—which also appears in the names of the provinces Guangdong and Guangxi, together called the Liangguang—means "broad" or "expansive" and refers to the intention to dispense imperial grace broadly in the region with the founding of the county of Guangxin in the Han Dynasty.

Before acquiring its current name, the town was known as Panyu (Punyü; 番禺), a name still borne by one of Guangzhou's districts not far from the main city. The origin of the name is still uncertain, with 11 various explanations being offered,^[26] including that it may have referred to two local mountains.^[27][28] The city has also sometimes been known as Guangzhou Fu or Guangfu after its status as the capital of a prefecture. From this latter name, Guangzhou was known to medieval Persians such as Al-Masudi and Ibn Khordadbeh^[29] as Khanfu (خانفو).^[30] Under the Southern Han, the city was renamed Xingwang Fu (興王府).^[31][32]

The Chinese abbreviation for Guangzhou is "穗" (although the abbreviation on car license plates, as with the rest of the province, is 粤), after its nickname "City of Rice" (穗城). The city has long borne the nickname City of Rams (羊城) or City of the Five Rams (五羊城) from the five stones at the old Temple of the Five Immortals said to have been the sheep or goats ridden by the Taoist culture heroes credited with introducing rice cultivation to the area around the time of the city's foundation.^[33] The former name "City of the Immortals" (仙城/五仙城) came from the same story. The more recent City of Flowers (花城) is usually taken as a simple reference to the area's fine greenery.

The English name "Canton" derived from Portuguese Cantão^[34] or Cidade de Cantão,^[35] a blend of dialectical pronunciations of "Guangdong"^[36][37] (e.g., Cantonese Gwong2-dung1). Although it originally and chiefly applied to the walled city, it was occasionally conflated with Guangdong by some authors.^{[note 1][note 2]} It was adopted as the Postal Map Romanization of Guangzhou, and remained the official name until its name change to "Guangzhou." As an adjective, it is still used in describing the people, language, cuisine and culture of Guangzhou and the surrounding Liangguang region. The 19th-century name "Kwang-chow foo"^[39] derived from Nanjing dialect of Mandarin and the town's status as a prefectural capital.

History[]

Prehistory[]

A settlement now known as Nanwucheng was present in the area by 1100 BC.^[40][41] Some traditional Chinese histories placed Nanwucheng's founding during the reign of Ji Yan,^[42][43] king of Zhou from 314 to 256 BC. It was said to have consisted of little more than a stockade of bamboo and mud.^[42][43]

The jade burial suit of Zhao Mo in Guangzhou's Nanyue King Museum

Nanyue[]

Guangzhou, then known as Panyu, was founded on the eastern bank of the Pearl River^[39] in 214 BC. It was the seat of Qin Empire's Nanhai Commandery, and served as a base for the first invasion of the Baiyue lands in southern China. Legendary accounts claimed that the soldiers at Panyu were so vigilant that they did not remove their armor for three years.^[44] Upon the fall of the Qin, General Zhao Tuo established the kingdom of Nanyue and made Panyu its capital in 204 BC. It remained independent throughout the Chu-Han Contention, although Zhao negotiated recognition of his independence in exchange for his nominal submission to the Han in 196 BC.^[45] Archeological evidence shows that Panyu was an expansive commercial center: in addition to items from central China, archeologists have found remains originating from Southeast Asia, India, and even Africa.^[46] Zhao Tuo was succeeded by Zhao Mo and then Zhao Yingqi. Upon Zhao Yingqi's death in 115 BC, his younger son Zhao Xing was named as his successor in violation of Chinese primogeniture. By 113 BC, his Chinese mother, the Empress Dowager Jiu (樛) had prevailed upon him to submit Nanyue as a formal part of the Han Empire. The native prime minister Lü Jia (呂嘉) launched a coup, killing Han ambassadors along with the king, his mother, and their supporters.^[47] A successful ambush then annihilated a Han force which had been sent to arrest him. Emperor Wu took offense and launched a massive river- and seaborne war: six armies under Lu Bode and Yang Pu^[48] took Panyu and annexed Nanyue by the end of 111 BC.^[47]

Imperial China[]

Guangzhou (as 廣) on the 1136 Map of the Tracks of Yu

Lai Afong's photograph of a commercial street in Guangzhou c. 1880

Guangzhou ("Canton") and the surrounding islands of Henan ("Hanan"), Pazhou ("Whampoa"), Changzhou ("Dane's Island"), and Xiaoguwei ("French Island") during the First Opium War's Second Battle of Canton. The large East Indiamen of the Canton trade used the anchorage sheltered by these four islands, but the village and island of Huangpu for which it was named make up no part of present-day Guangzhou's Huangpu District.

Incorporated into the Han Dynasty, Panyu became a provincial capital. In AD 226, it became the seat of Guang Prefecture, which gave it its modern name. The Old Book of Tang described Guangzhou as an important port in southern China.^[49] Direct routes connected the Middle East and China, as shown in the records of a Chinese prisoner returning home from Iraq twelve years after his capture at Talas.^[50] Relations were often strained: Arab and Persian pirates^[51] sacked the city on October 30, 758^{[note 3][52][53][54][55]} and came to an end under the revenge of Chinese rebel Huang Chao in 878, along with the city's Jews, Christians,^[56][57][58] and Parsis.^[59][60] The port was closed for fifty years after its destruction.^[51]

Amid the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms that followed the collapse of the Tang dynasty, the Later Liang governor Liu Yan used his base at Panyu to establish a "Great Yue" or "Southern Han" empire, which lasted from 917 to 971. The region enjoyed considerable cultural and economic success in this period. From the 10th to 12th century, there are records that the large foreign communities were not exclusively male, but included "Persian women".^{[61][62][note 4]} According to Odoric of Pordenone, Guangzhou was as large as three Venices in terms of area, and rivaled all of Italy in the amount of crafts produced. He also noted the large amount of ginger available as well as large geese and snakes.^[64] Guangzhou was visited by the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta during his 14th-century journey around the world;^[65] he detailed the process by which the Chinese constructed their large ships in the port's shipyards.^[66]

Shortly after the Hongwu Emperor's declaration of the Ming dynasty, he reversed his earlier support of foreign trade and imposed the first of a series of sea bans (海禁).^[67] These banned private foreign trade upon penalty of death for the merchant and exile for his family and neighbors.^[68] The Yuan-era maritime intendancies of Guangzhou, Quanzhou, and Ningbo were closed in 1384^[69] and legal trade became limited to the tribute delegations sent to or by official representatives of foreign governments.^[70]

