Zaidiyyah

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Zaidiyyah or Zaydiyyah (Arabic: الزيدية‎ az-zaydiyya, adjective form Zaydi), occasionally known as Fiver Shias, is a major branch of Shia Islam. The sect is closest in terms of theology to the Ibadi and Mutazila schools. Zaidiyyah emerged in the eighth century from Shi'a Islam.[1] Zaidis are named after Zayd ibn ʻAlī, the grandson of Husayn ibn ʻAlī and the son of the fourth Imam Ali ibn 'Husain.[1]

Followers of the Zaydi Islamic jurisprudence are called Zaydi Shia and make up about 25% of Muslims in Yemen, with the greatest majority of Shia Muslims in that country being of the Zaydi school of thought.[2][3]

Origin[]

The Zaydi madhab emerged in reverence of Zayd's failed uprising against the Umayyad Caliph, Hisham (ruling 724–743 AD), which set a precedent for revolution against corrupt rulers. It might be said that Zaydis find it difficult to remain passive in an unjust world, or in the words of a modern influential Zaydi leader, Hussein Badreddin al-Houthi, to "sit in their houses".[4]

Zaydis are the oldest branch of the Shia and are currently the second largest group after Twelvers. Zaidis do not believe in the infallibility of Imāms, not ascribing them with any supernatural qualities, but promote their leadership.[5] Zaydis believe that Zayd ibn Ali in his last hour was betrayed by the people in Kufa. Zaydis as of 2014 constitute roughly 0.5% of the world's Muslim population.

Law[]

In matters of Islamic jurisprudence, the Zaydis follow Zayd ibn ’Ali's teachings which are documented in his book (Arabic: مجموع الفِقه‎). Zaydi fiqh is similar to the Hanafi school of Sunni Islamic jurisprudence.[6] Abu Hanifa, a Sunni madhab shaykh, was favorable and even donated towards the Zaydi cause.[7] Zaidis dismiss religious dissimulation (taqiyya).[1]

Theology[]

In matters of theology, the Zaydis are close to the Mu'tazili school, though they are not exactly Mu'tazilite. There are a few issues between both schools, most notably the Zaydi doctrine of the Imamate, which is rejected by the Mu'tazilites. Of the Shi'a sects, Zaydi fiqh is most similar to the Hanafi[8] since Zaydism shares similar doctrines and jurisprudential opinions with those scholars.[how?][9]

Zaydis’ theological literature puts an emphasis on justice and human responsibility, and its political implications, i.e. Muslims have an ethical and legal obligation by their religion to rise up and depose unjust leaders including unrighteous sultans and caliphs.[10]

Beliefs[]

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In the context of the Shi'a belief in spiritual leadership or Imamate, Zaydis believe that the leader of the Ummah or Muslim community must be Fatimids: descendants of Muhammad through his only surviving daughter Fatimah, whose sons were Hasan ibn ʻAlī and Husayn ibn ʻAlī. These Shi'a called themselves Zaydi to differentiate themselves from other Shias who refused to take up arms with Zayd ibn Ali.

Zaydis believe Zayd ibn Ali was the rightful successor to the Imamate because he led a rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate, who he believed were tyrannical and corrupt. Muhammad al-Baqir did not engage in political action and the followers of Zayd believed that a true Imām must fight against corrupt rulers.[11] The renowned Muslim jurist Abu Hanifa, who is with founding the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam, delivered a fatwā or legal statement in favour of Zayd in his rebellion against the Umayyad ruler. He also urged people in secret to join the uprising and delivered funds to Zayd.[12]

Unlike the Twelver and Isma'ili Shia, Zaydis do not believe in the infallibility of Imāms[5][13][14] and do not believe that the Imāmate must pass from father to son but believe it can be held by any descendant of Hasan ibn ʻAlī or Husayn ibn ʻAlī.

