Winter solstice

Winter solstice
At the Lawrence Hall of Science in California, visitors observe sunset on the day of the winter solstice using the Sunstones II.
Also called	the Longest Night
Observed by	Various cultures
Type	Cultural, astronomical
Significance	Astronomically marks the beginning of lengthening days and shortening nights
Celebrations	Festivals, spending time with loved ones, feasting, singing, dancing, fires
Date	about December 21 (NH) about June 21 (SH)
Frequency	Twice a year (once in the northern hemisphere, once in the southern hemisphere, six months apart)
Related to	Winter festivals and the solstice

The winter solstice, also called the hibernal solstice, occurs when either of Earth's poles reaches its maximum tilt away from the Sun. This happens twice yearly, once in each hemisphere (Northern and Southern). For that hemisphere, the winter solstice is the day with the shortest period of daylight and longest night of the year, when the Sun is at its lowest daily maximum elevation in the sky.^[3] Either pole experiences continuous darkness or twilight around its winter solstice. The opposite event is the summer solstice.

The winter solstice occurs during the hemisphere's winter. In the Northern Hemisphere, this is the December solstice (usually 21st or 22nd December) and in the Southern Hemisphere, this is the June solstice (usually 20th or 21st of June). Although the winter solstice itself lasts only a moment, the term also refers to the day on which it occurs. The term midwinter is also used synonymously with the winter solstice, although it carries other meanings as well. Traditionally, in many temperate regions, the winter solstice is seen as the middle of winter; although today in some countries and calendars it is seen as the beginning of winter. Other names are the "extreme of winter" (Dongzhi), or the "shortest day".

Since prehistory, the winter solstice has been a significant time of year in many cultures, and has been marked by festivals and rituals.^[4] It marked the symbolic death and rebirth of the Sun;^[5][6][7] the gradual waning of daylight hours is reversed and begins to grow again. Some ancient monuments such as Newgrange and Stonehenge are aligned with the sunrise or sunset on the winter solstice.

History and cultural significance[]

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Japanese Sun goddess Amaterasu emerging from a cave (by Kunisada)

Winter solstice occurs in December for the northern hemisphere, and June for the southern hemisphere.

The solstice may have been a special moment of the annual cycle for some cultures even during Neolithic times. Astronomical events were often used to guide activities, such as the mating of animals, the sowing of crops and the monitoring of winter reserves of food. Many cultural mythologies and traditions are derived from this.

This is attested by physical remains in the layouts of late Neolithic and Bronze Age archaeological sites, such as Stonehenge in England and Newgrange in Ireland. The primary axes of both of these monuments seem to have been carefully aligned on a sight-line pointing to the winter solstice sunrise (Newgrange) and the winter solstice sunset (Stonehenge). It is significant that at Stonehenge the Great Trilithon was oriented outwards from the middle of the monument, i.e. its smooth flat face was turned towards the midwinter Sun.^[8]

The winter solstice was immensely important because the people were economically dependent on monitoring the progress of the seasons. Starvation was common during the first months of the winter, January to April (northern hemisphere) or July to October (southern hemisphere), also known as "the famine months". In temperate climates, the midwinter festival was the last feast celebration, before deep winter began. Most cattle were slaughtered so they would not have to be fed during the winter, so it was almost the only time of year when a plentiful supply of fresh meat was available.^[9] The majority of wine and beer made during the year was finally fermented and ready for drinking at this time. The concentration of the observances were not always on the day commencing at midnight or at dawn, but at the beginning of the pagan day, which in many cultures fell on the previous eve.^{[citation needed]}

Because the event was seen as the reversal of the Sun's ebbing presence in the sky, concepts of the birth or rebirth of sun gods have been common.^{[citation needed]} In cultures which used cyclic calendars based on the winter solstice, the "year as reborn" was celebrated with reference to life-death-rebirth deities or "new beginnings" such as Hogmanay's redding, a New Year cleaning tradition.^{[citation needed]} Also "reversal" is yet another frequent theme, as in Saturnalia's slave and master reversals.

