War artist

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the genre, see Military art.
Spring in the Trenches, Ridge Wood, 1917 by Paul Nash. Nash was a war artist in both World War I and World War II

A war artist is an artist commissioned by a government or publication, or self motivated, to document their first hand experience of war in the form of an illustrative record or a depiction of how war shapes lives.[1][2][3] War artists explore the visual and sensory dimensions of war, often absent in written histories or other accounts of warfare.[4]

A war artist in German-occupied France in 1941

War artists may be involved as onlookers to the scenes, military personnel who respond to powerful inner urges to depict direct war experience, or individuals who are officially commissioned to be present and record military activity.[5] A war artist creates a visual account of the impact of war by showing how men and women are waiting, preparing, fighting, suffering, celebrating,[6] or destroyed, as in Vasily Vereshchagin's 1871 painting, The Apotheosis of War.

The Third of May 1808 1814, by Francisco Goya

The works produced by war artists illustrate and record many aspects of war and the individual's experience of war, whether allied or enemy, service or civilian, military or political, social or cultural. The role of the artist and his work is to embrace the causes, course, and consequences of conflict, and has an essentially educational purpose.[7]

Artists record military activities in ways that cameras and the written word cannot. Their art collects and distills the experiences of the men and women who endured it.[8] The artists and their artwork affect how subsequent generations view military conflicts. For example, Australian war artists who grew up between the two world wars were influenced by the artwork which depicted the First World War, and there was a precedent and format for them to follow.[9]

Official war artists have been appointed by governments for information or propaganda purposes and to record events on the battlefield,[10] but there are many other types of war artists. These can include combatants who are artists and choose to record their experiences, non-combatants who are witnesses of war, and prisoners of war who may voluntarily record the conditions or be appointed war artists by senior officers.

In New Zealand, the title of appointed "war artist" changed to "army artist" after the two world wars.[11] In the United States, the term "combat artist" has come to be used to mean the same thing.[12][13]

Gassed, 1918, by John Singer Sargent. Oil on canvas, 231 x 611.1cm (91 x 240.5in). Collection of the Imperial War Museum, London

Some examples and their background[]

  • William Simpson was an artist-correspondent who sent artwork to London from the front during the Crimean War.[14]
  • Alfred Waud was an American civil war pictorial newspaper illustrator.
  • Ogata Gekkō and Tsuguharu Foujita created woodblock prints for Japanese publications.
  • Ronald Searle recorded life in Japanese POW camps.[15][16]
  • Emmanuel Leutze's 1851 studio painting of Washington Crossing the Delaware is historically incorrect, and Leutze was born decades after the event his painting depicts, but this work has become an icon of popular culture.

War artists by nationality[]

Argentine[]

Australian[]

Main article: Australian official war artists
Australians and New Zealanders at Klerksdorp 24 March 1901 by Charles Hammond

War artists have depicted all the conflicts in which Australians have been called to combat. The Australian tradition of "official war artists" started with the First World War. Artists were granted permission to accompany the Australian Imperial Force to record the activities of its soldiers. During the Second World War, the Australian War Museum, later called the Australian War Memorial, engaged artists. At the same time, the Royal Australian Navy, Australian Army, and Royal Australian Air Force appointed official war artist-soldiers from within their ranks.[17] These embedded war artists have depicted the activities of Australian forces in Korea, Vietnam, East Timor, Afghanistan, and Iraq.

The ranks of non-soldier artists like George Gittoes continue to create artwork which becomes a commentary on Australia's military actions in war.[18]

Selected artists

A select list of representative Australian artists includes:

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by with reliable sources.

