Wajinden

Wajinden

Country	Western Jin dynasty
Genre	History
Published	End of 3rd century (between 280 (The Fall of Wu) and 297 (the year of Chen Shou's death))
Preceded by	Records of the Three Kingdoms volume 29
Followed by	Records of the Three Kingdoms volume 31

Wajinden is the 30th volume of records of the Chinese history book records of the three kingdoms, it talks about the Wajin people who would later be known as the Japanese people^[a]. It describes the mores, geography, and other aspects of the Wajin people (the Japanese), the people and inhabitants of the Japanese archipelago at the time. The Records of the Three Kingdoms was written by Chen Shou of the Western Jin Dynasty at the end of the 3rd century (between 280 (Demise of Wu) and 297, the year of Chen Shou's death). official history.^[1]

Overview[]

There was no independent biography called "Wajinden" in "records of the three kingdoms".^[b]、and the description of Yamato is part of the "Biography of Wei", vol. 30, "Biography of Wushan Sunbei Dongbi". Therefore, some believe that it is meaningless unless one reads not only the article on the Yamato but also the whole of the Biography of the Eastern Yi..^[2] Yoshihiro Watanabe, a researcher of "Records of the Three Kingdoms," states that, like the "Book of Wei" in "Sanguozhi," the "Biography of Wei" was not written by the author Chen Shou during his actual visits to the Korean Peninsula and Japan, but was written based on rumors and reports from people who had visited the Korean Peninsula and Japan, and its authenticity is questionable. He further recommended that "the worldview and political situation of Chen Shou (233-297), the author of the "Records of the Three Kingdoms," be examined not only by reading through all 370,000 characters of the "Records of the Three Kingdoms" (the notes by Pei Songzhi (372-451) are comparable to the text with about 360,000 characters), but also by reading the "Records of the Three Kingdoms" as Chen Shou's You have to be familiar with the Confucian scriptures (keiten) that form the worldview to understand it.".^[3]

For the first time in the official history of China, a comprehensive article about the Japanese archipelago has been written. The "Book of the Later Han" Touden is older, but the "Sangokushi" Wajinden was written earlier. In the Kodansha academic library "Wakokuden", "Gohansho" is recorded first.^[4]

The book describes the existence of a country in Wa (some say later Japan) at that time, centered on the country of Yamatai (Yamai-Kuni^[c]), as well as the existence of countries that did not belong to the queen, with descriptions of their locations, official names, and lifestyles. This book also describes the customs, flora and fauna of the Japanese people of the time, and serves as a historical record of the Japanese archipelago in the 3rd century.

However, it is not necessarily an accurate representation of the situation of the Japanese archipelago at that time,^[5] which has been a cause of controversy regarding the Yamataikoku^[6] On the other hand, there are also some researchers such as Okada Hidehiro who cast doubt on the value of the "Weijing Wajinden" as a historical document. Okada stated that there were large discrepancies in the location and mileage and that it lacked credibility.^[7].Takaraga Hisao said, "The "Wei zhi wan ren" is not complete, and it cannot be regarded as a contemporaneous historical material because of the lack of total consistency and the long transcription period.^[8].Although it is certain that the "Wei biography" predates the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms," there are many errors in the surviving anecdotes. In addition, Yoshihiro Watanabe stated that the "Wei Ji Wa Jinden" contains "many biases (distorted descriptions) due to the internal politics and diplomacy of Cao Wei at the time when Himiko sent her envoy and the world view of the historian.^[3]

Editions[]

Of the several types of printed books that have survived, the "Hyakushabu-bon" (a shadow print of a Southern Song dynasty book) from the 20th century during the Min-Kuo period is considered the best.^[9].The first edition of this book was published in 1959 in Beijing, and is available in Japan. In addition, there is a book with punctuation marks, "Wakoku-den"^[10] in Kodansha Science Bunko.

The "Wajinden" is written without paragraphs if you look at the photographic version of the book, but it is divided into six paragraphs in the Chinese-language version and the Kodansha Science Bunko version. In terms of content, it is understood to be divided into three major paragraphs.^[11]

Relationship between Japan and Wei[]

Himiko and Ichiba[]

Originally, there was a male king for 70 to 80 years, but there was a prolonged disturbance in the whole country (considered as the so-called "Great War of Japan"). In the end, the confusion was finally quelled by appointing Himiko, a female, as the king.

Himiko was a demon and confused the people. She was elderly and had no husband. Her younger brother assisted her in the administration of the kingdom. She had 1,000 attendants, but only one man was allowed in the palace to serve food and drink and to take messages. The palace was strictly guarded by a guard of soldiers.

Himiko sent a messenger to Wei through Daifang-gun after the first two years of Kage (238), and was appointed by the emperor as "King Wei." In the 8th year of the beginning of the year (247), Daifang-gun dispatched a scholarship priest, Zhang Masa, in the event of a dispute with Gounuguo. According to the description in "Wajinden," he exchanged messengers with the countries of the Korean Peninsula.