Following the Portuguese conquest of the Melaka Sultanate, Rafael Perestrello traveled to Guangzhou as a passenger on a native junk in 1516.^[71] His report induced Fernão Pires de Andrade to sail to the city with eight ships the next year,^[71] but De Andrade's exploration^[72] was understood as spying^[73] and his brother Simão and others began attempting to monopolize trade,^[74] enslaving Chinese women^[75] and children,^{[note 5]} engaging in piracy,^[77] and fortifying the island of Tamão.^[78][79] Rumors even circulated that Portuguese were eating the children.^{[80][76][note 6]} The Guangzhou administration was charged with driving them off:^[77] they bested the Portuguese at the Battle of Tunmen^[82] and in Xicao Bay; held a diplomatic mission hostage in a failed attempt to pressure the restoration of the sultan of Malacca,^[83] who had been accounted a Ming vassal;^[84] and, after placing them in cangues and keeping them for most of a year, ultimately executed 23 by lingchi.^{[85][note 7]} With the help of local pirates,^[80] the "Folangji" then carried out smuggling at Macao, Lampacau, and St John's Island (now Shangchuan),^[75] until Leonel de Sousa legalized their trade with bribes to Admiral Wang Bo (汪柏) and the 1554 Luso-Chinese Accord. The Portuguese undertook not to raise fortifications and to pay customs dues;^[88] three years later, after providing the Chinese with assistance suppressing their former pirate allies,^[89] the Portuguese were permitted to warehouse their goods at Macau instead of Guangzhou itself.^[90]

In October 1646, the Longwu Emperor's brother, Zhu Yuyue fled by sea to Guangzhou, the last stronghold of the Ming empire. On December 11, he declared himself the Shaowu Emperor, borrowing his imperial regalia from local theater troupes.^[91] He led a successful offense against his cousin Zhu Youlang but was deposed and executed on 20 January 1647 when the Ming turncoat Li Chengdong (李成東) sacked the city on behalf of the Qing.^{[92][note 8]}

The Qing became somewhat more receptive to foreign trade after gaining control of Taiwan in 1683.^[93] The Portuguese from Macau and Spaniards from Manila returned, as did private Muslim, Armenian, and English traders.^[94] From 1699 to 1714, the French and British East India Companies sent a ship or two each year;^[94] the Austrian Ostend General India Co. arrived in 1717,^[95] the Dutch East India Co. in 1729,^[96] the Danish Asiatic Co. in 1731,^{[note 9]} and the Swedish East India Co. the next year.^[94] These were joined by the occasional Prussian or Trieste Company vessel. The first independent American ship arrived in 1784, and the first colonial Australian one in 1788.^{[citation needed]} By that time, Guangzhou was one of the world's great ports, organized under the Canton System.^[98] The main exports were tea and porcelain.^[94] As a meeting place of merchants from all over the world, Guangzhou became a major contributor to the rise of the modern global economy.^[99]

In the 19th century, most of the city's buildings were still only one or two stories. However, there were notable exceptions such as the Flower Pagoda of the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees, and the guard tower known as the Five-Story Pagoda. The subsequently urbanized northern hills were bare and covered with traditional graves. The brick city walls were about 6 miles (10 km) in circumference, 25 feet (8 m) high, and 20 feet (6 m) wide. Its eight main gates and two water gates all held guards during the day and were closed at night. The wall rose to incorporate a hill on its northern side and was surrounded on the other three by a moat which, along with the canals, functioned as the city's sewer, emptied daily by the river's tides. A partition wall with four gates divided the northern "old town" from the southern "new town" closer to the river; the suburb of Xiguan (Saikwan; "West Gate") stretched beyond and the boats of fishers, traders, and Tanka ("boat people") almost entirely concealed the riverbank for about 4 miles (6 km). It was common for homes to have a storefront facing the street and to treat their courtyards as a kind of warehouse.^[39] The city was part of a network of signal towers so effective that messages could be relayed to Beijing—about 1,200 miles (1,931 km) away—in less than 24 hours.^[100]

The Canton System was maintained until the outbreak of the First Opium War in 1839. Following a series of battles in the Pearl River Delta, the British captured Canton on March 18, 1841.^[101] The Second Battle of Canton was fought two months later.^[102] Following the Qing's 1842 treaty with Great Britain, Guangzhou lost its privileged trade status as more and more treaty ports were opened to more and more countries, usually including extraterritorial enclaves. Amid the decline of Qing prestige and the chaos of the Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856), the Punti and Hakka waged a series of clan wars from 1855 to 1867 in which one million people died. The foreign trade facilities were destroyed by local Chinese in the Arrow War (1856–1858). The international community relocated to the outskirts and most international trade moved through Shanghai.^[103][104]

The concession for the was awarded to the American China Development Co. in 1898. It completed its branch line west to Foshan and Sanshui before being engulfed in a diplomatic crisis after a Belgian consortium bought a controlling interest and the Qing subsequently canceled its concession. J.P. Morgan was awarded millions in damages^[105] and the line to Wuchang was not completed until 1936^[106] and the completion of a unified Beijing–Guangzhou Railway waited until the completion of Wuhan's Yangtze River Bridge in 1957.

Modern China[]

Revolutions[]

Mausoleum of the 72 Martyrs

During the late Qing Dynasty, Guangzhou was the site of revolutionary attempts such as the Uprisings of 1895 and 1911 that were the predecessors of the successful Xinhai Revolution, which overthrew the Qing Dynasty. The 72 revolutionaries whose bodies were found after the latter uprising are honored as the city's 72 Martyrs at the Huanghuagang ("Yellow Flower Mound") Mausoleum.

Republic of China[]

After the assassination of Sung Chiao-jen and Yuan Shihkai's attempts to remove the Nationalist Party of China from power, the leader of Guangdong Hu Hanmin joined the 1913 Second Revolution against him^[107] but was forced to flee to Japan with Sun Yat-sen after its failure. The city came under national spotlight again in 1917, when Prime Minister Duan Qirui's abrogation of the constitution triggered the Constitutional Protection Movement. Sun Yat-sen came to head the Guangzhou Military Government supported by the members of the dissolved parliament and the Southwestern warlords. The Guangzhou government fell apart as the warlords withdrew their support. Sun fled to Shanghai in November 1918 until the Guangdong warlord Chen Jiongming restored him in October 1920 during the Yuegui Wars.^[108] On 16 June 1922, Sun was ousted in a coup and fled on the warship Yongfeng after Chen sided with the Zhili Clique's Beijing government. In the following months Sun mounted a counterattack into Guangdong by rallying supporters from Yunnan and Guangxi, and in January established a government in the city for the third time.