Second Boer War[]

  • William Dargie CBE, 1912–2003[19]

First World War[]

  • George Bell, 1878–1966[20]
  • Charles Bryant, 1883–1937[20]
  • Will Dyson, 1880–1938[20]
  • A. Henry Fullwood, 1863–1930[20]
  • George Lambert ARA, 1873–1930[20]
  • Fred Leist, 1878–1945[20]
  • John Longstaff, 1862–1941[20]
  • , 1890–1952[21]
  • Harold Septimus Power, 1877–1951[20]
  • James Quinn, 1869–1951[20]
  • Arthur Streeton, 1867–1943[20]

Second World War[]

Recent conflicts[]

Austrian[]

The Fall of Nelson, Battle of Trafalgar, 21 October 1805 by Denis Dighton, c. 1825
The Last Stand at Isandlwana, 1879 by Charles Edwin Fripp in 1885. Collection of the National Army Museum of South Africa

British[]

Main article: British official war artists

British participation in foreign wars has been the subject of paintings and other works created by Britain's war artists. Artwork like the 1688 painting,The Fleet at Sea by Willem van de Velde the Younger depict the Royal Navy in readiness for battle. The Ministry of Defence art collection includes many paintings showing battle scenes, particularly naval battles.[34] Military art and portraiture has evolved along with other aspects of war. The British official war artists of the First World War created a unique account of that conflict. The British War Artists Scheme expanded the number of official artists and enlarged the scope of their activities during the Second War.[35]

Significant themes in the chronicle of twentieth-century wars have been developed by non-military, non-official, civilian artists. For example, society portraitist Arabella Dorman's paintings of wounded Iraq War veterans inspired her to spend two weeks with three regiments in different frontline areas: the Green Jackets at Basra Palace, the Queen's Own Gurkhas at Shaibah Logistics Base ten miles south-west of Basra, and the Queen's Royal Lancers in the Maysaan desert. In the field, Dorman drew quick charcoal portraits of the men she met. Returning to England, the sketches she made helped her use art to "evoke the emotions and psychological impact of war," rather than depicting the "physical horror" of war.[36]

Selected artists

A select list of representative British artists includes:

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by with reliable sources.

Napoleonic Wars[]

  • Denis Dighton, 1792–1827[37]
  • Robert Ker Porter, 1777–1842[38]
  • John Christian Schetky,1778–1874[34]

Crimean War[]

Boer Wars[]

First World War[]

  • Muirhead Bone, 1888–1953.[47]
  • Sydney Carline, 1888–1929.
  • Colin Gill, 1892–1940.
  • Eric Kennington RA, 1888–1960.[48]
  • John Hodgson Lobley RA, 1878–1954.[49][50]
  • Olive Mudie-Cooke, 1890–1925.
  • John Nash CBE RA, 1893–1977.[51]
  • Paul Nash, 1889–1946.[52]
  • C.R.W. Nevinson, 1889–1946.[53]
  • Sir William Orpen KBE RA RHA, 1878–1931.[54]
  • Sir Stanley Spencer RA, 1891–1959.[55]

Second World War[]

Recent conflicts[]

Portrait of POW "Dusty" Rhodes. A three-minute sketch by Ashley George Old painted in Thailand

Belgian[]

First World War[]

Canadian[]

Main article: Canadian official war artists
Canadian Forestry Corps' Gas Attack, Lievin (1918) by Canadian war artist A. Y. Jackson

Representative works by Canada's artists whose work illustrates and records war are gathered into the extensive collection of the Canadian War Museum. A few First World War paintings were exhibited in the Senate of Canada Chamber, and artists studied these works as a way of preparing to create new artworks in the conflict in Europe which expanded after 1939.[82]

"The war art commissions brought intense focus to the observation of Canada's role in international conflict... A driving need for a strong national identity urged First and Second World War artists toward symbolism. While these vivid images are of a now distant past, they continue to communicate their messages to us, and so never lose their relevance."[83]

In the Second World War, Canada expanded its official art program;[82] Canadian war artists were a kind of journalist who lived the lives of soldiers.[83] The work of non-official civilian artists also became part of the record of this period. Canada supported Canadian official war artists in both the First World War and the Second World War; no official artists were designated during the Korean War.[84]

Among Canada's embedded artist-journalist teams was Richard Johnson, who was sent by the National Post to Afghanistan in 2007 and 2011; his drawings of Canadian troops were published and posted online as part of the series "Kandahar Journal".[85]

Selected artists

A select list of representative Canadian artists includes:

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by with reliable sources.