Indian[]

Makara Sankranti, also known as Makaraa Sankrānti (Sanskrit: मकर संक्रांति) or Maghi, is a festival day in the Hindu calendar, in reference to deity Surya (sun). It is observed each year in January.^[10] It marks the first day of Sun's transit into Makara (Capricorn), marking the end of the month with the winter solstice and the start of longer days.^[10][11] In India, this occasion, known as Ayan Parivartan (Sanskrit: अयन परिवर्तन), is celebrated by religious Hindus as a holy day, with Hindus performing customs such as bathing in holy rivers, giving alms and donations, praying to deities and doing other holy deeds.

Iranian[]

Iranian people celebrate the night of the Northern Hemisphere's winter solstice as, "Yalda night", which is known to be the "longest and darkest night of the year". Yalda night celebration, or as some call it "Shabe Chelleh" ("the 40th night"), is one of the oldest Iranian traditions that has been present in Persian culture from ancient times. In this night all the family gather together, usually at the house of the eldest, and celebrate it by eating, drinking and reciting poetry (esp. Hafez). Nuts, pomegranates and watermelons are particularly served during this festival.

East Asian[]

Sunlight directed through the 17 arches of Seventeen Arch Bridge, Summer Palace, Beijing around winter solstice

In East Asia, the winter solstice has been celebrated as one of the Twenty-four Solar Terms, called Dongzhi冬至 in Chinese. In Japan, in order not to catch cold in the winter, there is a custom to soak oneself in a yuzu hot bath (Japanese: 柚子湯 = Yuzuyu).^[12]

Judaic[]

An Aggadic legend found in tractate Avodah Zarah 8a puts forth the talmudic hypothesis that Adam first established the tradition of fasting before the winter solstice, and rejoicing afterward, which festival later developed into the Roman Saturnalia and Kalendae.

When the First Man saw that the day was continuously shortening, he said, "Woe is me! Because I have sinned, the world darkens around me, and returns to formlessless and void. This is the death to which Heaven has sentenced me!" He decided to spend eight days in fasting and prayer. When he saw the winter solstice, and he saw that the day was continuously lengthening, he said, "It is the order of the world!" He went and feasted for eight days. The following year, he feasted for both. He established them in Heaven's name, but they established them in the name of idolatry^[13]

Germanic[]

The pagan Scandinavian and Germanic people of northern Europe celebrate a winter holiday called Yule (also called Jul, Julblot, jólablót). The Heimskringla, written in the 13th century by the Icelander Snorri Sturluson, describes a Yule feast hosted by the Norwegian king Haakon the Good (c. 920–961). According to Snorri, the Christian Haakon had moved Yule from "midwinter" and aligned it with the Christian Christmas celebration. Historically, this has made some scholars believe that Yule originally was a sun festival on the winter solstice. Modern scholars generally do not believe this, as midwinter in medieval Iceland was a date about four weeks after the solstice.^[14]

Roman cult of Sol[]

Sol Invictus ("The Unconquered Sun/Invincible Sun") was originally a Syrian god who was later adopted as the chief god of the Roman Empire under Emperor Aurelian.^[15] His holiday is traditionally celebrated on December 25, as are several gods associated with the winter solstice in many pagan traditions.^[16] It has been speculated to be the reason behind Christmas' proximity to the solstice.^[17]

Observations[]

Although the instant of the solstice can be calculated,^[18] direct observation of the solstice by amateurs is impossible because the Sun moves too slowly or appears to stand still (the meaning of "solstice"). However, by use of astronomical data tracking, the precise timing of its occurrence is now public knowledge. One cannot directly detect the precise instant of the solstice (by definition, one cannot observe that an object has stopped moving until one later observes that it has not moved further from the preceding spot, or that it has moved in the opposite direction). Furthermore, to be precise to a single day, one must be able to observe a change in azimuth or elevation less than or equal to about 1/60 of the angular diameter of the Sun. Observing that it occurred within a two-day period is easier, requiring an observation precision of only about 1/16 of the angular diameter of the Sun. Thus, many observations are of the day of the solstice rather than the instant. This is often done by observing sunrise and sunset or using an astronomically aligned instrument that allows a ray of light to be cast on a certain point around that time. The earliest sunset and latest sunrise dates differ from winter solstice, however, and these depend on latitude, due to the variation in the solar day throughout the year caused by the Earth's elliptical orbit (see earliest and latest sunrise and sunset).