When Himiko died in the 8th year of the reign of Shoshi (247), a mound was built and 100 people were buried there. After that, a male king was established, but the whole country did not accept him, and more than 1,000 people were killed. After the death of Himiko, a 13-year-old Toyo, a female of Himiko's clan or sect, was appointed as king and the country was ruled. Jang Masei, who had been dispatched to Japan earlier, admonished Ichino with a proclamation, and Ichino also sent an envoy to Wei.

Diplomacy with the Wei and Jin Dynasties[]

• In June of the second year of the reign of King Jingcheng (238), the Queen sent her husband, Nansungmai, and her second emissary, Urban Uri, to Obigata County to request an audience with the Prince of Heaven.^[d].In December, the emperor was pleased and proclaimed the queen as the King of Wei, bestowed a gold seal and purple ribbon, gave her a huge gift including 100 bronze mirrors, and named Nianzhengmai as the General of the Central Plains. In addition to the above, there are also a number of other factors to consider.
  • The Emperor Ming of Wei (Cao Rui who was on the bed from December 8, January 1, 3 year of Kage ) Died. Cao Fang became the next emperor.
• In the first year of the Shoshu Era (240), the Grand Governor of Obikata, Yumizun, dispatched a group of geniuses to Japan with an imperial decree and ribbons, temporarily conferred the title of King of Japan, and gave them gifts.
• In the fourth year of the reign of the emperor (243), the queen again sent an envoy to Wei, this time with a group of slaves and cloth. The emperor (the King of Qi) made them the commander-in-chief.
• In the 6th year of the reign of King Jeong Si (245), the emperor (King of Qi) issued an imperial decree to send a yellow banner to Nanshengmai through Obi County. However, this was not carried out, as the Grand Protector Yumizun was killed in the battle against Han, which followed the battle against Uzushi in the same year.
• In the 8th year of the reign of Zheng Shih (247), a new taijin, Wang (斤+頁), arrived in office. The queen sent a messenger to report on the war against the Gounakukoku. This was not based on the report from Japan in the same year, but on an edict issued in the 6th year of the reign.
• After assuming the queen's throne, Ichiban (it is possible that the queen was already Ichiban at the time of the dispatch in the 8th year of the reign of King Jeongjo) had 20 people, including a goblin, send for the return of Zhang Zheng.

In addition, "Shinkoki" in "Nihon Shoki" is the first 2 in Tai's first 2 years (an error in the 2nd year of Tai's beginning (266)) in "Shin Kiseki Note" (which does not exist). In October of the year, there is a description that the Queen of Wa contributed by repeating interpreters. In the existing "Book of Jin" Takeshiki, there is an article that Wajin made a tribute in November of the 2nd year of Taisei, and in the four barbarians, Wajin repeated an interpreter at the beginning of Taisei and made a tribute. The queen is considered a tribute because it is (although not written as a queen). It is probable that she made a tribute to the Emperor Jin (Emperor Wu of Jin), who was established on behalf of Wei.

After the Japanese[]

After the record of Ichiba's Tribute in the mid-3rd century, there would be no record of Japan in Chinese historical books for nearly 150 years until the tribute of King San of Japan (Five kings of Wa) in the 9th year of Yihee (413) in the 5th century. The Gwanggaeto the Great fills in this gap, and the stele states that in 391, Japan defeated Baekje and Shilla, and that the 19th king of Goguryeo, Gwanggaeto the Great, the 19th king of Goguryeo.

The journey to Yamataikoku and the state of Japan[]

According to the "Wei Zhi Wajin Den", the Japanese people relied on the mountainous island as their national euphony, and paid tribute to the continent through the Daifang Commandery that was established by the Han Dynasty near the current Seoul.

As for the route from Obifang County to Japan, the Wei-Shi-Kan biography (Book 30 of Wei, Wusu-Senbei-Toibei biography in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms) describes the location and boundaries of Han and Wa to the south of Obifang County.

Korea is in the south of the belt, east and west to the sea as the limit, the south and Japan. The party can be 4,000 miles. There are three types of Korea, one is called Ma Korea, two is called Tatsu Korea, three is Ben Korea.

Han is located in the south of Obiang County, bordered by the sea on the east and west and by Japan on the south. It covers an area of about 4,000 li. Han is divided into three parts. The first is called Ma-han, the second is called Chin-han, and the third is Ben-han.

The "Han" region occupies the central part of the Korean Peninsula from the east coast to the west coast, while the "Wa" region starts from the south coast.

"Gohansho" Touden (Retsuden 75th) makes the positional relationship of Samhan more concrete.

In the west, there are 54 states in Korea, the north of which is connected with Lelang and the south of which is connected with Japan. In the east of Korea, there are twelve states, the north of which is bordered by Yemaek. Benchen is in the south of Tatsuhan, and there are also twelve kingdoms to the south of it, and it is also bordered by Japan.