First World War[]

  • John William Beatty, 1869–1941[83]
  • Alexander Young Jackson CC CMG, 1882–1974[83]
  • Arthur Lismer CC, 1885–1969[83]
    Capt. Will Ogilvie, Official army war artist, with some of his paintings, 9 February 1944
  • Frederick Varley, 1881–1969[83]
  • Mabel May, 1877-1971[86]

Second World War[]

  • Eric Aldwinckle, 1909-1980[87]
  • Donald Kenneth Anderson, 1920–2009[88]
  • Alan Brockman Beddoe OC OBE HFHS FHSC, 1893–1975[89]
  • Molly Lamb Bobak CM ONB, 1922–2014   [90]
  • Paraskeva Clark[91]
  • David Alexander Colville PC CC ONS, 1920–2013[92]
  • Charles Fraser Comfort OC, 1900–1994[93]
  • Lawren P. Harris, 1910-1994
  • William Abernethy Ogilvie CM MBE, 1901–1989
  • George Campbell Tinning RCA, 1910-1996[94]
  • Jack Shadbolt OC OBC, 1909–1998[83]

Recent conflicts[]

Chilean[]

Chinese[]

  • Li Hua
  • Feng Zikai

Dutch[]

Willem van de Velde the Elder (c. 1611–1693) was the official naval war artist of the Dutch Admiralties during the first two Anglo-Dutch Wars in the 17th century.

Finnish[]

Main article: TK company
War artist Kari Suomalainen working on a drawing during the Continuation War.

World War II[]

Flemish[]

French[]

French war art poster by , 1916. Lithograph by Imp. H. Chachoin, Paris

During the First World War, the work of artists depicting aspects of the military conflict were put on display in official war art exhibitions.[97] In 1916 the Ministry of Beaux-Arts and the Ministry of War sponsored the Salon des Armées to show the work of the artists who had been mobilized. This one exhibition realized 60,000 francs. The proceeds supported needy artists at home and the disabled.[97]

German[]

Main article: German official war artists
  • Emmanuel Leutze
  • Adolph Menzel

Franco-Prussian War[]

First World War[]

Second World War[]

Recent conflicts[]

Japanese[]

Main article: Japanese official war artists

Korean[]

New Zealand[]

Main article: New Zealand official war artists

War artists have been appointed by the government to supplement the record of New Zealand's military history.[111] The title of "war artist" changed to "army artist" when Ion Brown was appointed after the two world wars.[112]

Conservators at the National Art Gallery considered the collection to be of historic rather than artistic worth; few were displayed.[113] New Zealand's National Collection of War Art encompasses the work of artists who were working on commission for the Government as official war artists, while others created artworks for their own reasons.[114]

Selected artists

A select list of representative New Zealand artists includes:

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by with reliable sources.

First World War[]

Bellevue Ridge, 1918 by New Zealand official war artist George Edmund Butler

Second World War[]

Recent conflicts[]

Russian[]

The Apotheosis of War by Vasily Vereshchagin

Serbian[]

South African[]

Spanish[]

Spanish war artist Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau in Afghanistan (2012)

United States[]

Main articles: American official war artists, United States Army Art Program, and United States Air Force Art Program
Thomas Lea's The 2000 Yard Stare published in 1945

The American panorama created by artists whose work focuses on war began with a visual account of the American Revolutionary War. The war artist or combat artist captures instantaneous action and conflates earlier moments of the same scene within one compelling image. Artists are unlike the objective camera lens, which records only a single instant and no more.[124]

In 1917 the American military designated American official war artists who were sent to Europe to record the activities of the American Expeditionary Forces.[125]

In World War II, the Navy Combat Art Program ensured that active-duty artists developed a record of all phases of the war and all major naval operations.[124]

The official war artist continued to be supported in some military engagements. Teams of soldier-artists during the Vietnam War created pictorial accounts and interpretations for the annals of army military history.[126] In 1992 the Army Staff Artist Program was attached to the United States Army Center of Military History as a permanent part of the Museum Division's Collections Branch.[125]

Michael Fay is an official US Marine war artist, one of only three whose work depicts the battlefronts in Iraq and Afghanistan (2007).