Flag of Kuomintang

From 1923 to 1926 Sun and the Kuomintang used the city as a base to prosecute a renewed revolution in China by conquering the warlords in the north. Although Sun was previously dependent on opportunistic warlords who hosted him in the city, with the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek, the KMT developed its own military power to serve its ambition. The Canton years saw the evolution of the KMT into a revolutionary movement with a strong military focus and ideological commitment, setting the tone of the KMT rule of China beyond 1927.

In 1924, the KMT made the momentous decision to ally with the Communist Party and the USSR. With Soviet help, KMT reorganized itself along the Leninist line and adopted a pro-labor and pro-peasant stance. The Kuomintang-CCP cooperation was confirmed in the First Congress of the KMT and the communists were instructed to join the KMT. The allied government set up the Peasant Movement Training Institute in the city, of which Mao Zedong was a director for one term. Sun and his military commander Chiang used Soviet funds and weapons to build an armed force staffed by communist commissars, training its cadres in the Whampoa Military Academy.^[108] In August, the fledgling army suppressed the Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising. The next year the anti-imperialist May Thirtieth Movement swept the country, and the KMT government called for strikes in Canton and Hong Kong. The tensions of the massive strikes and protests led to the Shakee Massacre.

After the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925 the mood was changing in the party toward the communists. In August the left-wing KMT leader Liao Zhongkai was assassinated and the right-wing leader Hu Hanmin, the suspected mastermind, was exiled to the Soviet Union, leaving the pro-communist Wang Jingwei in charge. Opposing communist encroachment, the right-wing Western Hills Group vowed to expel the communists from the KMT. The "Canton Coup" on 20 March 1926 saw Chiang solidify his control over the Nationalists and their army against Wang Jingwei, the party's left wing, its Communist allies, and its Soviet advisors.^[109][110] By May, he had ended civilian control of the military^[110] and begun his Northern Expedition against the warlords of the north. Its success led to the split of the KMT between Wuhan and Nanking and the purge of the communists in the April 12 Incident. Immediately afterwards Canton joined the purge under the auspice of Li Jishen, resulting in the arrest of communists and the suspension of left wing KMT apparatuses and labor groups. Later in 1927 when Zhang Fakui, a general supportive of the Wuhan faction seized Canton and installed Wang Jingwei's faction in the city, the communists saw an opening and launched the Guangzhou Uprising. Prominent communist military leaders Ye Ting and Ye Jianying led the failed defense of the city. Soon, control of the city reverted to Li Jishen.

Li was deposed during a war between Chiang and the Kwangsi Clique. By 1929, Chen Jitang had established himself as the powerholder of Guangdong. In 1931 he threw his weight behind the anti-Chiang schism by hosting a separate Nationalist government in Guangzhou.^[111] Opposing Chiang's alleged dictatorship, the separatists included KMT leaders like Wang Ching-wei, Sun Fo and others from diverse factions. The peace negotiations amid the armed standoff led to the 4th National Congress of Kuomintang being held separately by three factions in Nanjing, Shanghai and Canton. Resigning all his posts, Chiang pulled off a political compromise that reunited all factions. While the intraparty division was resolved, Chen kept his power until he was defeated by Chiang in 1936.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the "Canton Operation" subjected the city to Japanese occupation by the end of December 1938.

People's Republic of China[]

Amid the closing months of the Chinese Civil War, Guangzhou briefly served as the capital of the Republic of China after the taking of Nanjing by the PLA in April 1949. The People's Liberation Army entered the city on 14 October 1949. Amid a massive exodus to Hong Kong and Macau, the Nationalists blew up the Haizhu Bridge across the Pearl River in retreat. The Cultural Revolution had a large effect on the city with much of its temples, churches and other monuments destroyed during this chaotic period.

The People's Republic of China initiated building projects including new housing on the banks of the Pearl River to adjust the city's boat people to life on land. Since the 1980s, the city's close proximity to Hong Kong and Shenzhen and its ties to overseas Chinese have made it one of the first beneficiaries of China's opening up under Deng Xiaoping. Beneficial tax reforms in the 1990s have also helped the city's industrialization and economic development.

The municipality was expanded in the year 2000, with Huadu and Panyu joining the city as urban districts and Conghua and Zengcheng as more rural counties. The former districts of Dongshan and Fangcun were abolished in 2005, merged into Yuexiu and Liwan respectively. The city acquired Nansha and Luogang. The former was carved out of Panyu, the latter from parts of Baiyun, Tianhe, Zengcheng, and an exclave within Huangpu. The National People's Congress approved a development plan for the Pearl River Delta in January 2009; on March 19 the same year, the Guangzhou and Foshan municipal governments agreed to establish a framework to merge the two cities.^[112] In 2014, Luogang merged into Huangpu and both Conghua and Zengcheng counties were upgraded to districts.

Gallery[]

• 

  Nieuhof's imaginative 1665 map of "Kanton",^[113] made from secondhand accounts when Europeans were still forbidden from entering the walled city

• 

  The Thirteen Factories c. 1805, displaying the flags of Denmark, Spain, the United States, Sweden, Britain, and the Netherlands

• 

  An 1855 painting of the gallery of Tingqua, one of the most successful suppliers of "export paintings" for Guangzhou's foreign traders.
  Common themes included the Thirteen Factories, the Whampoa Anchorage (now Pazhou), and the Sea-Banner Temple (now Hoi Tong Monastery)

• 

  Vrooman's 1860 map of the "City and Entire Suburbs of Canton", one of the first made after the treaties of Tianjin and Beijing permitted foreigners full access to Guangzhou's walled city

• 

  The Flowery Pagoda at the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees in 1863

• 

  The Five-story Pagoda atop Yuexiu Hill c. 1880

• 

  The Sacred Heart Cathedral towering over the one- and two-story homes of old Guangzhou c. 1880

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  Street scene in Guangzhou, 1919

• 

  The US Navy's Dept of Navigation's 1920 map of "Canton"^[114]

• 

  Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek at the opening of the Whampoa Military Academy on 16 June 1924

• 

  The Guangzhou Bund in 1930, with rows of Tanka boats.

