Yan'an
Yan'an
延安市 Yenan | |
|---|---|
 | |
 Location of Yan'an City jurisdiction in Shaanxi | |
  Yan'an Location in China | |
| Coordinates (Yan'an municipal government): 36°39′00″N 109°29′38″E / 36.650°N 109.494°ECoordinates: 36°39′00″N 109°29′38″E / 36.650°N 109.494°E | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Shaanxi |
| Area | |
| • Total | 37,031.3 km2 (14,297.9 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 960 m (3,150 ft) |
| Population (2012) | |
| • Total | 2,198,100 |
| • Density | 59/km2 (150/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-SN-06 |
| License plates | 陕J |
| Website | www |
| Yan'an | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 "Yán'ān" in Chinese characters | |||
| Simplified Chinese | 延安 | ||
| Hanyu Pinyin | Yán'ān | ||
| Postal | Yenan | ||
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Yan'an (Chinese: 延安; pinyin: Yán'ān; Mandarin pronunciation: [jɛ̌n.án]), alternatively spelled as Yenan is a prefecture-level city in the Shaanbei region of Shaanxi province, China, bordering Shanxi to the east and Gansu to the west. It administers several counties, including Zhidan (formerly Bao'an), which served as the headquarters of the Chinese Communists before the city of Yan'an proper took that role.
Yan'an was near the endpoint of the Long March, and became the center of the Chinese Communist revolution from late 1935 to early 1947. Chinese communists celebrate Yan'an as the birthplace of the revolution.
Administrative divisions[]
| Map | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2012)[1] | Area (km2)[1] | Density (/km2) |
| Baota District | 宝塔区 | Bǎotǎ Qū | 476,900 | 3,537.6 | 134.81 |
| Ansai District | 安塞区 | Ānsài Qū | 172,900 | 2,951.3 | 58.58 |
| Zichang City | 子长市 | Zǐcháng Shì | 218,000 | 2,393.4 | 91.08 |
| Yanchang County | 延长县 | Yáncháng Xiàn | 126,000 | 2,361.6 | 53.35 |
| Yanchuan County | 延川县 | Yánchuān Xiàn | 169,300 | 1,986.5 | 85.23 |
| Zhidan County | 志丹县 | Zhìdān Xiàn | 141,600 | 3,790.2 | 37.36 |
| Wuqi County | 吴起县 | Wúqǐ Xiàn | 145,600 | 3,788.5 | 38.43 |
| Ganquan County | 甘泉县 | Gānquán Xiàn | 77,800 | 2,276.1 | 34.18 |
| Fu County | 富县 | Fù Xiàn | 150,500 | 4,179.9 | 36.01 |
| Luochuan County | 洛川县 | Luòchuān Xiàn | 221,900 | 1,791.3 | 123.88 |
| Yichuan County | 宜川县 | Yíchuān Xiàn | 117,900 | 2,937.2 | 40.14 |
| Huanglong County | 黄龙县 | Huánglóng Xiàn | 49,500 | 2,751.0 | 17.99 |
| Huangling County | 黄陵县 | Huánglíng Xiàn | 130,100 | 2,286.7 | 56.89 |
History[]
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2021) |
Yan'an was populated at least as early as the Xia Dynasty.[1] During the Spring and Autumn Period, the area was inhabited by the Beidi people.[1] During the Western Wei the area was organized as .[1] Under the Sui Dynasty, the area was re-organized as ,[2] and a military base was established.[citation needed] The area became an important defensive outpost for the subsequent Tang dynasty,[3] which renamed the area Yanzhou in 758 CE.[1] Yanzhou was a location of strategic military importance for the Chinese empire and Tanguts of the Western Xia Dynasty.[citation needed] It was once successfully defended by the Song Dynasty era Chinese scientist, statesman, and general Shen Kuo.[citation needed] However, it was eventually taken over by the Tanguts in 1082 once Shen's defensive victories were marginalized and sacrificed by the new Chancellor (who handed the city over to the Tanguts as terms of a peace treaty).[citation needed] In 1089, under the Song Dynasty, Yanzhou was renamed to Yan'an, and was promoted to a fu (Chinese: 府).[1] Yan'an and the whole of Shaanxi were taken over by the Mongols in the late 1220s, only after their leader Genghis Khan had died during the siege of the Western Xia capital in 1227.[citation needed] The city was maintained by the successive Chinese Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), as well as the Manchu Qing Dynasty (1644–1911).[citation needed] After the fall of the Qing Dynasty, the city became part of the newly created Republic of China, and was reorganized by the Republican government in 1913 under .[1]
Red Capital[]
In 1934, two regional soviets were established.[1] In October 1935, following the Long March, forces of the Chinese Red Army arrived in the area from Jiangxi.[1] The following month, communist forces established a regional government in Wayaobao and re-organized regional soviet administrations.[1] In May 1936, the area was re-organized by communist forces as Shaan-Gan-Ning Province (Chinese: 陕甘宁省).[1] In December 1936, at the start of the Second United Front, Yan'an was taken over by the Chinese Communists.[4] When Edgar Snow went there in 1936, it was under Kuomintang control and a Red army siege had recently been lifted.[5] Unknown to him at the time, there had also been contacts there between the Communists and the generals who later staged the Xi'an Incident.[citation needed] Snow actually met Mao at Bao'an (Pao An).[citation needed]