Ma-han is in the west and has 54 countries, and its north is in contact with Lelang-gun and its south with Japan. Singhan is located in the east and has 12 countries, and its north is in contact with Maekgung. Benjin is located to the south of Cinnabar and has twelve kingdoms, the south of which also borders on Japan.

It is said that Ma-han is located on the west coast of Han, while Shin-han is located on the north of the east coast, and Ben-chin (辰韓) is located in the south. It is also important to note that there is a large amount of information on the history of the Korean Peninsula.

Country and journey to Yamatai country[]

There are various theories about official names. An excerpt of the original text. and an English translation

Original Chinese	English Translation
倭人在帶方東南大海之中、依山㠀爲國邑.舊百餘國、漢時有朝見者.今使譯所通三十國.	The Japanese lived in the south-eastern sea of Obiho (near present-day Seoul, South Korea), and built a national eup (a sealed area for the nobility) in the mountains and islands. It was originally more than 100 provinces. In the past, there were more than a hundred kingdoms, but during the Han Dynasty, there were those who went to see the Emperor, and now there are thirty kingdoms that have been in contact with envoys and interpreters.
從郡至倭、循海岸水行、歷韓國、乍南乍東、到其北岸狗邪韓國、七千餘里.	In order to reach Japan from the county (Obikata-gun), one must follow the coast and go through Korea (Mahan), or to the south or to the east, to reach Geumgwan Gaya on its (=Japan's) northern shore. This is the first time in the history of the world that a country has been separated from the rest of the world. （It is located on the northern coast of Japan.
始度一海千餘里、至對馬國、其大官曰卑狗、副曰卑奴母離、所居絶㠀、方可四百餘里.土地山險、多深林、道路如禽鹿徑.有千餘戸.無良田、食海物自活、乗船南北市糴.	After crossing the sea for the first time for more than 1,000 miles, he arrived at Tsushima Province. The governor was called Hiko. His second-in-command was called Hinamori. The second-in-command was called Hinamori (夷守, fire guardian). We are on an island in the middle of nowhere, about 400 li in every direction. The land is mountainous and heavily wooded, and the roads are like the paths of birds and deer. There are more than 1,000 houses. There are more than 1,000 houses. There are no good rice fields, so they live by eating marine products and taking boats to the north and south to buy rice.
又南渡一海千餘里、名曰瀚海、至一大國.官亦曰卑狗、副曰卑奴母離.方可三百里.多竹木叢林.有三千許家.差有田地、耕田猶不足食、亦南北市糴.	It is also known as the "Hansen Sea," which is more than 1,000 li across the sea to the south. It is called the "Hansen Sea," or the "Great Sea of Tsushima. They arrived at a large country (Iki, a branch of Japan). We arrived at a large country called Iki. The distance in all directions was about three hundred li. There are many bamboo groves and thickets, and more than 3,000 houses. There is a little rice field, and even after cultivating the field, there is not enough to eat, so they go north and south to buy rice.
又渡一海千餘里、至末廬國.有四千餘戸、濱山海居.草木茂盛、行不見前人.好捕魚鰒、水無深淺、皆沈没取之.	After crossing the sea for more than 1,000 li, we arrived at Matsura Province. It is located near Matsuura. There are more than 4,000 houses. They live on the coast between the mountains and the sea. They live on the shore between the mountains and the sea, where the vegetation is so thick that they cannot see the people in front of them as they walk. They like to catch fish and abalone, and whether the water is deep or shallow, they all dive for them.
東南陸行五百里、到伊都國.官曰爾支、副曰泄謨觚・柄渠觚.有千餘戸.丗有王、皆統屬女王國.郡使往來常所駐.	Five hundred ri to the southeast, and you will arrive at Ito Province (Itokoku, Itsukoku). We arrived at Ito Province (near Itoshima). The official is called "niki" (meaning "governor"). The official was called "Niki" (meaning "Lord of Inaki"). The second-in-command was called Semoko (or Shimako or Seoko) and Hekko. There were more than 1,000 houses. There are more than 1,000 houses. There were kings in the world, and they all belonged to the queen country. （This was the place where the envoys of the county came and went and stayed.
東南至奴國百里.官曰兕馬觚、副曰卑奴母離.有二萬餘戸.	A hundred miles to the southeast to Nakoku to the southeast. The official is called Shimako. The second-in-command is called "Heinu-mo-riri". There are more than 20,000 houses.[e]
東行至不彌國百里.官曰多模、副曰卑奴母離.有千餘家.	He went eastward for a hundred miles to Fumi Province. The official is called Tama. The second-in-command is called Himonomori. There are more than 1,000 families.
南至投馬國、水行二十曰.官曰彌彌、副曰彌彌那利.可五萬餘戸.	It took twenty days of water travel to get to the southern province of Tohma. The official was called Mimi. The second-in-command was called Mimi. The second-in-command was called Mimi. There were only about 50,000 houses.
南至邪馬壹國、女王之所都、水行十日、陸行一月. 官有伊支馬、次曰彌馬升、次曰彌馬獲支、次曰奴佳鞮.可七萬餘戸.	If you go south, you will reach the country of Yamatai (邪馬壹国). It was the capital of the Queen, and took ten days by water and one month by land. The next is called Mimakakuki, and the next is called Nakatei. There were only about 70,000 houses.