• Play media

  A short film of Guangzhou in 1937

• 

  The People's Liberation Army entering Guangzhou on 14 October 1949

• 

  Map of Guangzhou (labeled as KUANG-CHOU (CANTON))

Geography[]

Guangzhou

Shenzhen

Hong Kong

Dongguan

Foshan

Jiangmen

Huizhou

Zhongshan

Zhuhai

Macau

Zhaoqing

Enping

Heshan

Kaiping

Sihui

Guangzhou (Guangdong)

Map of Guangzhou (labeled as KUANG-CHOU (CANTON) 廣州) in surrounding region (AMS, 1954)

Tiantang Peak, highest mountain in Guangzhou

The old town of Guangzhou was near Baiyun Mountain on the east bank of the Pearl River (Zhujiang) about 80 miles (129 km) from its junction with the South China Sea and about 300 miles (483 km) below its head of navigation.^[39] It commanded the rich alluvial plain of the Pearl River Delta, with its connection to the sea protected at the Humen Strait.^[39] The present city spans 7,434.4 square kilometers (2,870.4 sq mi) on both sides of the river from 112° 57′ to 114° 03′ E longitude and 22° 26′ to 23° 56′ N latitude in south-central Guangdong. The Pearl is the 4th-largest river of China.^[115] Intertidal ecosystems exist on the tidal flat lining the river estuary, however, many of the tidal flats have been reclaimed for agriculture.^[116] Baiyun Mountain is now locally referred to as the city's "lung" (市肺).^{[11][117][why?]}

The elevation of the prefecture generally increases from southwest to northeast, with mountains forming the backbone of the city and the ocean comprising the front. Tiantang Peak (simplified Chinese: 天堂顶; traditional Chinese: 天堂頂, "Heavenly Peak") is the highest point of elevation at 1,210 meters (3,970 ft) above sea level.

Natural resources[]

There are 47 different types of minerals and also 820 ore fields in Guangzhou, including 18 large and medium-sized oil deposits. The major minerals are granite, cement limestone, ceramic clay, potassium, albite, salt mine, mirabilite, nepheline, syenite, fluorite, marble, mineral water, and geothermal mineral water. Since Guangzhou is located in the water-rich area of southern China, it has a wide water area with many rivers and water systems, accounting for 10% of the total land area. The rivers and streams improve the landscape and keep the ecological environment of the city stable.^[118]

Climate[]

Despite being located just south of the Tropic of Cancer, Guangzhou has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa/Cwa) influenced by the East Asian monsoon. Summers are wet with high temperatures, high humidity, and a high heat index. Winters are mild and comparatively dry. Guangzhou has a lengthy monsoon season, spanning from April through September. Monthly averages range from 13.9 °C (57.0 °F) in January to 28.9 °C (84.0 °F) in July, while the annual mean is 22.6 °C (72.7 °F).^[11] Autumn, from October to December, is very moderate, cool and windy, and is the best travel time.^[119] The relative humidity is approximately 68 percent, whereas annual rainfall in the metropolitan area is over 1,700 mm (67 in).^[11] With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 17 percent in March and April to 52 percent in November, the city receives 1,628 hours of bright sunshine annually, considerably less than nearby Shenzhen and Hong Kong. Extreme temperatures have ranged from 0 °C (32 °F) to 39.1 °C (102.4 °F).^[120] The last recorded snowfall in the city was on 24 January 2016, 87 years after the second last recorded snowfall.^[121]

Administrative divisions[]

Guangzhou is a subprovincial city. It has direct jurisdiction over eleven districts:

Liwan Yuexiu Haizhu Tianhe Baiyun Huangpu Panyu Huadu Nansha Conghua Zengcheng

Administrative divisions of Guangzhou Division code[123] Division Area (km2)[124] Population (2010)[125] Seat Postal code Subdivisions[126] Subdistricts Towns Residential communities Administrative villages 440100 Guangzhou 7,434.40 12,701,948 Yuexiu 510000 136 34 1533 1142 440103 Liwan 59.10 898,200 Shiweitang Subdistrict 510000 22   195   440104 Yuexiu 33.80 1,157,666 Beijing Subdistrict 510000 18   267   440105 Haizhu 90.40 1,558,663 Jianghai Subdistrict 510000 18   257   440106 Tianhe 96.33 1,432,426 Tianyuan Subdistrict 510000 21   205   440111 Baiyun 795.79 2,223,150 Jingtai Subdistrict 510000 18 4 253 118 440112 Huangpu 484.17 831,586 Luogang Subdistrict 510500 14 1 90 28 440113 Panyu 529.94 1,764,828 Shiqiao Subdistrict 511400 11 5 87 177 440114 Huadu 970.04 945,005 Huacheng Subdistrict 510800 4 6 50 188 440115 Nansha 783.86 259,900 Huangge Town 511400 3 6 28 128 440117 Conghua 1,974.50 593,415 Jiekou Subdistrict 510900 3 5 46 221 440118 Zengcheng 1,616.47 1,037,109 Licheng Subdistrict 511300 4 7 55 282

Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations English Chinese Pinyin Guangdong Romanization Kejiahua Pinyin Fang'an Liwan District 荔湾区 Lìwān Qū lei6 wan1 kêu1 lai4 van1 ki1 Yuexiu District 越秀区 Yuèxiù Qū yud6 seo3 kêu1 yet6 siu4 ki1 Haizhu District 海珠区 H��izhū Qū hoi2 ju1 kêu1 hoi2 zu1 ki1 Tianhe District 天河区 Tiānhé Qū tin6 ho4 kêu1 tien1 ho2 ki1 Baiyun District 白云区 Báiyún Qū bak6 wan4 kêu1 pak6 yun2 ki1 Huangpu District 黄埔区 Huángpǔ Qū wong4 bou3 kêu1 vong2 bu4 ki1 Panyu District 番禺区 Pānyú Qū pun1 yu4 kêu1 pan1 ngi2 ki1 Huadu District 花都区 Huādū Qū fa1 dou1 kêu1 fa1 du1 ki1 Nansha District 南沙区 Nánshā Qū nam4 sa1 kêu1 nam2/lam2 sa1 ki1 Conghua District 从化区 Cónghuà Qū cung4 fa3 kêu1 vung2 fa3 ki1 Zengcheng District 增城区 Zēngchéng Qū zeng1 xing4 kêu1 zen1 sang2 ki1 Guangzhou City 广州市 Guǎngzhōu Shì guong2 zeo1 xi5 kong3 ziu1 si4

Economy[]

The first Canton Fair (1957) at the Sino-Soviet Friendship Building

Guangzhou is the main manufacturing hub of the Pearl River Delta, one of mainland China's leading commercial and manufacturing regions. In 2017, the GDP reached ¥2,150 billion (US$318 billion), per capita was ¥150,678 (US$22,317).^[127] Guangzhou is considered one of the most prosperous cities in China. Guangzhou ranks 10th in the world and 5th in China (after Beijing, Shanghai, Hong Kong and Shenzhen) in terms of the number of billionaires according to the Hurun Global Rich List 2020.^[21] Guangzhou is projected to be among the world top 10 largest cities in terms of nominal GDP in 2035 (together with Shanghai, Beijing and Shenzhen in China) according to a study by Oxford Economics,^[128] and its nominal GDP per capita will reach above US$42,000 in 2030.^[129] Guangzhou also ranks 21st globally (between Washington, D.C. and Amsterdam) and 8th in the whole Asia & Oceania region (behind Shanghai, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Singapore, Beijing, Shenzhen and Dubai) in the 2020 Global Financial Centers Index (GFCI).^[130] Owing to rapid industrialization, it was once also considered a rather polluted city. After green urban planning was implemented, it is now one of the most livable cities in China.