Having rebelled against Chiang, the local warlords decided to hand over Yan'an to the Communists, who were now allies.[citation needed] They pulled out,[citation needed] and in January 1937, the Red Army entered Yan'an,[1] without a fight.[citation needed] This is described by Agnes Smedley in her book Battle Hymn of China.[citation needed] She was in Xi'an at the time and got to Yan'an shortly after the take-over.[citation needed]
On September 6, 1937, Yan'an became the seat of the communist government of what became known as the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region.[1] It became the center for intensive training of party members and army troops.[citation needed] In 1941, Mao Zedong put special influence on a series of training programs to "correct unorthodox tendencies" and essentially mold the peasantry to the communist model.[citation needed] One of the first CPC programs launched was the Yan'an Rectification Movement.[citation needed]
World War II and Chinese Civil War[]
During the Second World War almost all buildings, except a pagoda, were destroyed by Japanese bombing, and most inhabitants took to living in yaodongs, artificial caves or dugouts carved into hillsides which were traditional dwellings in Shaanxi.[citation needed] While Yan'an was the center of Chinese communist life many prominent Western journalists including Edgar Snow and Anna Louise Strong met with Mao Zedong and other important leaders for interviews.[citation needed] Other Westerners, such as Hsiao Li and Michael Lindsay, were part of the resistance movement in Yan'an.[6]
Beginning in 1944, Yan'an played host to the United States Army Observation Group, also known as the Dixie Mission.[7] This group sought to establish relations with Chinese Communist forces, investigate the Communist Party politically and militarily, and determine whether the United States should back Communist forces.[7] Prominent Americans tasked with evaluating the Communist forces politically and militarily include John S. Service of the United States Department of State, and Colonel David D. Barrett of the United States Army.[7] The mission explored possible plans for cooperation against the Japanese.[citation needed] The Americans had a presence in Yan'an from 1944 to 1947.[citation needed]
Yan'an was briefly captured in the Battle of Yan'an by the Kuomintang forces in the Chinese Civil War.[citation needed] The Communist leadership learned of a planned attack in advance and decided to pull out.[citation needed] From then until their capture of Beijing they were usually based somewhere else, often with a mobile headquarters.[citation needed]
People's Republic of China[]
In May 1950, under the People's Republic of China, Yan'an was re-organized as Yan'an District, and was further re-organized as a special district (Chinese: 专区) in October.[1] Yan'an was later established as an area (Chinese: 地区).[1]
On November 5, 1996, Yan'an Area was revoked and established as a prefecture-level city.[1]
Geography and climate[]
Yan'an is located in northern Shaanxi on the Loess Plateau, with a latitude spanning from 35°21′ to 37°31′ N, and a longitude spanning from 107°41′ t0 110°31′ E.[8] The city is bordered by Yulin to the north, Xianyang, Tongchuan, and Weinan in the Guanzhong region to the south, Linfen and Lüliang of Shanxi to the east across the Yellow River, and Qingyang of Gansu to the west across the (Chinese: 子午岭).[8] The city's elevation is hilly, and is higher in the northwest, and lower in the southeast, ranging from 388 metres (1,273 ft) to 1,809 metres (5,935 ft) above sea level in elevation.[8] The average elevation of Yan'an is approximately 1,000 m (3,280 ft), and Yan'an's urban core has an elevation of about 960 metres (3,150 ft) above sea level.[8] In addition to the Yellow River flowing through Yan'an, the city's major rivers include the and the Luo River.[8]
Yan'an has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dwb) that borders on a steppe climate (Köppen BSk), with cold, dry, and moderately long winters, and hot, somewhat humid summers. Spring and autumn are short transition seasons in between. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −5.5 °C (22.1 °F) in January to 23.1 °C (73.6 °F) in July, and the annual mean is 9.90 °C (49.8 °F). The area receives 511 millimeters (20.1 in) of precipitation, 47% of which falls in July and August. Yan’an averages around 300 days of sunshine per year.
