Yemaek

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Yemaek
Hangul
예맥
Hanja
Revised RomanizationYemaek
McCune–ReischauerYemaek

Yemaek or Yamaek (Korean pronunciation: [jemɛk]) were an ancient tribal group in the northern Korean Peninsula and Manchuria who are regarded by many scholars as the ancestors of modern Koreans.[1][2] They had ancestral ties to various Korean kingdoms including Gojoseon, Buyeo, Goguryeo, and tribes including Okjeo, Dongye(Ye), Yangmaek (양맥; 梁貊) and Sosumaek (소수맥; 小水貊).

History[]

Yemaek is believed to be a combination of Ye (濊·穢·薉) and Maek (貊·貉) people of two neighboring cultures.[3] The main culture is the Seodansan culture. He Qiutao (何秋涛) said Ye is the short name of Buyeo.[4] Dongye first appears in history as a vassal state of Gojoseon until its fall to China in 108 BC.[5] It was known as the Huiyetou (穢邪頭) state in Shuowen Jiezi.[6][7] It later became a vassal of the increasingly powerful Goguryeo. According to the Chinese Records of Three Kingdoms, Ye worshiped tigers,[8] whereas the Chinese characters 貊 (OC ZS *mɡraːɡ) & 貉 (OC *mbraːɡ), which were used to transcribe Maek, were sometimes also used to as a homophonic phonetic loan character to write 貘 (OC *mraːɡ), which means "white leopard" according to Erya;[9] yet Guo Pu's commentary indicates that 貘 means a kind of bear,[10] now identified as the giant panda since 1970s.[11] Gomnaru, the capital of Baekje, also means the "bear port". Historians suggest tigers and bears may have been totems worshiped by Ye and Maek tribes.

A recent study considers the ancestor of Maek(貊) to be Bal(發). According to Records of the Grand Historian, the Bal were adjacent to Shanrong and Sushen. According to Guanzi, Bal-Joseon sold patterned fur skins and visited the Royal Court. In Yi Zhou Shu, there are Ye and Bal in the book, but there are no Maek. According to this, at least Bal and Gojoseon are believed to have lived in adjacent areas. [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]

In 705 BC, Shanrong(山戎) carried out the plunder based on the Guzhu (孤竹國) between the Yan, Qi and Zhao kingdoms. However, it was defeated by the allied forces of the Yan and Qi of 660 BC and pushed northward. There were numerous northern peoples within the Shanrong Alliance for plunder, one of which was the Bal(發). This seems to be why Goguryeo people think they came from Guzhu(孤竹國). [17] [18] After the Gojoseon–Yan War and Han conquest of Gojoseon, Bal(發) who is from north of Gojoseon is thought to move east and become a Maek family.

Several history books suggest Gojoseon, the first Korean kingdom in history, was established by the Yemaek.[19][20]

  • In Dangun's ancestry legend of Gojoseon recorded in Samguk Yusa, a tiger and a bear prayed to Hwanung that they may become human but had to stay in a cave eating only garlic and mugwort, and while the tiger shortly gave up and left the cave, the bear remained and after 21 days was transformed into a woman who later married Hwanung and then gave birth to Dangun Wanggeom,[21] which is believed to symbolize combination of Ye and Maek tribes into one Yemaek tribe.[22]
  • Tombstone of Yeon Namsan (연남산) found in Luoyang says Yeon, son of Goguryeo's leader Yeon Gaesomun, is a Joseon person.[23]
  • According to Shiji records, to the east of Xiongnu were Yemaek and Gojoseon.[24]

Language[]

Main articles: Ye-Maek language and Koguryoic languages

There have been some academic attempts to recover Yemaek words based on the fragments of toponyms recorded in the Samguk Sagi for the areas once possessed by Goguryeo and Buyeo-Baekje.[relevant?]

Legacy[]

According to Samguk Sagi, Silla was established as a confederacy of six clans composed of Joseon refugees,[25] and the Royal Seal of Ye (예왕지인; 濊王之印), previously used by Buyeo's kings, was found in Silla in 19 AD and presented for King Namhae of Silla.[26]

It is estimated that the replacement of the Yemaek and Gojoseon language, which is a superior position in the existing three kingdoms, was accelerated by the southward movement of northern people in the late 3rd century.[27]

The Yemaek culture can be seen as ancestral to the modern Culture of Korea as well as to the various kingdoms in Korea and parts of northeastern China.[28]