Canton Fair[]

The Canton Fair, formally the "China Import and Export Fair", is held every year in April and October by the Ministry of Trade. Inaugurated in the spring of 1957, the fair is a major event for the city. It is the trade fair with the longest history, highest level, and largest scale in China.^[131] From the 104th session onwards, the fair moved to the new Guangzhou International Convention and Exhibition Center (广州国际会展中心) in Pazhou, from the older complex in Liuhua. The GICEC is served by two stations on Line 8 and three stations on Tram Line THZ1. Since the 104th session, the Canton Fair has been arranged in three phases instead of two phases.

• 

  Guangzhou skyline

• 

  The former Canton Fair site at Yuexiu's Liuhua Complex

• 

  Interior of the current Canton Fair site in Pazhou, 2006

Local products[]

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• Cantonese is one of China's most famous and popular regional cuisines, with a saying stating simply to "Eat in Guangzhou" (食在廣州).^{[note 10]}
• Cantonese sculpture includes work in jade, wood, and (now controversially) ivory.
• Canton porcelain developed over the past three centuries as one of the major forms of exportware. It is now known within China for its highly colorful style.
• Cantonese embroidery is one of China's four main styles of the embroidery, and is represented in Guangzhou, although the industry is mainly centered in Chaozhou.
• Zhujiang Beer, a pale lager, is one of China's most successful brands. It is made in Guangzhou from water piped directly to the brewery from a natural spring.

Industry[]

• GAC Group
• Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone
• Guangzhou Nansha Export Processing Zone

  The Export Processing Zone was founded in 2005. Its total planned area is 1.36 km² (0.53 sq mi).^[132] It is located in Nansha District and it belongs to the provincial capital, Guangzhou. The major industries encouraged in the zone include automobile assembly, biotechnology and heavy industry. It is situated 54 kilometers (34 miles) (a 70 minutes drive) south of Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport and close to Nansha Port. It also has the advantage of Guangzhou Metro line 4 which is being extended to Nansha Ferry Terminal.

• Guangzhou Free Trade Zone

  The zone was founded in 1992. It is located in the east of Huangpu District and near to Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone. It is also very close to Guangzhou Baiyun Airport.^[133] The major industries encouraged in the zone include international trade, logistics, processing and computer software. Recently the Area has been rebranded and is now being marketed under the name Huangpu District. Next to the industries above, new sectors are being introduced to the business environment, including new energy, AI, new mobility, new materials, information and communication technology and new transport. It is also Home to the Guangzhou IP Court.^[134]

• Guangzhou Science City

Business Environment[]

Guangzhou is a hub for international businesses. According to an article by China Briefing, over 30,000 foreign-invested companies had settled in Guangzhou by 2018, including 297 Fortune Global 500 companies with projects and 120 Fortune Global 500 companies with headquarters or regional headquarters in the city.^[135]

Demographics[]

The 2010 census found Guangzhou's population to be 12.78 million. As of 2014, it was estimated at 13,080,500,^[140][139] with 11,264,800 urban residents.^[3] Its population density is thus around 1,800 people per km². The built-up area of the Guangzhou proper connects directly to several other cities. The built-up area of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone covers around 17,573 square kilometers (6,785 sq mi) and has been estimated to house 22 million people, including Guangzhou's nine urban districts, Shenzhen (5.36m), Dongguan (3.22m), Zhongshan (3.12m), most of Foshan (2.2m), Jiangmen (1.82m), Zhuhai (890k), and Huizhou's Huiyang District (760k).^{[citation needed]} The total population of this agglomeration is over 28 million after including the population of the adjacent Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.^{[citation needed]} The area's fast-growing economy and high demand for labor has produced a huge "floating population" of migrant workers; thus, up to 10 million migrants reside in the area least six months each year.^{[citation needed]} In 2008, about five million of Guangzhou's permanent residents were hukouless migrants.^[141]

Ethnicity and language[]

Most of Guangzhou's population is Han Chinese. Almost all Cantonese people speak Cantonese as their first language,^[143] while most migrants speak forms of Mandarin.^[141] In 2010, each language was the native tongue of roughly half of the city's population,^[144] although minor but substantial numbers speak other varieties as well.^{[citation needed]} In 2018, He Huifeng of the South China Morning Post stated that younger residents have increasingly favored using Mandarin instead of Cantonese in their daily lives, causing their Cantonese-speaking grandparents and parents to use Mandarin to communicate with them. He Huifeng stated that factors included local authorities discouraging the use of Cantonese in schools and the rise in prestige of Mandarin-speaking Shenzhen.^[145] Jinan University released a survey result of the Guangzhou youths born in the year 2000 or after that were part of this educational study showed that 69% could still speak and understand Cantonese, 20% can understand Cantonese, but unable to speak it, and 11% completely had no knowledge of Cantonese. Jinan University's study of these Guangzhou youths also indicated when it came to the daily recreational use of Cantonese, roughly 40%-50% of them participated in these recreational functions with the usage of Cantonese with 51.4% of them in mobile games, 47% in Social Platforms, 44.1% in TV shows, and 39.8% in Books and Newspapers. Despite some decline in the use of Cantonese, it is faring better in survival, popularity, and prestige than other Chinese languages due to the historical pride in the language and culture, as well as the wide popularity and availability of mainstream Cantonese entertainment, which encourages locals to retain the Cantonese language.^[146][147] Guangzhou has an even more unbalanced gender ratio than the rest of the country. While most areas of China have 112–120 boys per 100 girls, the Guangdong province that houses Guangzhou has more than 130 boys for every 100 girls.^[148]