The majority of combat artists of the 1970s were selected by George Gray, chairman of NACAL, Navy Air Cooperation and Liaison committee. Some of their paintings will be selected for the Navy Combat Art Museum in the capital by Charles Lawrence, director. In January 1978 the U.S. Navy chose a seascape specialist team: they asked Patricia Yaps and Wayne Dean, both of Milford, Connecticut, to capture air-sea rescue missions off of Key West while they were based at the nearby Naval Air Station Key West. They were among 78 artists selected that year to create works of art depicting Navy subjects.[127][128][129]

Selected artists

A select list of representative American artists includes:

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by with reliable sources.

Revolutionary War[]

  • Ralph Earl
  • John Trumbull

American Civil War[]

Spanish–American War[]

  • Howard Chandler Christy Newspaper
  • William Glackens Newspaper
  • Henry Reuterdahl Newspaper
  • Walter Russell Newspaper

World War I[]

World War II[]

Vietnam era[]

Soldier Artist Participants in the U. S. Army Vietnam Combat Artists Program

Landing Zone by John O. Wehrle, CAT I, 1966, Courtesy of the National Museum of the United States Army
Sergeant Than Naing of Wounded Warrior Battalion, East, sketched by Robert William Bates, 2011
  • CAT I, 15 Aug – 15 Dec 1966, Roger A. Blum (Stillwell, KS), Robert C. Knight (Newark, NJ), Ronald E. Pepin (East Hartford, CT), Paul Rickert (Philadelphia, PA), Felix R. Sanchez (Fort Madison, IA), John O. Wehrle (Dallas, TX), and supervisor, Frank M. Sherman
  • CAT II, 15 Oct 1966 – 15 Feb 1967, Augustine G. Acuna (Monterey, CA), Alexander A. Bogdanovich (Chicago, IL), Theodore E. Drendel (Naperville, IL), David M. Lavender (Houston, TX), Gary W. Porter (El Cajon, CA), and supervisor, Carolyn M. O'Brien
  • CAT III, 16 Feb – 17 June 1967, Michael R. Crook (Sierra Madre, CA), Dennis O. McGee (Castro Valley, CA), Robert T. Myers (White Sands Missile Range, NM), Kenneth J. Scowcroft (Manassas, VA), Stephen H. Sheldon (Los Angeles, CA), and supervisor, C. Bruce Smyser
  • CAT IV, 15 Aug – 31 Dec 1967, Samuel E. Alexander (Philadelphia, MS), Daniel T. Lopez (Fresno, CA), Burdell Moody (Mesa, AZ), James R. Pollock (Pollock, SD), Ronald A. Wilson (Alhambra, CA), and technical supervisor, Frank M. Thomas
  • CAT V, 1 Nov 1967 – 15 March 1968, Warren W. Buchanan (Kansas City, MO), Philip V. Garner (Dearborn, MI), Phillip W. Jones (Greensboro, NC), Don R. Schol (Denton, TX), John R. Strong (Kanehoe, HI), and technical supervisor, Frank M. Thomas
  • CAT VI, 1 Feb – 15 June 1968, Robert T. Coleman (Grand Rapids, MI), David N. Fairrington (Oakland, CA), John D. Kurtz IV (Wilmington, DE), Kenneth T. McDaniel (Paris, TN), Michael P. Pala (Bridgeport, CT)
  • CAT VII, 15 Aug – 31 Dec 1968, Brian H. Clark (Huntington, NY), William E. Flaherty Jr. (Louisville, KY), William C. Harrington (Terre Haute, IN), Barry W. Johnston (Huntsville, AL), Stephen H. Randall (Des Moines, IA), and supervisor, Fitzallen N. Yow
  • CAT VIII, 1 Feb – 15 June 1969, Edward J. Bowen (Carona Del Mar, CA), James R. Drake (Colorado Springs, CO), Roman Rakowsky (Cleveland, OH), Victory V. Reynolds (Idaho Falls, ID), Thomas B. Schubert (Chicago, IL), and supervisor, Fred B. Engel
  • CAT IX, 1 Sept 1969 – 14 Jan 1970, David E. Graves (Lawrence, KS), James S. Hardy (Coronado, CA), William R. Hoettels (San Antonio, TX), Bruce N. Rigby (Dekalb, IL), Craig L. Stewart (Laurel, MD), and supervisor, Edward C. Williams