• 

  Sunlight entering the passage of Newgrange in Ireland on the winter solstice.

• 

  Neolithic site of Goseck circle in Germany. The yellow lines indicate the directions in which sunrise and sunset are seen on the day of the winter solstice.

• 

  Sunrise at Stonehenge in southern England on the winter solstice.

Holidays celebrated on the winter solstice[]

Other related festivals[]

• Saturnalia (Ancient Rome): Celebrated shortly before winter solstice
• Saint Lucy's Day (Christian): Used to coincide with the winter solstice day
• Christmas: Takes place shortly after winter solstice, absorbed tradition from winter solstice celebration. Speculated to originate from solstice date, see Christmas#Solstice date and Dies Natalis Solis Invicti
• Cold Food Festival (Korea, Greater China): 105 days after winter solstice
• Makar Sankranti / Pongal (India): Harvest Festival – Marks the end of the cold months and start of the new Month with longer days.

Length of the day near the northern winter solstice[]

The following tables contain information on the length of the day on December 22nd, close to the winter solstice of the Northern Hemisphere and the summer solstice of the Southern Hemisphere (i.e. December solstice). The data was collected from the website of the Finnish Meteorological Institute on 22 December 2015, as well as from certain other websites.^{[19][20][21][22][23][24]}

The data is arranged geographically and within the tables from the shortest day to the longest one.

The Nordic countries and the Baltic states
City	Sunrise 22 Dec 2015	Sunset 22 Dec 2015	Length of the day
Murmansk	—	—	0 h
Bodø	11:36	12:25	0 h 49 min
Rovaniemi	11:08	13:22	2 h 14 min
Luleå	9:55	13:04	3 h 08 min
Reykjavík	11:22	15:29	4 h 07 min
Trondheim	10:01	14:31	4 h 30 min
Tórshavn	9:51	14:59	5 h 08 min
Helsinki	9:24	15:13	5 h 49 min
Oslo	9:18	15:12	5 h 54 min
Tallinn	9:17	15:20	6 h 02 min
Stockholm	8:43	14:48	6 h 04 min
Riga	9:00	15:43	6 h 43 min
Copenhagen	8:37	15:38	7 h 01 min
Vilnius	8:40	15:54	7 h 14 min

Europe
City	Sunrise 22 Dec 2015	Sunset 22 Dec 2015	Length of the day
Edinburgh	8:42	15:40	6 h 57 min
Moscow	8:57	15:58	7 h 00 min
Berlin	8:15	15:54	7 h 39 min
Warsaw	7:43	15:25	7 h 42 min
London	8:04	15:53	7 h 49 min
Kyiv	7:56	15:56	8 h 00 min
Paris	8:41	16:56	8 h 14 min
Vienna	7:42	16:03	8 h 20 min
Budapest	7:28	15:55	8 h 26 min
Rome	7:34	16:42	9 h 07 min
Madrid	8:34	17:51	9 h 17 min
Lisbon	7:51	17:18	9 h 27 min
Athens	7:37	17:09	9 h 31 min

Africa
City	Sunrise 22 Dec 2015	Sunset 22 Dec 2015	Length of the day
Cairo	6:47	16:59	10 h 12 min
Tenerife	7:53	18:13	10 h 19 min
Dakar	7:30	18:46	11 h 15 min
Addis Ababa	6:35	18:11	11 h 36 min
Nairobi	6:25	18:37	12 h 11 min
Kinshasa	5:45	18:08	12 h 22 min
Dar es Salaam	6:05	18:36	12 h 31 min
Luanda	5:46	18:24	12 h 38 min
Antananarivo	5:10	18:26	13 h 16 min
Windhoek	6:04	19:35	13 h 31 min
Johannesburg	5:12	18:59	13 h 47 min
Cape Town	5:32	19:57	14 h 25 min