The historian Sang-Yil Kim claims that the Koreanic Yemaek tribe did also influence the early Chinese culture. He suggests that the Yemaek tribe had a large cultural impact on East Asia and that at least some of the Dongyi were of proto-Korean origin.[29]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Pai, Hyung Il (2000). Constructing "Korean" Origins: A Critical Review of Archaeology, Historiography, and Racial Myth in Korean State-formation Theories. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 86. ISBN 9780674002449. As the first "Koreans", the Yemaek are considered responsible for the formation of Tan'gun's kingdom of Kochoson
  2. ^ Xu, Stella Yingzi (2007). That Glorious Ancient History of Our Nation: The Contested Re-readings of "Korea" in Early Chinese Historical Records and Their Legacy on the Formation of Korean-ness. Ann Arbor. p. 220. ISBN 9780549440369. ProQuest 304872860. The majority of the Kija Choson and Wiman Choson people were Yemaek, the ancestors of the Korean people
  3. ^ 关于东北古代史研究的几个问题
  4. ^ 民族探幽：夫余与秽貊
  5. ^ [1]
  6. ^ the Investigation about the Hui Country
  7. ^ 說文解字第十一篇下
  8. ^ Chen Shou,Records of Three Kingdoms, Volume 30, Weizhi, Chapter 30, Dongyizhuan, "常用十月節祭天，晝夜飲酒歌舞，名之爲舞天，又祭虎以爲神"
  9. ^ Erya, Elucidation on the Beasts quote: "貘，白豹。"
  10. ^ Erya: Commentated and Clarified Ch. 10 - 貘 quote "似熊，小頭庳腳，黑白駁，能舐食銅鐵及竹骨。骨節強直。中實少髓，皮辟濕，或曰豹白色者別名貘。" Translation by Harper (2013) "Resembles a bear, with a small head, short legs, mixed black and white; able to lick and consume iron, copper, and bamboo joints; its bones are strong and solid within, having little marrow; and its pelt can repel dampness. Some say that a white-colored leopard has the separate name mo. "
  11. ^ Harper, Donald. "The Cultural History of the Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in Early China" Early China 35/36 (2012): 185-224. Accessed August 12, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24392405.
  12. ^ Records of the Grand Historian(史記) > 南撫交阯北發, 西戎 析枝渠廋氐羌 北山 戎發息愼東長鳥夷
  13. ^ Guanzi(管子) > 桓公問管子曰 吾聞 海內玉幣有七筴 可 得以聞乎 管子對曰 陰山之礌礝 一筴也 燕之紫山白金 筴也 發朝鮮之文皮 筴也
  14. ^ Yi Zhou Shu(逸周書) > 稷愼大麈穢人前兒... 發人麃麃者 若鹿迅 走/孔晁注: 發亦東 北夷
  15. ^ 엄순천. 2019, "山戎과 發의 종족정체성 및 알타이계, 고아시아계 종족과의 상관관계분석", 동양문화연구, vol.31, pp.77-106. Available from: doi:10.22863/eacs.2019.31..77
  16. ^ : The Analysis of the Ethnic Identity of Sanjung(山戎) and Pal(發) and the Correlation with Altaic and Paleoasiatic Tribes
  17. ^ Samguk yusa(三國遺事) 卷 第一 紀異第一 古朝鮮王儉朝鮮 > 唐裵矩傳云, 高麗本孤竹國 周以封箕子爲朝鮮
  18. ^ Book of Sui(隋書) Volume67 裵矩傳 > 高麗之地 本孤竹國也 周代以之封于箕子 漢世分爲三郡 晉氏亦統遼東
  19. ^ 한국민족문화대백과(한국학중앙연구원 편집) 참조
  20. ^ It is a problematic hypothesis to regard the ethnic composition of Gojoseon as a Yemaek tribe. As can be seen from the legend about Gojoseon, a tribe that uses bears as totem settled, but a tribe that uses tigers as totem did not.
  21. ^ Il-yeon, Samguk Yusa, Vol.1, Giyi Chapter I, [2]
  22. ^ Hankyore, 'Why are Korean more familiar with tigers than with bears?', Dec 21, 2008
  23. ^ [3]
  24. ^ Sima Qian,Records of the Grand Historian, Vol.110, Xiongnu Liezhuan,"諸左方王將居東方，直上穀以往者，東接穢貉、朝鮮"
  25. ^ Kim Bu-sik, Samguk Sagi, Silla Bongi, Vol.1, "先是朝鮮遺民分居山谷之間爲六村"[4]
  26. ^ Kim Bu-sik, Samguk Sagi, Silla Bongi, Vol.1, "春二月 北溟人耕田 得濊王印獻之"[5]
  27. ^ a series of displaced peoples southward movements following the Wei invasion to Goguryeo in 242, Xianbei invasion to Buyeo in 285, fall of Lelang in 313
  28. ^ Son, Chang-Hee (2000). Haan (han, Han) of Minjung Theology and Han (han, Han) of Han Philosophy: In the Paradigm of Process Philosophy and Metaphysics of Relatedness. University Press of America. ISBN 9780761818601.
  29. ^ Son, Chang-Hee (2000). Haan (han, Han) of Minjung Theology and Han (han, Han) of Han Philosophy: In the Paradigm of Process Philosophy and Metaphysics of Relatedness. University Press of America. ISBN 9780761818601.
Retrieved from ""