Rest of the world[]

In addition to Gusu Korea, Tsushima, the major kingdoms of Surogoku, Itokoku, Nakoku, Fuya and Touma, and Umataikoku, which are located north of the Queen Country, there are other distant countries whose names we only know. There is also a record of a disagreement with Himiyukyu, the male king of the Gounakukoku in the south. There are two versions of Nukoku, one saying that it is the same country and the other saying that it is a different country.

Contains an erxcerpt of the original text. and an English translation

Original Chinese	English Translation
自女王國以北、其戸數道里可得略載、其餘旁國遠絶、不可得詳. 次有斯馬國、次有已百支國、次有伊邪國、次有都支國、次有彌奴國、 次有好古都國、次有不呼國、次有姐奴國、次有對蘇國、次有蘇奴國、 次有呼邑國、次有華奴蘇奴國、次有鬼國、次有爲吾國、次有鬼奴國、 次有邪馬國、次有躬臣國、次有巴利國、次有支惟國、次有烏奴國、次有奴國. 此女王境界所盡.	From the north of the Queen's Kingdom, it can be found in a few miles, and the rest of the neighboring countries are far away and cannot be known in detail. The second is the country of Sima, the second is the country of Hundred Branches, the second is the country of Yixie, the second is the country of Duzhi, the second is the country of Minu, the second is the ancient capital country, the second is the country of Buhu, the second is the country of Jinu, the second is the country of the ancient capital. There is the State of Su, the second is the State of Su Nu, the second is the State of Huyi, the second is the State of Huanu Sunu, the second is the State of Ghosts, the second is the State of Wei, the second is the State of Ghost Slaves, the second is the State of Yama, the second is the State of Wei The Gongchen State, the Pali State, the Zhiwei State, the Wunu State, and the Slave State. This queen's realm is exhausted.
其南有狗奴國.男子爲王、其官有狗古智卑狗.不屬女王.	In the south of it is the country of the Dogu, which has a man as its king. In the south of it is the country of the Dogu. (Kikuchihiko?) is there. She does not belong to the queen.

Number of ri from Obikata-gun to the Queen Country (Yamataikoku)[]

自郡至女王國、萬二千餘里.

The distance from Obikata County to the Queen Country is 12,000 li.

State of Wakoku[]