History[]

Further information: Battle of Fakhkh and Alid revolt of 762–763

Status of Caliphs and the Sahaba[]

There was a difference of opinion among the companions and supporters of Zayd ibn 'Ali, such as Abu al-Jarud Ziyad ibn Abi Ziyad, Sulayman ibn Jarir, Kathir al-Nawa al-Abtar and Hasan ibn Salih, concerning the status of the first three Caliphs who succeeded to the political and administrative authority of Muhammad. The earliest group, called Jarudiyya (named for Abu al-Jarud Ziyad ibn Abi Ziyad), was opposed to the approval of certain companions of Muhammad. They held that there was sufficient description given by the Prophet that all should have recognised 'Ali as the rightful Caliph. They therefore consider the Companions wrong in failing to recognise 'Ali as the legitimate Caliph and deny legitimacy to Abu Bakr, 'Umar and 'Uthman; however, they avoid accusing them.

The Jarudiyya were active during the late Umayyad Caliphate and early Abbasid Caliphate. Its views, although predominant among the later Zaydis, especially in Yemen under the Hadawi sub-sect, became extinct in Iraq and Iran due to forced conversion of the present religious sects to Twelver Shi'ism by the Safavid Dynasty.[15][16]

The second group, the Sulaymaniyya, named for Sulayman ibn Jarir, held that the Imamate should be a matter to be decided by consultation. They felt that the companions, including Abu Bakr and 'Umar, had been in error in failing to follow 'Ali but it did not amount to sin.[citation needed]

The third group is known as the Tabiriyya, Batriyya or Salihiyya for Kathir an-Nawa al-Abtar and Hasan ibn Salih. Their beliefs are virtually identical to those of the Sulaymaniyya, except they see Uthman also as in error but not in sin.[17]

Non-Zaidi accounts state the term Rafida was a term used by Zayd ibn Ali on those who rejected him in his last hours for his refusal to condemn the first two Caliphs of the Muslim world, Abu Bakr and Umar.[18] Zayd bitterly scolds the "rejectors" (Rafidha) who deserted him, an appellation used by Salafis to refer to Twelver Shi'ites to this day.[19]

A group of their leaders assembled in his (Zayd's presence) and said: "May God have mercy on you! What do you have to say on the matter of Abu Bakr and Umar?" Zayd said, "I have not heard anyone in my family renouncing them both nor saying anything but good about them...when they were entrusted with government they behaved justly with the people and acted according to the Qur'an and the Sunnah"[20]

Twelver Shia references to Zayd[]

While not one of the 12 Imams embraced by the Twelver denomination and current largest branch of Shi'ite Islam, Zayd ibn Ali features in historical accounts within Twelver literature in a positive light.

In Twelver Shia accounts, Imam Ali al-Ridha narrated how his grandfather Ja'far al-Sadiq also supported Zayd ibn Ali's struggle:

he was one of the scholars from the Household of Muhammad and got angry for the sake of the Honorable the Exalted God. He fought with the enemies of God until he got killed in His path. My father Musa ibn Ja’far narrated that he had heard his father Ja’far ibn Muhammad say, "May God bless my uncle Zayd... He consulted with me about his uprising and I told him, "O my uncle! Do this if you are pleased with being killed and your corpse being hung up from the gallows in the al-Konasa neighborhood." After Zayd left, As-Sadiq said, "Woe be to those who hear his call but do not help him!".

— Uyūn Akhbār al-Riḍā,[21] p. 466

Jafar al-Sadiq's love for Zayd ibn Ali was so immense, he broke down and cried upon reading the letter informing him of his death and proclaimed:

From God we are and to Him is our return. I ask God for my reward in this calamity. He was a really good uncle. My uncle was a man for our world and for our Hereafter. I swear by God that my uncle is a martyr just like the martyrs who fought along with God’s Prophet or Ali or Al-Hassan or Al-Hussein

— Uyūn akhbār al-Riḍā,[21] p. 472

Empires[]

Justanids[]

The Justanids (Persian: جستانیان‎) were the rulers of a part of Daylam (the mountainous district of Gilan) from 791 to the late 11th-century. After Marzuban ibn Justan converted to Islam in 805, the ancient family of Justan's became connected to the Zaydi Alids of the Daylam region. The Justanids adopted the Zaydi form of Shi'ism.

Karkiya dynasty[]

The Karkiya dynasty, or Kia dynasty, was a Zaydi Shia dynasty which ruled over Bia pish (eastern Gilan) from the 1370s to 1592. They claimed Sasanian ancestry as well.

Alid dynasty[]

Alid dynasty of Tabaristan. See Alid dynasties of northern Iran.