Recent years have seen a huge influx of migrants, with up to 30 million additional migrants living in the Guangzhou area for at least six months out of every year with the majority being female migrants and many becoming local Guangzhou people. This huge influx of people from other areas, called the floating population, is due to the city's fast-growing economy and high labor demands. Guangzhou Mayor Wan Qingliang told an urban planning seminar that Guangzhou is facing a very serious population problem stating that, while the city had 10.33 million registered residents at the time with targets and scales of land use based on this number, the city actually had a population with migrants of nearly 15 million. According to the Guangzhou Academy of Social Sciences researcher Peng Peng, the city is almost at its maximum capacity of just 15 million, which means the city is facing a great strain, mostly due to a high population of unregistered people.^[148]

According to the 2000 National Census, marriage is one of the top two reasons for permanent migration and particular important for women as 29.3% of the permanent female migrants migrate for marriage [Liang et al.,2004]. Many of the female economic migrants marry men from Guangzhou in hopes of a better life.^[149] but like elsewhere in the People's Republic of China, the household registration system (hukou) limits migrants' access to residences, educational institutions and other public benefits. It has been noted that many women end up in prostitution.^[150] In May 2014, legally employed migrants in Guangzhou were permitted to receive a hukou card allowing them to marry and obtain permission for their pregnancies in the city, rather than having to return to their official hometowns as previously.^[151]

Historically, the Cantonese people have made up a sizable part of the 19th- and 20th-century Chinese diaspora; in fact, many overseas Chinese have ties to Guangzhou. This is particularly true in the United States,^[152] Canada,^[153] and Australia.

Demographically, the only significant immigration into China has been by overseas Chinese, but Guangzhou sees many foreign tourists, workers, and residents from the usual locations such as the United States. Notably, it is also home to thousands of African immigrants, including people from Nigeria, Somalia, Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo.^[154]

Metropolitan area[]

The encompassing metropolitan area was estimated by the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) to have, as of 2010, a population of 25 million.^[155][156]

Transportation[]

The east square of Guangzhou railway station in 1991.

Urban mass transit[]

When the first line of the Guangzhou Metro opened in 1997, Guangzhou was the fourth city in Mainland China to have an underground railway system, behind Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai. Currently the metro network is made up of thirteen lines, covering a total length of 476.26 km (295.93 mi).^[157] A long-term plan is to make the city's metro system expand to over 500 km (310 mi) by 2020 with 15 lines in operation. In addition to the metro system there is also the Haizhu Tram line which opened on 31 December 2014.^[158]

The Guangzhou Bus Rapid Transit (GBRT) system which was introduced in 2010 along Zhongshan Road. It has several connections to the metro and is the world's 2nd-largest bus rapid transit system with 1,000,000 passenger trips daily.^[159] It handles 26,900 pphpd during the peak hour a capacity second only to the TransMilenio BRT system in Bogota.^[160] The system averages one bus every 10 seconds or 350 per hour in a single direction and contains the world's longest BRT stations—around 260 m (850 ft) including bridges.

Motor transport[]

In the 19th century, the city already had over 600 long, straight streets; these were mostly paved but still very narrow.^[39] In June 1919, work began on demolishing the city wall to make way for wider streets and the development of tramways. The demolition took three years in total.^[161]

In 2009, it was reported that all 9,424 buses and 17,695 taxis in Guangzhou would be operating on LPG-fuel by 2010 to promote clean energy for transport and improve the environment ahead of the 2010 Asian Games which were held in the city.^[162] At present^[when?], Guangzhou is the city that uses the most LPG-fueled vehicles in the world, and at the end of 2006, 6,500 buses and 16,000 taxis were using LPG, taking up 85 percent of all buses and taxis.^{[citation needed]}

Effective January 1, 2007, the municipal government banned motorcycles in Guangdong's urban areas. Motorcycles found violating the ban are confiscated.^[163] The Guangzhou traffic bureau claimed to have reported reduced traffic problems and accidents in the downtown area since the ban.^[164]

Airports[]

Guangzhou's main airport is the Baiyun International Airport in Baiyun District; it opened on August 5, 2004.^[165] This airport is the second busiest airport in terms of traffic movements in China. It replaced the old Baiyun International Airport, which was very close to the city center but failed to meet the city's rapidly growing air traffic demand. The old Baiyun International Airport was in operation for 72 years. Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport now has three runways, with two more planned.^[166] Terminal 2 opened on April 26, 2018.^[167] Another airport located in Zengcheng District is under planning.^[168]

Guangzhou is served by Hong Kong International Airport; ticketed passengers can take ferries from the Lianhuashan Ferry Terminal and Nansha Ferry Port in Nansha District to the HKIA Skypier.^[169] There are also coach bus services connecting Guangzhou with HKIA.^[170]

Railways[]

Guangzhou is the terminus of the Beijing–Guangzhou, Guangzhou–Shenzhen, Guangzhou–Maoming and Guangzhou–Meizhou–Shantou conventional speed railways. In late 2009, the Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway started service, with multiple unit trains covering 980 km (608.94 mi) at a top speed of 320 km/h (199 mph). In December 2014, the Guiyang–Guangzhou high-speed railway and Nanning-Guangzhou railway began service with trains running at top speeds of 250 km/h (155 mph) and 200 km/h (124 mph), respectively.^[171] The Guangdong Through Train departs from the Guangzhou East railway station and arrives at the Hung Hom station in Kowloon, Hong Kong. The route is approximately 182 km (113 mi) in length and the ride takes less than two hours. Frequent coach services are also provided with coaches departing every day from different locations (mostly major hotels) around the city. A number of regional railways radiating from Guangzhou started operating such as the Guangzhou–Zhuhai intercity railway and the Guangzhou-Foshan-Zhaoqing intercity railway.

Water transport[]

There are daily high-speed catamaran services between Nansha Ferry Terminal and Lianhua Shan Ferry Terminal in Guangzhou and the Hong Kong China Ferry Terminal, as well as between Nansha Ferry Terminal and Macau Ferry Pier in Hong Kong.

• 

  Gongyuanqian Station of the Guangzhou Metro

• 

  Tianhe Sports Center Station (GBRT)

• 

  Baiyun International Airport in Huadu District

• 

  A CRH3 Train at Guangzhou South Railway Station

• 

  A Tram at Wanshengwei Station

Culture[]

Guangzhou Opera House

Within China, the culture of the Cantonese people is a subset of the larger "Southern" or "Lingnan" cultural areas. Notable aspects of Guangzhou's cultural heritage include:

• Cantonese language, the local and prestige variant of Yue Chinese
• Cantonese cuisine, one of China's eight major culinary traditions^{[172][note 11]}
• Cantonese opera, usually divided into martial and literary performances
• Xiguan (Saikwan), the area west of the former walled city

The Guangzhou Opera House & Symphony Orchestra also perform classical Western music and Chinese compositions in their style. Cantonese music is a traditional style of Chinese instrumental music, while Cantopop is the local form of pop music and rock-and-roll which developed from neighboring Hong Kong.