Contains exceprts from the original text. and an English translation

Original Chinese	English Translation
男子無大小、皆黥面文身.	All boys, big or small, have their faces and bodies inked.
自古以來、其使詣中國、皆自稱大夫.	In the past, when his emissaries visited China, they all called themselves "dao" (a rank below "lord" and above "warrior").
夏后少康之子、封於會稽、斷髪文身、以避蛟龍之害.今倭水人好沈没捕魚蛤、文身亦以厭大魚水禽、後稍以爲飾.	The son of the Xiahou Shaokang (the 6th ruler of the Xia Dynasty) was enshrined in Hailiang (Shaoxing, Zhejiang), and cut off his hair and inked his body to avoid the harm of the rain dragon. He cut off his hair and inked his body to avoid the harm of rain dragons. Later, the ink was used as a decoration.
諸國文身各異、或左或右、或大或小、尊卑有差.	Each country's ink entry is different, to the left or to the right, large or small, depending on the status of the person.
計其道里、當在會稽東冶之東.	I measured the distance of the road and found that it was just east of the East Ridge of Huairou (Fujian Min Hou).
其風俗不淫.男子皆露紒、以木緜頭.其衣橫幅、但結束相連、略無縫.婦人被髪屈紒、作衣如單被、穿其中央、貫頭衣之.	The custom was not lewd. All the men wear their topknots uncovered, with cotton cloths draped over their heads. Their clothes are made of wide strips of cloth tied together, with little or no sewing. The women's hair was tied in a knot, and their clothes were made like a single-layered robe with a hole in the middle, through which they stuck their heads.
種禾稻・紵麻、蠶桑緝績、出細紵・縑・緜.	Planting rice, strawberries, and the provenance of the provenance. Mulberries and silkworms are grown, and yarn is spun to make textiles.
其地無牛馬虎豹羊鵲.	There are no cows, horses, tigers, leopards, sheep, or magpies in the land.
兵用矛・楯・木弓.木弓短下長上、竹箭或鐵鏃或骨鏃.所有無與儋耳・朱崖同.	For weapons, they use spears, shields, and wooden bows. Wooden bows are shorter at the bottom and longer at the top, and bamboo arrows, iron arrowheads, or bone arrowheads are used. The customs, habits, and products are the same as those of Danmi (Dan county, Guangdong) and Zhuigai (Keishan county, Guangdong).
倭地温暖、冬夏食生菜、皆徒跣.	The land of Japan is warm, and people eat fresh vegetables in both winter and summer. Everyone is barefoot.
有屋室、父母兄弟臥息異處.以朱丹塗其身體、如中國用粉也.食飲用籩豆、手食.	There are houses, and the parents and siblings have different places to sleep and rest. The body is covered with red wine, similar to the use of powder in China. When eating and drinking, they use a bowl and eat with their hands.
其死、有棺無槨、封土作冢.始死停喪十餘曰.當時不食肉、喪主哭泣、他人就歌舞飲酒.已葬、擧家詣水中澡浴、以如練沐.	When a person dies, there is a coffin but no burial chamber, and a mound is made by sealing the coffin with earth. During this period, the mourners do not eat meat, and the mourners weep and cry, while the others sing, dance, and drink. After the burial, the whole family goes into the water to purify the body. This is similar to the practice of ablution.
其行來渡海詣中國、恒使一人、不梳頭、不去蟣蝨、衣服垢汚、不食肉、不近婦人、如喪人.名之爲持衰.若行者吉善、共顧其生口財物.若有疾病、遭暴害、便欲殺之、謂其持衰不謹.	Whenever a Japanese man crossed the sea to visit China, he would always have a man comb his head, not remove lice, not eat meat, not eat meat, and not let women come near him, as if he were a mourner. This is called "pay attention to the decline. If he who goes into battle is good, he will be given food and goods. If they fall ill or suffer misfortune, they will try to kill them. The reason for this is that it was unconscionable.
出真珠・青玉.其山有丹、其木有柟・杼・櫲樟・楺・櫪・投橿・烏號・楓香、其竹篠・簳・桃支.有薑・橘・椒・蘘荷、不知以爲滋味.有獼猴・黒雉.	Pearl and blue jade. The mountain has Tan, the trees have camphor, bush, switch, sawtooth, sawtooth, oak, oak, maple, bamboo, cornet, and peach. It has ginger, tobacco, pepper, and dried Chinese pepper. There are also monkeys and black pheasants.
其俗舉事行來、有所云爲、輒灼骨而卜、以占吉凶.先告所卜、其辭如令龜法、視火坼占兆.	When starting a business or coming and going, the custom is to burn the bones and divine the good or bad fortune, and first announce the place to be divined. The first thing to do is to tell where to divine. The second thing to do is to divine the signs by looking at the cracks that appear when the bones are burned, as in the tortoise law.
其會同坐起、父子男女無別.人性嗜酒.見大人所敬、但搏手以當跪拝.其人壽考、或百年、或八九十年.	There is no distinction between father and son, male and female, when it comes to sitting together. People like to drink. When they see adults respecting them, they just clap their hands in place of kneeling down to worship them. People live a long life, perhaps a hundred years old, or eighty or ninety.
其俗、國大人皆四五婦、下戸或二三婦.婦人不淫、不妒忌.不盗竊、少諍訟.其犯法、輕者没其妻子、重者滅其門戸及宗族.尊卑各有差序、足相臣服.	According to the custom, every man of high rank in the country has four or five wives, and every man of low rank has two or three wives. A woman shall not be lewd, nor jealous, nor steal, nor cheat, nor have many complaints. If they violate the law, the lower class will have their wives and children confiscated, and the higher class will have their families and clans destroyed. There is discrimination and order according to status, and it is sufficient to vassalize each other.
收租賦、有邸閣.	There were mansions where taxes were collected.
國國有市、交易有無使大倭監之.自女王國以北、特置一大率、檢察諸國、諸國畏憚之.常治伊都國、於國中有如刺史.	There were markets in each country, and trade was conducted, with the daiwa (adults among the Japanese) overseeing this. In the north of the Queen's Kingdom, there was a large number of people who were in charge of trade. In the north of the Queen's Kingdom, there was a leader who prosecuted the nations, and the nations were afraid of him. He always ruled in the Land of Ito. He was like an assassin of the whole country (China).
王遣使詣京都、帶方郡、諸韓國.及郡使倭國、皆臨津捜露、傳送文書、賜遣之物詣女王、不得差錯.	The king sent an envoy to Kyoto and brought the Fang Prefecture and all of Korea with him. In addition, the king's ambassadors to the Japanese kingdoms are all allowed to send documents and gifts to the queen.
下戸與大人相逢道路、逡巡入草.傳辭說事　或蹲或跪　兩手據地　爲之恭敬　對應聲曰噫　比如然諾	When a servant meets an adult on the street, he hesitates and goes into the grass to deliver a speech, or to explain a matter, or to crouch or kneel, hands on the ground, in an attitude of reverence. When they meet each other, they enter the grass hesitantly to deliver their resignation, and when they preach, they kneel or crouch, hands on the ground in reverence.
其國本亦以男子爲王、住七八十年、倭國亂、相攻伐歷年、乃共立一女子爲王、名曰卑彌呼.事鬼道、能惑衆、年已長大、無夫壻、有男弟佐治國.自爲王以來、少有見者、以婢千人自侍、唯有男子一人、給飲食、傳辭出入.居處宮室、樓觀、城柵嚴設、常有人持兵守衞.	In the beginning, the country was ruled by a man, and he stayed there for seven or eighty years. After seven or eighty years of staying in the country, the two countries were in turmoil, and they attacked each other for many years. She was named Himiko. Her name was Himiko, and she was in charge of the demons and often confused the people. She had no husband, but had a brother and sister who assisted her in ruling the land. Since he became king, he has not had many visitors, and has 1,000 servants to attend to him. There is only one man who serves food and drink, delivers messages, and enters and exits the palace. The palace, the tower, and the city fence were all carefully built, and always manned and guarded with weapons.
女王國東渡海千餘里、復有國、皆倭種.又有侏儒國在其南、人長三四尺、去女王四千餘里、又有裸國、黒齒國、復在其東南、船行一年可至.	To the east of the Queen's country, more than a thousand leagues across the sea, there is the Land of Confucius, all of which are Japanese, and the Land of Confucius, to the south of the Queen's country, three or four leagues in length, more than four thousand leagues away from the Queen's country, there is the Land of the Naked and the Land of the Black Teeth, to the southeast of the Land of Confucius, which can be reached by ship in a year.
参問倭地、絶在海中洲㠀之上、或絶或連、周旋可五千餘里.	To collect questions about the land of Wa, it exists far away on the island of Wa, or is extinct or continuous, and one lap is only about 5,000 ri.