Idrisid dynasty[]

Extent of Zaydi dynasty in North Africa.

The Idrisid dynasty was a Zaydi dynasty centered around modern-day Morocco. It was named after its first leader Idris I.

Banu Ukhaidhir[]

The Banu Ukhaidhir was a dynasty that ruled in al-Yamamah (central Arabia) from 867 to at least the mid-eleventh century.

Hammudid dynasty[]

The Hammudid dynasty was a Zaydi dynasty in the 11th century in southern Spain.

Muttawakili[]

Zaydi regions in red.

Muttawakili Kingdom, also known as the Kingdom of Yemen or, retrospectively, as North Yemen, existed between 1918 and 1962 in the northern part of what is now Yemen. Its capital was Sana`a until 1948, then Ta'izz.

Community and former States[]

Since the earliest form of Zaydism was Jaroudiah,[17] many of the first Zaidi states were supporters of its position, such as those of the Iranian Alavids of Mazandaran Province and the Buyid dynasty of Gilan Province and the Arab dynasties of the Banu Ukhaidhir[citation needed] of al-Yamama (modern Saudi Arabia) and the Rassids of Yemen. The Idrisid dynasty in the western Maghreb were another Arab[22] Zaydi[23][24][25][26][27][28] dynasty, ruling 788–985.

The Alavids established a Zaydi state in Deylaman and Tabaristan (northern Iran) in 864;[29] it lasted until the death of its leader at the hand of the Sunni Samanids in 928. Roughly forty years later, the state was revived in Gilan (Northwest Iran) and survived until 1126.

From the 12th-13th centuries, Zaydi communities acknowledged the Imams of Yemen or rival Imams within Iran.[30]

The Buyid dynasty was initially Zaidi[31] as were the Banu Ukhaidhir rulers of al-Yamama in the 9th and 10th centuries.[32]

The leader of the Zaidi community took the title of Caliph. As such, the ruler of Yemen was known as the Caliph. Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya, a descendant of Imam Hasan ibn Ali, founded this Rassid state at Sa'da, al-Yaman, in c. 893–7. The Rassid Imamate continued until the middle of the 20th century, when a 1962 revolution deposed the Imam. After the fall of the Zaydi Imamate in 1962 many[citation needed] Zaydi Shia in northern Yemen had converted to Sunni Islam.[33][dubious – discuss]

The Rassid state was founded under Jarudiyya thought;[6] however, increasing interactions with Hanafi and Shafi'i schools of Sunni Islam led to a shift to Sulaimaniyyah thought, especially among the Hadawi sub-sect.

In the 21st century, the most prominent Zaidi movement is the Shabab Al Mu'mineen, commonly known as Houthis, who have been engaged in an uprising against the Yemeni Government in which the Army has lost 743 men and thousands of innocent civilians have been killed or displaced by government forces and Houthi, causing a grave humanitarian crisis in north Yemen.[34][35]

Some Persian and Arab legends record that Zaidis fled to China from the Umayyads during the 8th century.[36]

Houthi Yemen[]

Main article: Houthis

Since 2004 in Yemen, Zaidi fighters have been waging an uprising against factions belonging to the Sunni majority group in the country. The Houthis, as they are often called, have asserted that their actions are for the defense of their community from the government and discrimination, though the Yemeni government in turn accused them of wishing to bring it down and institute religious law.[37]

On 21 September 2014, an agreement was signed in Sana'a under UN patronage essentially giving the Houthis control of the government after a decade of conflict.[38] Tribal militias then moved swiftly to consolidate their position in the capital, with the group officially declaring direct control over the state on 6 February 2015.[39] This outcome followed the removal of Yemen's President Ali Abdullah Saleh in 2012 in the wake of protracted Arab Spring protests. Saudi Arabia has exercised the predominant external influence in Yemen since the withdrawal of Nasser's Egyptian expeditionary force marking the end of the bitter North Yemen Civil War.[40][41][42]

There is a wide array of domestic opponents to Houthi rule in Yemen, ranging from the conservative Sunni Islah Party to the secular socialist Southern Movement to the radical Islamists of Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula and now ISIS in Yemen.[43][44][45]

Imams of Zaidis[]