Recent conflicts[]

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Tate.org, Art & artists, Art Term - War artists - War artists are artists who are commissioned through an official scheme to record the events of war
  2. ^ Jane Bingham, War and Conflict, Raintree - 2006, pages 30-35
  3. ^ Imperial War Museum (IWM), header phrase, "war shapes lives"
  4. ^ Australian War Memorial (AWM): Australian official war artists
  5. ^ Oxford Companion to Military History
  6. ^ Canadian War Museum (CWM), "Australia, Britain, and Canada in the Second World War," 2005.
  7. ^ "About the Imperial War Museum". Iwm.org.uk. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  8. ^ U.S. Naval Historical Center (NHHC), "World War II Navy Art: A Vision of History,", 2001
  9. ^ Reid, John B. (1977). Australian Artists at War, Vol. 2, p. 5.
  10. ^ National Archives (UK), "'The Art of War,' Learn About the Art."
  11. ^ Gauldie, Matt. "History of the NZ Army Artist"
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b c "With Sketchpads and Guns, Semper Fi";
  13. ^ "Marine Art". Nytimes.com. 2010-07-14. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  14. ^ Harrington, Peter. "The First True War Artist," MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History, Vol. 9, No. 1, Autumn 1996, pp. 100–109.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b Steve Bell (2010-03-09). "Ronald Searle: a life in pictures". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  16. ^ Grove, Valerie. "Aged 90, Ronald Searle recalls the bad girls of St Trinian's,"The Times (London). February 20, 2010.
  17. ^ Wilkins, Lola. "Interpreting the war: Australia's Second World War art." CWM, 2005.
  18. ^ Jump up to: a b Strauss, David Levi. "George Gittoes with David Levi Strauss," The Brooklyn Rail (New York). July 8, 2010; Order of Australia, George Gittoes, AM, excerpt of citation, "For service to art and international relations as an artist and photographer portraying the effects on the environment of war, international disasters and heavy industry".
  19. ^ AWM: Australia and the Boer War, 1899–1902; The incident for which Captain Howse was awarded the VC in Vredefort, July 1900 by William Dargie (1968, oil on paper on board, 25.5 x 35.5 cm), AWM ART29246
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "World War I, official artists". Awm.gov.au. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  21. ^ Gray, Anne. (1986). "McCubbin, Louis Frederick (1890–1952)," Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol. 10, pp. 243–244; excerpt, "Appointed an official war artist under the Australian Records Section scheme to the 3rd Division, he visited scenes of battles with and Charles Web Gilbert after the war to collect data for proposed dioramas.
  22. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Second World War, official artists". Awm.gov.au. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  23. ^ Australian War Museum, Official War Artists
  24. ^ Gill Clarke (2008). The Women's Land Army A Portrait. Sansom & Company. ISBN 978-1-904537-87-8.
  25. ^ Colahan, Colin – Australian War Memorial; An article and images of Colahan's war art compiled by Garry Kinnane., Journal of the Australian War Memorial, retrieved 2011-08-31
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  29. ^ "Sketching naval life: the war art of Rex Julius". National Archives of Australia. 28 February 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
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  31. ^ "Grace Cossington Smith" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
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  36. ^ Harrison, David. "War artist Arabella Dorman paints Iraq," Telegraph (London). May 2, 2009.
  37. ^ National Maritime Museum (NMM), The Fall of Nelson, Battle of Trafalgar, 21 October 1805 by Denis Dighton, c. 1825.
  38. ^ National Portrait Gallery(NPG), Robert Ker Porter