Chronology[]

Contains excerpts from the original text. and an English translation

Original Chinese	English Translation
景初二年六月　倭女王遣大夫難升米等詣郡　求詣天子朝獻　太守劉夏遣吏將送詣京都	In June of the second year of the reign of King Jingcheng (238 A.D.), the Queen of Japan sent a delegation of officials, including her husband Nansungmai, to pay a visit to the county of Obikata and request that they pay a visit to the Prince of Heaven and present him with an offering. Liu Xia, the governor of the county, sent officials to take them to Kyoto.
其年十二月　詔書報倭女王　曰（中略）	In the twelfth month of that year, in an imperial decree, the queen of Japan was informed that (omitted)
正始元年　太守弓遵遺建中校尉梯儁等　奉詔書印綬詣倭國　拜假倭王　并齎詔賜金帛　錦　罽　刀　鏡　采物　倭王因使上表答謝詔恩	In the first year of the reign of the Emperor, in the 24th year of the reign of the Emperor, the Grand Preceptor Yüzun sent a delegation of geniuses, including the lieutenant of the Jianzhong School, to go to Japan with an imperial decree and a ribbon, to present the decree to the King of Japan, and to receive gifts of gold and silver, brocade, furniture, swords, mirrors, and ornaments. The King of Japan presented the imperial edict to the messenger, and thanked him for the favor of the Emperor.
其四年　倭王復遺使大夫伊聲耆　掖邪狗等八人　上獻生口　倭錦　絳青縑　緜衣　帛布　丹木拊　短弓矢　掖邪狗等壹拜率善中郎將印綬	In the fourth year of his reign, the Japanese king also sent eight envoys, including Iseonggi and Suye, to present him with raw silk, Japanese brocade, fine silk with deep red and blue, cotton clothes, woven cloth, a sword, and a short bow and arrow. They received a ribbon with the rank of general.
其六年　詔賜倭難升米黃幢　付郡假授	In the sixth year of his reign, he issued an imperial decree to bestow yellow banners on the rice of Japan, and gave them to the counties as temporary gifts.
其八年　太守王頎到官　倭女王卑彌呼與狗奴國男王卑彌弓呼素不和　遺倭載斯　烏越等詣郡　說相攻擊狀　遣塞曹掾史張政等　因齎詔書 黃幢　拜假難升米　爲檄告喻之　卑彌呼以死　大作冢　徑百餘歩　狥葬者奴碑百餘人　更立男王　國中不服　更相誅殺　當時殺千餘人　復立卑彌呼宗女壹與年十三爲王　國中遂定　政等以檄告喻壹與　壹與遣倭大夫率善中郎將掖邪狗等二十人　送政等還　因詣臺　獻上男女生口三十人　貢白珠五千孔　青大句珠二枚　異文雜錦二十匹	Eight years later, Taishou Ou came to the government. The Queen of Wa, Himiko, is more discordant than the old man of Gounuguo, Himiko (Hikoson?). She sent Wa's crows and others to the county and explained the situation of attacking each other. She sent a rescript, Yellow, and tentatively gave it to Nashime, made a sword, and proclaimed it. When Himiko died, a large mound was built. The diameter of the mound was more than a hundred paces, and there were more than a hundred servants who died in the line of duty. He also set up a male king, but the whole country refused to obey him. They executed each other, killing more than 1,000 people at the time. When he appointed a 13-year-old man named Iyong, the daughter of Himiko, as king, the whole country was finally pacified. The sovereign (Jangjeong) and others admonished Iyong with a proclamation. Iyengar sent 20 men, including the Japanese lord Zenjung Ronggou, to escort Iyengar back to the capital. He then went to the platform (the central government office in Luoyang, the capital of Wei) and presented 30 men and women, and paid tribute with 5,000 white pearls, two large blue beads, and 20 brocades with different designs.