Further information: Imams of Yemen

Timeline indicating Zaidi Imams amongst other Shia Imams:

Zaydi (early period) Imams as listed in Al-Masaabeeh fee As-Seerah by Ahmad bin Ibrahim:

  1. Ali ibn Abi Talib
  2. Al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib
  3. Al-Husayn ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib
  4. Ali Zayn al-Abidin ibn Al-Husayn ibn Ali
  5. Hasan al-Muthana ibn Al-Hasan ibn Ali
  6. Zayd ibn Ali ibn Al-Husayn
  7. Yahya ibn Zayd ibn Ali
  8. Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Hasan al-Muthana
  9. Ibrahim ibn Abdullah ibn Hasan al-Muthana
  10. Abdullah ibn Muhammad ibn Abdullah
  11. Al-Hasan ibn Ibrahim ibn Abdullah
  12. Al-Husayn ibn Ali ibn Hasan al-Muthalath ibn Hasan al-Muthana
  13. Isa ibn Zayd ibn Ali
  14. Yahya ibn Abdullah ibn Hasan Al-Muthana
  15. Idris I ibn Abdullah ibn Hasan al-Muthana
  16. Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Isma'il ibn Ibrahim ibn Hasan al-Muthana
  17. Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Zayd
  18. Muhammad ibn Sulayman ibn Dawud ibn Hasan Al-Muthana
  19. Al-Qasim ibn Ibrahim ibn Isma'il
  20. Yahya ibn Al-Husayn ibn Al-Qasim ibn Ibrahim
  21. Muhammad ibn Yahya ibn Al-Husayn
  22. Ahmad ibn Yahya ibn Al-Husayn
  23. Al-Hasan ibn Ahmad ibn Yahya
  24. Yahya ibn Umar ibn Yahya ibn Al-Husayn
  25. Al-Hasan ibn Zayd ibn Muhammad ibn Isma'il ibn Hasan
  26. Muhammad ibn Zayd ibn Muhammad
  27. Al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Umar al-Ashraf ibn Ali
  28. Hasan ibn Al-Qasim or Abu Muhammad Hasan ibn Qasim
  29. Ahmad ibn Hasan or Abu 'l-Husayn Ahmad ibn Hasan
  30. Ja'far ibn Hasan or Abu 'l-Qasim Ja'far ibn Hasan
  31. Muhammad ibn Ahmad or Abu Ali Muhammad ibn Ahmad
  32. Husayn ibn Ahmad or Abu Ja'far Husayn ibn Ahmad
  33. Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Ukhaidhir ibn Ibrahim ibn Musa ibn Abdullah ibn Hasan al-Muthana
  34. Yusuf ibn Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Ukhaidir
  35. Isma'il ibn Yusuf ibn Muhammad
  36. Al-Hasan ibn Yusuf ibn Muhammad
  37. Ahmad ibn Al-Hasan ibn Yusuf
  38. Abu 'l-Muqallid Ja'far ibn Ahmad ibn Al-Hasan
  39. Idris II ibn Idris I
  40. Muhammad ibn Idris II
  41. Ali I ibn Muhammad
  42. Yahya I ibn Muhammad
  43. Yahya II ibn Yahya I
  44. Ali II ibn Umar ibn Idris II
  45. Yahya III ibn Al-Qasim ibn Idris II
  46. Yahya IV ibn Idris ibn Umar ibn Idris II
  47. Al-Hasan I ibn Muhammad ibn Al-Qasim ibn Idris II
  48. Al-Qasim Guennoun ibn Muhammad ibn Al-Qasim ibn Idris II
  49. Abul-Aish Ahmad ibn Al-Qasim Guennoun
  50. Al-Hasan II ibn Al-Qasim Guennoun

See also[]

References[]

