Volcanic tsunami

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A volcanic tsunami, also called a volcanogenic tsunami, is a tsunami produced by volcanic phenomena. They can result from volcanic earthquakes, caldera collapse, explosive submarine eruptions, the effects of pyroclastic flows and lahars on water, base surges with accompanying shock waves, lava avalanching into the sea, air waves from subaerial explosive eruptions, avalanches of cold rock, and avalanches of hot material.[1]

About 20–25% of all fatalities at volcanoes during the past 250 years have been caused by volcanic tsunamis. The most devastating volcanic tsunami in recorded history was that produced by the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa. The waves reached heights of 40 m (130 ft) and killed 36,000 people.[1]

Examples[]

Volcano Location Year Notes Sources
Santorini Aegean Sea, Greece 1638 BC 35 to 150 m (115 to 492 ft) high waves. Destroyed the population of Crete. [2]
Mount Vesuvius Campania, Italy 79 Tsunami caused by caldera collapse. [2]
Mount Vesuvius Campania, Italy 1631 Tsunami caused by a Plinian eruption. [2]
Hokkaido Koma-ga-take Hokkaido, Japan 1640 Tsunami caused by summit collapse from a landslide. [2]
Taal Volcano Batangas, Philippines 1715 Tsunami caused by a base surge. [2]
Oshima Sea of Japan 1741 Tsunami caused by a volcanic earthquake. 1,467 people killed. [2]
Taal Volcano Batangas, Philippines 1749 Tsunami caused by a base surge. [2]
Mount Unzen Kyushu, Japan 1792 55 m (180 ft) high waves caused by a landslide. About 15,000 people killed. [2]
Mount Tambora Sumbawa, Indonesia 1815 More than 10 m (33 ft) high waves caused by pyroclastic flows entering the sea. More than 10,000 people killed. [2]
Mount Ruang Sangihe Islands, Indonesia 1871 26 m (85 ft) high wave caused by a pyroclastic flow. [2]
Mount Yasur Tanna Island, Vanuatu 1878 16 m (52 ft) high wave caused by a volcanic earthquake. [2]
Mount Okmok Aleutian Islands, Alaska, United States 1878 Tsunami caused by a volcanic earthquake. [2]
Augustine Volcano Alaska, United States 1883 9 m (30 ft) high waves caused by a volcanic landslide. [2]
Krakatoa Sunda Strait, Indonesia 1883 40 m (130 ft) high waves. 36,000 people killed. [2]
Ritter Island Papua New Guinea 1888 15 m (49 ft) high waves caused by volcano collapse and avalanche. Many people killed. [2]
Mount Pelée Martinique, France 1902 Tsunami caused by a pyroclastic flow. [2]
Ambrym Malampa Province, Vanuatu 1913 Tsunami caused by an underwater eruption. [2]
Paluweh East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia 1928 10 m (33 ft) high waves caused by a volcanic landslide. 150 people killed. [2]
Stromboli Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy 1930 2 m (6.6 ft) high wave caused by volcanic earthquake and landslide. [2]
Kharimkotan Kuril Islands, Russia 1933 10 m (33 ft) high waves caused by a volcanic earthquake. [2]
Bezymianny Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia 1956 Tsunami caused by a shock wave. [2]
Didicas Volcano Cagayan, Philippines 1969 Three people killed. [2]
Ritter Island Papua New Guinea 1972 Small tsunamis caused by volcano subsidence. [2]
Ritter Island Papua New Guinea 1974 Small tsunamis caused by volcano subsidence. [2]
Illiwerung Indonesia 1979 9 m (30 ft) high waves caused by a volcanic landslide. More than 500 people killed. [2]
Mount St. Helens Washington, United States 1980 250 m (820 ft) high waves caused by a volcanic landslide into Spirit Lake. [2]
Illiwerung Indonesia 1983 Tsunami caused by a submarine eruption. Some deaths. [2]
Lake Nyos Northwest Region, Cameroon 1986 75 m (246 ft) high waves caused by an underwater eruption of carbon dioxide. [2]
Vulcano Aeolian Islands, Italy 1988 5.5 m (18 ft) high waves caused by a volcanic landslide. [2]
Rabaul caldera East New Britain Province, Papua New Guinea 1994 1.2 m (3.9 ft) high waves caused by a pyroclastic flow. [2]
Karymsky Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia 1996 30 m (98 ft) high waves caused by a phreatomagmatic eruption. [2]
Soufrière Hills Montserrat, United Kingdom 1997 3 m (9.8 ft) high waves caused by a volcanic debris flow. [2]
Stromboli Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy 2002 Tsunami caused by a volcanic landslide. [2]
Ritter Island Papua New Guinea 2007 Tsunami caused by a volcanic landslide. Many homes destroyed. [2]
Anak Krakatau Sunda Strait, Indonesia 2018 Tsunami caused by a volcanic landslide. 437 people killed. [3]
Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai Tonga Islands, Pacific Ocean 2022 Tsunami caused by volcanic eruption. At least 5 killed. [4]

See also[]

  • Megatsunami – Very large wave created by a large, sudden displacement of material into a body of water

References[]

  1. ^ a b Latter, J. H. (1981). "Tsunamis of volcanic origin: Summary of causes, with particular reference to Krakatoa, 1883". Bulletin Volcanologique. 44 (3): 467–490.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Keeley, J. (2010). "Volcanogenic Tsunamis". Oregon State University. Retrieved 2021-04-27.
  3. ^ Ye, Lingling; Kanamori, Hiroo; Rivera, Luis; Lay, Thorne; Zhou, Yu; Sianipar, Dimas; Satake, Kenji (2020). "The 22 December 2018 tsunami from flank collapse of Anak Krakatau volcano during eruption". Science Advances. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 6 (3): 1. ISSN 2375-2548.
  4. ^ "Shock waves, landslides may have caused 'rare' volcano tsunami: experts". France24.com. 17 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
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