In the same way, it is important to note that the article on the presentation of yellow banners to the Nansho rice in 245 was issued in the same year, but was not actually delivered until 247. It is also important to note that the article on the presentation of yellow banners to rice in 245 was issued in the same year, but was not actually delivered until 247. In addition, it is often misunderstood that the reason the Wei envoy came to Japan in 247 was because of the decree of 245, not because of the appeal of the Japanese envoy in 247 (although this may have been the reason for the proclamation).

Yamatai Country Controversy[]

If you travel the number of villages and the number of days written in "Wajinden" as they are, you will travel past Japanese archipelago and into the Pacific ocean,^[12] no definitive theory has been found for the location of the archipelago and the ratio of the route. There are " [ja]" and " [ja]" that are influential in the position ratio. There are "continuous theory" and "radiation theory" as influential ones about the ratio of the route (see Yamatai).

The relationship between the "Weijing biography" and the "Later Han Dynasty" biography[]

There is a description about Wa in and "Tohoden". The content has something in common with "Wakoku Wakokuden", but articles such as "Wakoku Wakoku Daisuke" whose age is not specified in "Wakoku Wakokuden" in "Gohansho" Wakoku. There is also.

Fan Ye's "Book of the Later Han" and," "Tohoden," contain a description of Japan. The content of the description has some points in common with "Wajinden," but "Go-kansho" Wa-den also contains articles such as "桓霊間倭國大亂" which is not dated in "Wajinden.

Relationship between "Wajinden" and "The Book of Sui" Wakokuden[]

In the "Sui Dynasty and Sui Dynasty (618-907)," the Sui Dynasty (618-907), the Sui Dynasty (618-907), the Sui Dynasty (618-907), the Sui Dynasty (618-907), and the Sui Dynasty (618-907). (The Sui Dynasty and the Sui Dynasty, in the Sui Dynasty and the Sui Dynasty, used "俀" for "倭", which was corrected to "倭國" for "Japan". It is located southeast of Baekje and Silla, and depends on mountains and islands in the sea for 3,000 miles by land and water. Its borders are east-west and west-moon lines, and north-south and south-south moon lines, each leading to the sea. The border is east to west in a line of five moons, and north to south in a line of three moons, each leading to the sea. The capital is located in Yama-dui, which is called Yama-dui in the "Wei Zhi" (Wei Zhi). It is located east of Huiyue, close to Huemi, and is 12,000 thousand li away from the border of Lelang and Bifang County.^[13] This acknowledges the continuity of the Japanese provinces (Yamataikoku and the Yamato Imperial Court). The Sui Dynasty is comprehensively described in the Book of Sui, referring to the Wei Book, the Wei Book, and the Later Han Book, as well as the Song Book and the Liang Book,^[f] and the Sui Dynasty Book is a comprehensive description.

See also[]

•  [ja]
• Ito
• Toyo (Japan)
• Tsushima Province
• Nakoku
• Himiko
•  [ja]
•  [ja]
• Civil War of Wa

Footnotes[]

References[]

Bibliography[]