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  4. ^ Abdullah, Lux (Summer 2009). "Yemen's last Zaydi Imam: the shabab al-mu'min, the Malazim, and hizb allah in the thought of Husayn Badr al-Din al-Huthi". Contemporary Arab Affairs. 2 (3): 369–434. doi:10.1080/17550910903106084.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Robinson, Francis (1984). Atlas of the Islamic World Since 1500. New York: Facts on File. p. 47. ISBN 0871966298.
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  7. ^ The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, Page 14, Gerhard Böwering, Patricia Crone, Mahan Mirza - 2012
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  12. ^ Ahkam al-Quran By Abu Bakr al-Jassas al-Razi, volume 1 page 100, published by Dar Al-Fikr Al-Beirutiyya
  13. ^ "Zaidiyyah". The Free Dictionary.
  14. ^ John Pike
  15. ^ Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution. Nikki R Keddie, Yann Richard, pp. 13, 20
  16. ^ Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Steven R Ward, pg.43
  17. ^ Jump up to: a b Article by Sayyid 'Ali ibn 'Ali Al-Zaidi, At-tarikh as-saghir 'an ash-shia al-yamaniyeen (Arabic: التاريخ الصغير عن الشيعة اليمنيين, A short History of the Yemenite Shi‘ites), 2005 Referencing: Momen, p.50, 51. and S.S. Akhtar Rizvi, "Shi'a Sects"
  18. ^ The Waning of the Umayyad Caliphate by Tabarī, Carole Hillenbrand, 1989, p37
  19. ^ The Encyclopedia of Religion Vol.16, Mircea Eliade, Charles J. Adams, Macmillan, 1987, p243. "They were called "Rafida by the followers of Zayd...the term became a pejorative nickname among Sunni Muslims, who used it, however to refer to the Imamiyah's repudiation of the first three caliphs preceding Ali..."
  20. ^ The waning of the Umayyad caliphate by Tabarī, Carole Hillenbrand, 1989, p37, p38
    The Encyclopedia of Religion Vol.16, Mircea Eliade, Charles J. Adams, Macmillan, 1987, p243.
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  22. ^ Hodgson, Marshall (1961), Venture of Islam, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 262
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  24. ^ "حين يكتشف المغاربة أنهم كانوا شيعة وخوارج قبل أن يصبحوا مالكيين !". Hespress.com. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
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  29. ^ Article by Sayyid 'Ali ibn 'Ali Al-Zaidi, At-tarikh as-saghir 'an ash-shia al-yamaniyeen (Arabic: التاريخ الصغير عن الشيعة اليمنيين, A short History of the Yemenite Shi‘ites), 2005 Referencing: Iranian Influence on Moslem Literature
  30. ^ Article by Sayyid 'Ali ibn 'Ali Al-Zaidi, At-tarikh as-saghir 'an ash-shia al-yamaniyeen (Arabic: التاريخ الصغير عن الشيعة اليمنيين, A short History of the Yemenite Shi‘ites), 2005 Referencing: Encyclopedia Iranica
  31. ^ Walker, Paul Ernest (1999), Hamid Al-Din Al-Kirmani: Ismaili Thought in the Age of Al-Hakim, Ismaili Heritage Series, 3, London; New York: I.B. Tauris in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies, p. 13, ISBN 978-1-86064-321-7
  32. ^ Madelung, W. "al-Uk̲h̲ayḍir." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Online. 7 December 2007 [1]
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  38. ^ Hamdan Al-Rahbi (26 October 2014). "Houthis secure six ministerial portfolios in new Yemeni cabinet". ASharq Al-Awsat. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  39. ^ "Yemen's Shia rebels finalize coup, vow to dissolve parliament". The Globe and Mail. 6 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
  40. ^ "Yemeni government reaches agreement with Shia Houthi rebels". The Guardian. 21 September 2014. Archived from the original on 22 September 2014.
  41. ^ al-Zarqa, Ahmed (22 September 2014). "Yemen: Saudi Arabia recognizes new balance of power in Sanaa as Houthis topple Muslim Brothers". Al-Akhbar. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  42. ^ "Yemen 'Coup' A Sign Of Expanding Iranian Influence In the Middle East". International Business Times. 22 January 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
  43. ^ "ISIS gaining ground in Yemen". CNN. 21 January 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  44. ^ "After takeover, Yemen's Shiite rebels criticized over 'coup'". The Washington Post. 7 February 2015. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  45. ^ "Shiite leader in Yemen says coup protects from al Qaeda". Business Insider. 7 February 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2015.

Further reading[]

  • Cornelis van Arendonk: Les débuts de l'imamat zaidite au Yemen, Leyden, Brill 1960 (in French)

External links[]


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