Middle East
City	Sunrise 22 Dec 2015	Sunset 22 Dec 2015	Length of the day
Tehran	7:10	16:55	9 h 44 min
Beirut	6:39	16:33	9 h 54 min
Baghdad	7:02	16:59	9 h 57 min
Jerusalem	6:35	16:39	10 h 04 min
Manama	6:21	16:51	10 h 30 min
Doha	6:15	16:49	10 h 34 min
Dubai	7:00	17:34	10 h 34 min
Riyadh	6:32	17:10	10 h 37 min
Muscat	6:43	17:23	10 h 41 min
Sana'a	6:25	17:38	11 h 13 min

Americas
City	Sunrise 22 Dec 2015	Sunset 22 Dec 2015	Length of the day
Inuvik	—	—	0 h
Fairbanks	10:58	14:40	3 h 41 min
Nuuk	10:22	14:28	4 h 06 min
Anchorage	10:14	15:42	5 h 27 min
Edmonton	8:48	16:15	7 h 27 min
Vancouver	8:05	16:16	8 h 11 min
Seattle	7:55	16:20	8 h 25 min
Ottawa	7:39	16:22	8 h 42 min
Toronto	7:48	16:43	8 h 55 min
New York City	7:16	16:32	9 h 15 min
Washington, D.C.	7:23	16:49	9 h 26 min
Los Angeles	6:55	16:48	9 h 53 min
Dallas	7:25	17:25	9 h 59 min
Miami	7:03	17:35	10 h 31 min
Honolulu	7:04	17:55	10 h 50 min
Mexico City	7:06	18:03	10 h 57 min
Managua	6:01	17:26	11 h 24 min
Bogotá	5:59	17:50	11 h 51 min
Quito	6:08	18:16	12 h 08 min
Recife	5:00	17:35	12 h 35 min
Lima	5:41	18:31	12 h 50 min
La Paz	5:57	19:04	13 h 06 min
Rio de Janeiro	6:04	19:37	13 h 33 min
São Paulo	6:17	19:52	13 h 35 min
Porto Alegre	6:20	20:25	14 h 05 min
Santiago	6:29	20:52	14 h 22 min
Buenos Aires	5:37	20:06	14 h 28 min
Ushuaia	4:51	22:11	17 h 19 min

Asia-Pacific
City	Sunrise 22 Dec 2015	Sunset 22 Dec 2015	Length of the day
Magadan	8:54	14:55	6 h 00 min
Petropavlovsk	9:36	17:10	7 h 33 min
Khabarovsk	8:48	17:07	8 h 18 min
Ulaanbaatar	8:39	17:02	8 h 22 min
Vladivostok	8:40	17:40	8 h 59 min
Beijing	7:32	16:52	9 h 20 min
Seoul	7:44	17:17	9 h 34 min
Tokyo	6:47	16:31	9 h 44 min
Shanghai	6:48	16:55	10 h 07 min
Lhasa	8:46	19:01	10 h 14 min
Delhi	7:09	17:28	10 h 19 min
Hong Kong	6:58	17:44	10 h 46 min
Manila	6:16	17:32	11 h 15 min
Bangkok	6:36	17:55	11 h 19 min
Singapore	7:01	19:04	12 h 03 min
Jakarta	5:36	18:05	12 h 28 min
Denpasar	5:58	18:36	12 h 37 min
Darwin	6:19	19:10	12 h 51 min
Papeete	5:21	18:32	13 h 10 min
Brisbane	4:49	18:42	13 h 52 min
Perth	5:07	19:22	14 h 14 min
Sydney	5:41	20:05	14 h 24 min
Auckland	5:58	20:39	14 h 41 min
Melbourne	5:54	20:42	14 h 47 min
Invercargill	5:50	21:39	15 h 48 min

Length of day increases from the equator towards the South Pole in the Southern Hemisphere in December (around the summer solstice there), but decreases towards the North Pole in the Northern Hemisphere at the time of the northern winter solstice.

See also[]

References[]

Further reading[]

• Macphail, Cameron (20 December 2015). "Winter solstice 2015: Everything you need to know about the shortest day of the year". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 18 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
• Handwerk, Brian (2015-12-21). "Everything You Need to Know About the Winter Solstice". National Geographic. Retrieved 2015-12-21.

External links[]

• Table of times/dates from 1600–2400