Religions[]

Qing-era Guangzhou had around 124 religious pavilions, halls, and temples.^[39] Today, in addition to the Buddhist Association, Guangzhou also has a Taoist Association, a Jewish community,^[174][175] as well as a history with Christianity, reintroduced to China by colonial powers.^{[clarification needed]}

Taoism[]

Taoism and Chinese folk religion are still represented at a few of the city's temples. Among the most important is the Temple of the Five Immortals, honoring the five immortals credited with introducing rice cultivation at the foundation of the city. The five rams they rode were supposed to have turned into stones upon their departure and gave the city several of its nicknames.^[176] Other places of worship include the City God Temple and Sanyuan Palace. Guangzhou, like most of southern China, is also notably observant concerning ancestral veneration during occasions like the Tomb Sweeping and Ghost Festivals.

Buddhism[]

Buddhism is the most prominent religion in Guangzhou.^[177] The Zhizhi Temple was founded in AD 233 from the estate of a Wu official; it is said to comprise the residence of Zhao Jiande, the last of the Nanyue kings, and has been known as the Guangxiao Temple ("Temple of Bright Filial Piety") since the Ming. The missionary Bodhidharma is traditionally said to have visited Panyu during the Liu Song or Liang dynasties (5th or 6th century). Around AD 520, Emperor Wu of the Liang ordered the construction of the Baozhuangyan Temple and the Xilai Monastery to store the relics of Cambodian Buddhist saints which had been brought to the city and to house the monks beginning to assemble there. The Baozhuangyan is now known as the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees, after a famous poem composed by Su Shi after a visit during the Northern Song.^{[citation needed]} The Xilai Monastery was renamed the Hualin Temple ("Flowery Forest Temple") after its reconstruction during the Qing.

The temples were damaged by both the Republican campaign to "Promote Education with Temple Property" (廟產興學) and the Maoist Cultural Revolution but have been renovated since the opening up that began in the 1980s. The Ocean Banner Temple on Henan Island, once famous in the west as the only tourist spot in Guangzhou accessible to foreigners, has been reopened as the Hoi Tong Monastery.

Christianity[]

Nestorian Christians first arrived in China via the overland Silk Road, but suffered during Emperor Wuzong's 845 persecution and were essentially extinct by the year 1000.^{[178][specify]} The Qing-era ban on foreigners limited missionaries until it was abolished following the First Opium War, although the Protestant Robert Morrison was able to perform some work through his service with the British factory. The Catholic Archdiocese of Guangzhou is housed at Guangzhou's Sacred Heart Cathedral, known locally as the "Stone House". A Gothic Revival edifice which was built by hand from 1861 to 1888 under French direction, its original Latin and French stained-glass windows were destroyed during the wars and amid the Cultural Revolution; they have since been replaced by English ones. The Canton Christian College (1888) and Hackett Medical College for Women (1902) were both founded by missionaries and now form part of Guangzhou's Lingnan University. Since the opening up of China in the 1980s, there has been renewed interest in Christianity, but Guangzhou maintains pressure on underground churches which avoid registration with government officials.^[179] The Catholic archbishop Dominic Tang was imprisoned without trial for 22 years; however, his present successor is recognized by both the Vatican and China's Patriotic Church.

Islam[]

Guangzhou has had ties with the Islamic world since the Tang Dynasty.^[180] Relations were often strained: Arab and Persian pirates sacked the city on October 30, 758; the port was subsequently closed for fifty years.^{[51][52][53][54][55]} Their presence came to an end under the revenge of Chinese rebel Huang Chao in 878, along with that of the Jews, Christians,^[56][57][58] and Parsis.^[59][60] Nowadays, the city is home to halal restaurants.^[181]

• 

  Guangzhou's Temple of the Five Immortals

• 

  The Hall of the 500 Arhats at the Flowery Forest Temple (Hualin) in the 1870s

• 

  The Temple of Bright Filial Piety

• 

  Guangzhou's City God Temple

• 

  The sacred pigs of the Ocean Banner Temple (Hoi Tong) in the 1830s

• 

  The Flower Pagoda at the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees (Liurong)

• 

  The Thousand Buddha Tower at the present-day Hoi Tong Monastery

• 

  Sacred Heart Cathedral

• 

  Tianhe Church, built in 2017

Sport[]

Guangdong Olympic Stadium

Tianhe Stadium is the home of Guangzhou F.C.

Yuexiushan Stadium is the home of Guangzhou City F.C.

The 11,468 seat Guangzhou Gymnasium was one of the venues for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup.^[182]

From 12 to 27 November 2010, Guangzhou hosted the 16th Asian Games. The same year, it hosted the first Asian Para Games from December 12 to 19. Combined, these were the major sporting events the city ever hosted.^[183]

Guangzhou also hosted the following major sporting events:

• 1987 The 6th National Games of China
• 1991 The 1st FIFA Women's World Cup
• 2001 The 2001 National Games of China
• 2007 The 8th National Traditional Games of Ethnic Minorities of the People's Republic of China
• 2008 The 49th World Table Tennis Championships
• 2009 The 11th Sudirman Cup: the world badminton mixed team championships

Current professional sports clubs based in Guangzhou include:

In the 2010s, Guangzhou has risen to be a football powerhouse of China, having won eight national titles between 2011 and 2019. The team has also won the AFC Champions League in 2013 and 2015. The club has competed at the 2013 and 2015 FIFA Club World Cup, where it lost 3–0 in the semifinal stage to the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League winners FC Bayern Munich and the 2014–15 UEFA Champions League winners FC Barcelona, respectively.^[184]

Destinations[]

Eight Views[]

Canton Tower^[185]

The Eight Views of Ram City are Guangzhou's eight most famous tourist attractions. They have varied over time since the Song dynasty, with some being named or demoted by emperors. The following modern list was chosen through public appraisal in 2011:^{[citation needed]}

• 

  The Pearl River at Haiyin Bridge

• 

  Zhujiang New City from Pakwan or Baiyun Mountain

• 

  A brick carving at the Guangzhou Folk Art Museum, housed in the Chen Clan Ancestral Hall

Bombax ceiba, Guangzhou's official flower

Parks and gardens[]

Tourist attractions[]

Guangzhou attracts more than 223 million visitors each year, and the total revenue of the tourism exceeded 400 billion in 2018.^[186] There are many tourist attractions, including:

Modern Guangzhou by day

Modern Guangzhou at night

Pedestrian streets[]

In every district there are many shopping areas where people can walk on the sidewalks; however most of them are not set as pedestrian streets.