| hideClimate data for Yan'an (1971–2000) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 2.2 (36.0) |
5.6 (42.1) |
11.9 (53.4) |
20.2 (68.4) |
25.3 (77.5) |
28.7 (83.7) |
29.7 (85.5) |
28.2 (82.8) |
23.3 (73.9) |
17.6 (63.7) |
10.3 (50.5) |
3.9 (39.0) |
17.2 (63.0) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −11.0 (12.2) |
−7.2 (19.0) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
5.4 (41.7) |
10.6 (51.1) |
14.9 (58.8) |
17.8 (64.0) |
16.7 (62.1) |
11.4 (52.5) |
4.8 (40.6) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
−8.6 (16.5) |
4.3 (39.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 3.0 (0.12) |
5.0 (0.20) |
17.6 (0.69) |
26.3 (1.04) |
41.7 (1.64) |
67.7 (2.67) |
112.1 (4.41) |
117.5 (4.63) |
68.0 (2.68) |
35.0 (1.38) |
13.6 (0.54) |
3.2 (0.13) |
510.7 (20.13) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 2.2 | 3.2 | 5.2 | 6.2 | 7.5 | 9.0 | 13.3 | 11.8 | 10.2 | 7.1 | 3.8 | 2.1 | 81.6 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 53 | 52 | 54 | 48 | 51 | 59 | 70 | 74 | 74 | 69 | 63 | 57 | 60 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 194.3 | 172.7 | 194.3 | 220.7 | 247.1 | 239.5 | 222.1 | 212.9 | 183.4 | 190.4 | 185.2 | 185.9 | 2,448.5 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 64 | 57 | 53 | 56 | 57 | 55 | 50 | 51 | 49 | 55 | 60 | 62 | 55 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration | |||||||||||||
Economy[]
In 2018, the city's statistics bureau reported the city's GDP stood at 155.891 billion yuan, a 9.1% increase from the previous year.[9] The city's GDP per capita was reported 68,940 yuan, an increase of 8.9% from the previous year.[9] The following table shows the composition of the city's economy:[9]
| Sector | 2018 Value (yuan) | Percent of Total GDP | Growth from 2017 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary Industry | 13.807 billion | 8.857% | +2.9% |
| Secondary Industry | 92.597 billion | 59.399% | +9.8% |
| Tertiary Industry | 49.488 billion | 31.745% | +9.8% |
| Total GDP | 155.891 billion | 100.000% | +9.1% |
Agriculture[]
As of 2018, the city's agricultural output was worth 24.112 billion yuan, a 2.9% increase from the previous year at constant prices.[9] Of this, planting accounted for 20.139 billion yuan, animal husbandry accounted for 2.631 billion yuan, fishing accounted for 69 million yuan, and agricultural services accounted for 0.593 billion yuan.[9]
Industry[]
As of 2018, the city's industrial output was worth 87.074 billion yuan, a 10.4% increase from the previous year at constant prices.[9] Of this, the petroleum industry alone accounted for 54.419 billion yuan of output.[9] In addition to oil and natural gas, major industries in the city include coal mining, power generation, and cigarette production.[9]
Petroleum Industry[]
Yan'an is a major oil and gas center in China.[7] In 2018, 15,292,400 tons of crude oil were extracted from the city.[9] Of this, 8,565,800 tons were extracted by Yanchang Petroleum, and the remaining 6,726,600 tons were extracted as part of CNPC's Changqing Oil Field.[9] The Changqing Oil Field, part of the wider Ordos basin, one of China's main petroleum-producing regions, has been home to oil extraction since the early 1970s.[10]
Culture[]
The Erdao Street Night Market (Chinese: 二道街夜市; pinyin: Èrdào Jiē Yèshì) is a street market in Baota District which features many of the hallmarks of Shaanbei culture, including local cuisine, décor, and folk music.[2]
Tourism[]
The city is a major center for Red Tourism in China, with facilities such as the Yan’an Revolution Memorial Hall attracting Chinese citizens and Communist Party cadres seeking to learn more about the Party's history.[7]
Transportation[]
Education[]
The city is home to 251 standard primary schools and 112 standard secondary schools, enrolling 218,100 and 129,900 students, respectively.[11] The city also has 556 kindergartens, enrolling 119,500 students. The city also has 5 special education schools, serving 372 disabled students.[11]
Notable Educational Institutions[]
- China Yan'an Executive Leadership Academy
See also[]
References[]
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q 延安市历史沿革 [Yan'an Organizational History]. XZQH.org. 2016-07-15. Archived from the original on 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2021-05-14.
- ^ Jump up to: a b 央视来打卡的网红延安二道街夜市文化：见证城市发展变迁. The Paper (in Chinese). 2019-09-14. Archived from the original on 2021-05-14. Retrieved 2021-05-14.
- ^ Schellinger, Paul; Salkin, Robert, eds. (1996). International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 5: Asia and Oceania. London and Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 874. ISBN 1-884964-04-4.
- ^ Mao Tse Tung Ruler of Red China by Robert Payne, page 175
- ^ Red Star Over China, by Edgar Snow. Page 42
- ^ "Lady Lindsay of Birker". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. 2010-06-09. Archived from the original on 2021-05-09. Retrieved 2021-05-14.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Perlez, Jane (2017-01-01). "'Dixie Mission' Americans Scorned for Backing Mao Are Hailed in China". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2021-05-14. Retrieved 2021-05-14.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e 延安市概况地图 [Yan'an Overview] (in Chinese). XZQH.org. 2016-07-15. Archived from the original on 2020-08-13. Retrieved 2021-05-14.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j 延安市2018年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 [zh:Yan'an 2018 Economic and Social Development Annual Report]. www.cnstats.org (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2020-08-15. Retrieved 2021-05-14.
- ^ "Changqing Oil & Gas Province". cnpc.com.cn. China National Petroleum Corporation. Archived from the original on 2021-01-28. Retrieved 2021-05-14.
- ^ Jump up to: a b 延安市2018年国民经济和社会发展统计公报_中国统计信息网. www.cnstats.org. Retrieved 2020-04-19.
External links[]
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