  39. ^ National Portrait Gallery, Expansion and Empire
  40. ^ Australian Dictionary of Biography (ADB), Brierly, Sir Oswald Walters (1817–1894)
  41. ^ Library of Congress (LOC), Simpson, William, 1823–1899
  42. ^ "Bacon, 1868–1914". Artnet.com. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  43. ^ Charles Edwin Fripp; excerpt, "Fripp also held a commission in the Artists Rifles for 13 years ...."
  44. ^ British Sporting Artists Trust (BSAT), Godfrey Douglas Giles
  45. ^ WorldCat Identities: Prater, Ernest
  46. ^ Brighton and Hove Museums, Melton Prior; Lee, Sidney. (2006). Dictionary of National Biography (DNB), Second Supplement, Vol. 3, p. 136., p. 136, at Google Books
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  48. ^ Imperial War Museum. "Gassed and Wounded [Art.IWM ART 4744]". IWM Collections Search. Retrieved 16 April 2013.; also a war artist in the Second World War.
  49. ^ "John Hodgson Lobley, 1878–1954". Art UK.
  50. ^ "Witness – Highlights of First World War Art" (PDF). Imperial War Museum.
  51. ^ Imperial War Museum. "'Over The Top'. 1st Artists' Rifles at Marcoing, 30th December 1917 [Art.IWM ART 1656]". IWM Collections Search. Retrieved 16 April 2013.; also a war artist in World War II.
  52. ^ Imperial War Museum. "The Menin Road [Art.IWM ART 2242]". IWM Collections Search. Retrieved 16 April 2013.; also a war artist in World War II.
  53. ^ Imperial War Museum. "Paths of Glory [Art.IWM ART 518]". IWM Collections Search. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  54. ^ Imperial War Museum. "Harvest, 1918 [Art.IWM ART 4663]". IWM Collections Search. Retrieved 16 April 2013.; also a war artist in World War II.
  55. ^ Imperial War Museum. "Travoys Arriving with Wounded at a Dressing-Station at Smol, Macedonia, September 1916, 1919 [Art.IWM ART 2268]". IWM Collections Search. Retrieved 12 Nov 2013.; also a war artist in World War II.
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  58. ^ http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/richard-eurich-1071
  59. ^ "Edward Bawden" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  60. ^ "Henry Carr" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
  61. ^ Thomas, Ronan; West End at War: Anthony Gross. Retrieved 24 April 2013
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  67. ^ Portrait by Old at Imperial War Museum
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  73. ^ "Graham Sutherland" (in French). Civilization.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-15.
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  75. ^ Derek Eland (1 September 2011). "Helmand". derekeland.com. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
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  78. ^ "Contemporary War Artists: John Keane: The Gulf War". Imperial War Museum. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
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  106. ^ Nussbaum, "Fujita Tsuguharu" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 200; McCloskey, p. 117.
  107. ^ Nussbaum, "Ogata Gekkō" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 737.
  108. ^ Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric et al. (2005). "Migita Toshihide" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 628.
  109. ^ Complutense University of Madrid, Biblioteca Histórica Marqués de Valdecilla. Exposición "Flores de Edo: samuráis, artistas y geishas" 4 November 2004 – 10 January 2005.
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References[]

  • McCloskey, Barbara. (2005). Artists of World War II. Westport: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313321535; OCLC 475496457
  • Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 48943301
  • Okamoto, Shumpei and Donald Keene. (1983). Impressions of the Front: Woodcuts of the Sino Japanese War, 1894–95. Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art. OCLC 179964815