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• (March 1993). 正史 三国志 4 魏書4. . 注、・ 訳. 筑摩書房. ISBN 4-480-08044-9.
• (September 2010). 倭国伝 中国正史に描かれた日本. 講談社学術文庫 2010. 講談社. ISBN 978-4-06-292010-0.
• (October 1999). 新しい歴史教科書をつくる会 編 (ed.). 国民の歴史. 産経新聞ニュースサービス(出版) 扶桑社(発売). ISBN 4-594-02781-4.
  • (October 2009). 国民の歴史（上） 決定版. 文春文庫. 文藝春��. ISBN 978-4-16-750703-9.
  • (October 2009). 国民の歴史（下） 決定版. 文春文庫. 文藝春秋. ISBN 978-4-16-750704-6.
• 古田武彦 (1969). "邪馬壱国". 史学雑誌. 山川出版社. 78 (9): 45–83. ISSN 0018-2478.
• (November 1971). 「邪馬台国」はなかった 解読された倭人伝の謎. 朝日新聞社.
  Main article: [[: [ja]]]
• 松本清張 (1968). 古代史疑. 中央公論社. ASIN B000JA64RY.
  • 松本清張 (March 1974). 松本清張全集 33（古代史疑・古代探求）. 文藝春秋. ISBN 4-16-509330-0.
  • 松本清張 (1974). 古代史疑. 中公文庫. 中央公論社. ISBN 4-12-000357-4.
• (November 2010). ヤマト王権 シリーズ 日本古代史②. 岩波新書（新赤版）1272. 岩波書店. ISBN 978-4-00-431272-7.
• ・ 共編訳, ed. (November 1951). 魏志倭人伝・後漢書倭伝・宋書倭国伝・隋書倭国伝. 岩波文庫. 岩波書店. ASIN B000JBE2JU.注記：附録に原文・参考原文・参考文献あり.
  • 編訳, ed. (May 1985). 魏志倭人伝・後漢書倭伝・ 宋書倭国伝・隋書倭国伝――中国正史日本伝1. 岩波文庫 (新訂 ed.). 岩波書店. ISBN 4-00-334011-6. 和田 & 石原 (1951)の改訳版.
• (May 2012). 魏志倭人伝の謎を解く 三国志から見る邪馬台国. 中公新書 2164. 中央公論新社. ISBN 978-4-12-102164-9.

Related Documents[]

• ・・・ 編, ed. (June 2011). 研究最前線 邪馬台国 いま、何が、どこまで言えるのか. 878. 朝日新聞出版. ISBN 978-4-02-259978-0.
• (1971). 親魏倭王. 学生社.
  • (September 2001). 親魏倭王 (増補版 ed.). 学生社. ISBN 4-311-30042-5.
• (1976). 倭国の時代 現代史としての日本古代史. 文藝春秋.
  • (January 1994). 倭国の時代. . 朝日新聞社. ISBN 4-02-261012-3.
  • (February 2009). 倭国の時代. . 筑摩書房. ISBN 978-4-480-42539-3.
• (1971). 邪馬台国 研究史. 吉川弘文館.
• (1972). 戦後の邪馬台国 研究史. 吉川弘文館.
• 佐伯有清 編, ed. (July 1981). 邪馬台国基本論文集 1. 創元学術双書. 創元社. ISBN 4-422-01031-X.
• 佐伯有清 編, ed. (December 1981). 邪��台国基本論文集 2. 創元学術双書. 創元社. ISBN 4-422-01032-8.
• 佐伯有清 編, ed. (July 1982). 邪馬台国基本論文集 3. 創元学術双書. 創元社. ISBN 4-422-01033-6.
• (October 2000). 魏志倭人伝を読む 上 邪馬台国への道. 歴史文化ライブラリー 104. . ISBN 4-642-05504-5.
• (November 2000). 魏志倭人伝を読む 下 卑弥呼と倭国内乱. 105. 吉川弘文館. ISBN 4-642-05505-3.
• 佐伯有清 (January 2006). 邪馬台国論争. 新赤版. . ISBN 4-00-430990-5.
• (July 2003). 魏志倭人伝の考古学. . 岩波書店. ISBN 4-00-600106-1.
• 編, ed. (April 2001). 三国志がみた倭人たち 魏志倭人伝の考古学. . ISBN 4-634-60810-3.
• (January 1994). 邪馬台国と倭国 古代日本と東アジア. 吉川弘文館. ISBN 4-642-07410-4.
  • (September 2011). 邪馬台国と倭国 古代日本と東アジア. . 吉川弘文館. ISBN 978-4-642-06375-3.
• (1956). 東洋史上より見たる日本上古史研究. 東洋文庫論叢 第38 (改訂増補版 ed.). 東洋文庫. ndljp:2979218.
• 編著 (1978). 邪馬台国研究総覧. 創元学術双書. 創元社. ISBN 978-4-422-01015-1.
• (March 1987). 評釈 魏志倭人伝. 雄山閣出版. ISBN 4-639-00640-3.
  • (November 2004). 評釈 魏志倭人伝 (新装版 ed.). 雄山閣. ISBN 4-639-01869-X.
• (January 1988). 邪馬台国研究事典 1（文献資料）. 監修. 新人物往来社. ISBN 4-404-01476-7.
• 三木太郎 (December 1988). 邪馬台国研究事典 3（文献目録 1 編年篇）. 監修. 新人物往来社. ISBN 4-404-01587-9.
• 三木太郎 (July 1989). 邪馬台国研究事典 4（文献目録 2 人名篇）. 監修. 新人物往来社. ISBN 4-404-01622-0.
• (1972). 魏志倭人伝 東洋史上の古代日本. 284. 講談社. ISBN 978-4-06-115684-5.
  • (November 1986). 魏志倭人伝. 講談社現代新書 835 (新版 ed.). 講談社. ISBN 4-06-148835-X.

External links[]

• Nihon jinmei daijiten+Plus (in Japanese). Kōdansha https://kotobank.jp/word/. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
• Yayoi Museum
• History of the founding of Japan