Shangxiajiu Pedestrian Street

The popular pedestrian streets are:

Malls and shopping centers[]

There are many malls and shopping centers in Guangzhou. The majority of the new malls are located in the Tianhe district.

Major buildings[]

• 

  Canton Custom House (est. 1916), one of the oldest surviving in China

• 

  Aiqun Hotel, Guangzhou's tallest building from 1937 to 1967

• 

  Our Lady of Lourdes Chapel on Shamian

• 

  The Canton Cement Factory (est. 1907), which housed Sun Yat-sen from 1923 to 1925

• 

  The old provincial capitol, now the Museum of Revolutionary History

• 

  Guangzhou's CBD, including the IFC (right)

Media[]

Guangzhou has two local radio stations: the provincial Radio Guangdong and the municipal Radio Guangzhou. Together they broadcast in more than a dozen channels. The primary language of both stations is Cantonese. Traditionally only one channel of Radio Guangdong is dedicated to Mandarin Chinese. However, in recent years there has been an increase in Mandarin programs on most Cantonese channels. Radio stations from cities around Guangzhou mainly broadcast in Cantonese and can be received in different parts of the city, depending on the radio stations' locations and transmission power. The Beijing-based China National Radio also broadcasts Mandarin programs in the city. Radio Guangdong has a 30-minute weekly English programs, Guangdong Today, which is broadcast globally through the World Radio Network. Daily English news programs are also broadcast by Radio Guangdong.

Guangzhou has some of the most notable Chinese-language newspapers and magazines in mainland China, most of which are published by three major newspaper groups in the city, the Guangzhou Daily Press Group, Nanfang Press Corporation, and the Yangcheng Evening News Group. The two leading newspapers of the city are Guangzhou Daily and Southern Metropolis Daily. The former, with a circulation of 1.8 million, has been China's most successful newspaper for 14 years in terms of advertising revenue, while Southern Metropolis Daily is considered one of the most liberal newspapers in mainland China. In addition to Guangzhou's Chinese-language publications, there are a few English magazines and newspapers. The most successful is That's Guangzhou, which started more than a decade ago and has since blossomed into That's PRD, producing expatriate magazines in Beijing and Shanghai as well. It also produces In the Red.

Education[]

Sun Yat-sen University main gate

The College of Medical Science at Sun Yat-sen University

Guangzhou Library

The Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, also known as Guangzhou University Town (广州大学城), is a large tertiary education complex located in the southeast suburbs of Guangzhou. It occupies the entirety of Xiaoguwei Island in Panyu District, covering an area of about 18 square kilometers (7 sq mi). The complex accommodates campuses from ten higher education institutions and can eventually accommodate up to 200,000 students, 20,000 teachers, and 50,000 staff.^[187]

The Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center's higher education campuses are as follows:

• Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
• Guangdong University of Foreign Studies
• Guangdong University of Technology
• Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts
• Guangzhou University
• Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
• South China Normal University
• South China University of Technology
• Sun Yat-sen University
• Xinghai Conservatory of Music

Guangzhou's other fully accredited and degree-granting universities and colleges include:

• Guangdong Institute of Science and Technology
• Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University
• Guangdong University of Finance & Economics
• Guangdong University of Finance
• Guangzhou College of South China University of Technology
• Guangzhou Medical University
• Guangzhou Sports University
• Jinan University
• South China Agricultural University
• Southern Medical University
• Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering

The two main comprehensive libraries are Guangzhou Library and Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province. Guangzhou Library is a public library in Guangzhou. The library has moved to a new building in Zhujiang New Town, which fully opened on 23 June 2013.^[188] Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province has the largest collection of ancient books in Southern China.^[189]

International relations[]

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Twin towns and sister cities[]

Consulates General/consulates[]

As of October 2020, Guangzhou hosts 65 foreign consulates-general/consulates, excluding the Hong Kong and Macao trade office, making it one of the major cities to host more than 50 foreign representatives in China after Beijing and Shanghai.^[19][20]

Honours[]

Guangzhou Peninsula in Antarctica is named after the city, which was a major market and processing centre for the nineteenth-century Antarctic sealing industry.

See also[]

• Canton System and Old China Trade
• World's largest cities
• Historical capitals of China
• Mezitli Producer Women's Market#Guangzhou Innovation Award
• 2021 Guangzhou bombing

Notes[]

References[]

Citations[]

Sources[]

Further reading[]

• The World in Guangzhou: Africans and other foreigners in South China's marketplace. University of Chicago Press. 2017. ISBN 9780226506074.
• Chan, May Caroline. "Canton, 1857." Victorian Review 36.1 (2010): 31–35. online
• Gray, Mrs. John Henry (1880), Fourteen Months in Canton, London: William Clowes & Sons for Macmillan & Co., p. 444
• Foster, Simon; Lin-Liu, Jen; Pham, Sherisse; Beth Reiber; Sharon Owyang; Lee Wing-sze; Christopher D. Winnan (2010), Frommer's China, Frommer's, pp. 542 ff, ISBN 978-0-470-52658-3
• Johnson, Graham E. (1999). Historical Dictionary of Guangzhou (Canton) and Guangdong. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-3516-0.
• Lee, Edward Bing-Shuey (1936). Modern Canton. Shanghai: The Mercury Press.
• Ng, Yong Sang (1936). Canton, City of the Rams: A General Description and a Brief Historical Survey. Canton: M.S. Cheung. ASIN B0008D1HHO.
• Shaw, Samuel; Josiah Quincy (1847). The journals of Major Samuel Shaw : the first American consul at Canton : with a life of the author. Boston, MA: Wm. Crosby and H.P. Nichols. Retrieved April 5, 2008.
• Vogel, Ezra F. (1969). Canton Under Communism: Programs and Politics in a Provincial Capital, 1949–1968. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-09475-8.
• Guangzhou Statistical Yearbook 2016

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guangzhou.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Guangzhou.

Wikisource has several original texts related to: Guangzhou

• Guangzhou International: Official website of government of Guangzhou municipality
• Guangzhou, China Network Archived January 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
• Geographic data related to Guangzhou at OpenStreetMap