Further reading[]

  • Brandon, Laura. (2008). Art and War. New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781845112370; OCLC 225345535
  • Cork, Richard. (1994). A Bitter Truth: Avant-garde Art and the Great War. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300057041; OCLC 185692286
  • Foot, Michael Richard Daniel. (1990). Art and War: Twentieth Century Warfare as Depicted by War Artists. London: Headline. ISBN 9780747202868; OCLC 21407670
  • Gallatin, Albert Eugene. (1919). Art and the Great War. New York: E.P. Dutton. OCLC 422817
  • Hodgson, Pat (1977). The War Illustrators. London: Osprey. OCLC 462210052
  • Johnson, Peter (1978). Front-Line Artists. London: Cassell. ISBN 9780304300112; OCLC 4412441
  • Jones, James (1975). WW II: a Chronicle of Soldiering. New York: Grosset & Dunlap. 1617592
  • Lanker, Brian and Nicole Newnham. (2000). They Drew Fire: Combat Artists of World War II. New York: TV Books. ISBN 9781575000855; OCLC 43245885
Australia
  • Reid, John B. (1977). Australian Artists at War: Compiled from the Australian War Memorial Collection. Volume 1. 1885–1925; Vol. 2 1940–1970. South Melbourne, Victoria: Sun Books. ISBN 9780725102548; OCLC 4035199
Canada
  • Oliver, Dean Frederick, and Laura Brandon (2000). Canvas of War: Painting the Canadian Experience, 1914 to 1945. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 9781550547726; OCLC 43283109
  • Tippett, Maria. (1984). Art at the Service of War: Canada, Art, and the Great War. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802025418; OCLC 13858984
Germany
  • Gilkey, Gordon. War Art of the Third Reich. Bennington, Vermont: International Graphics Corporation, 1982). ISBN 9780865560185; OCLC 223704492
  • Weber, John Paul. (1979). The German War Artists. Columbia, South Carolina: Cerberus. ISBN 9780933590007; OCLC 5727293
New Zealand
South Africa
  • Carter, Albert Charles Robinson. (1900). The Work of War Artists in South Africa. London: "The Art Journal" Office. OCLC 25938498
United Kingdom
  • Gough, Paul. (2010). A Terrible Beauty: British Artists in the First World War. Bristol: Sansom and Company. ISBN 9781906593001; OCLC 559763485
  • Harries, Meirion and Suzie Harries. (1983). The War Artists: British Official War Art of the Twentieth Century. London: Michael Joseph. ISBN 9780718123147; OCLC 9888782
  • Harrington, Peter. (1983). British Artists and War: The Face of Battle in Paintings and Prints, 1700–1914. London: Greenhill. ISBN 9781853671579; OCLC 28708501
  • Haycock, David Boyd. (2009). A Crisis of Brilliance: Five Young British Artists and the Great War. London: Old Street Publishing. ISBN 9781905847846; OCLC 318876179
  • Hichberger, J.W.M. (1988). Images of the Army: The Military in British Art 1815–1914. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719025754; OCLC 17295891
  • Sillars, Stuart (1987). Art and Survival in First World War Britain. New York: St. Martins Press. ISBN 9780312005443; OCLC 14932245
  • Holme, Charles. (1918). The War Depicted by Distinguished British Artists. London: The Studio. OCLC 5081170
United States
  • Cornebise, Alfred. (1991). Art from the trenches: America's Uniformed Artists in World War I. College Station: Texas A & M University Press. ISBN 9780890963494; OCLC 22892632
  • Harrington, Peter, and Frederic A. Sharf. (1988). A Splendid Little War; The Spanish–American War, 1898; The Artists' Perspective. London: Greenhill. ISBN 9781853673160; OCLC 260112479
  • Chase Maenius. The Art of War[s]: Paintings of Heroes, Horrors and History. 2014. ISBN 978-1320309554

External links[]

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