Zawiya Dila'iya

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Zaouia of Dila
1537–1668
State of fragmentation of Morocco after the assassination of the last Saadian sultan (Zaouia of Dila in yellow)
State of fragmentation of Morocco after the assassination of the last Saadian sultan (Zaouia of Dila in yellow)
Common languagesBerber (Lisan al-Gharbi)
Religion
Official : Islam-influenced traditional (adopted by 12 tribes)
Other : Islam (Khariji)(adopted by 17 tribes)
GovernmentMonarchy
Tribal confederacy
(29 tribes)
• 1537
• 1659
Mohammed al-Hajj ibn Abu Bakr al-Dila'i
Historical eraMiddle Ages
• Established
1537
• Disestablished
1668

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History of Morocco
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Prehistoric
Early Islamic
(8th–10th century AD)
Territorial fragmentation
(10th–11th century AD)
Decline
(beginning 19th century AD)
Protectorate
(1912–56)
  • Treaty of Fez
  • French protectorate
  • Spanish protectorate
Modern
(1956-present)
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The Zawiya Dila'iya[1] (Arabic: الزاوية الدلائية, Berber languages: Ait Idilla) or Zaouia of Dila was a Sufi brotherhood, centred in the Middle Atlas range of Morocco.

Origin[]

It was founded by Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad al-Majjati al-Sanhaji (1537–1612),[2] a Sanhaja Berber of the Mjjat tribe,[3] a branch of the Ait Idrassen confederation.[4] He was a follower of the famous mystic Muhammad al-Jazuli. The ruins of the town of Dila are situated just south of the city of Khenifra.[citation needed]

Under the leadership of Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr, the brotherhood was able to establish itself in the Berber territory of the Middle Atlas and High Atlas mountain ranges.[5] From 1637 onwards, the brotherhood started with the conquest of large parts of northern Morocco. By 1641, they had conquered Meknes, Fes and the port of Salé; from where a rival marabout, al-Ayachi, was expelled, and assassinated on 30 April 1641.[6][7] In Fes, the Saadi family was expelled and Muhammad al-Hajj (1635–1688) was proclaimed sultan.[8]

Rise in power[]

At the beginning of Zouia following the period of anarchy which followed the death of the Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur in 1603 and the accession to the throne of Moulay Zidane in 1613 , several regions of Morocco escape the control of the central power saadien:[9]

  • the Souss, until Draa River, under the control of the  [fr] by Aboulhasen Ali ben Mohammed Essoussi Essemlali;
  • the plains of the northwest, from the Atlantic coast to Taza, controlled by the marabout El-Ayachi;
  • the Republic of Salé, erected as an independent state by the Moriscos;
  • Tetouan, city-state governed by the Naqsis family;
  • the Tafilalet, under the control of the Alaouites.

The zaouïa of Dila then appears, under the impetus of Muhammad al-Hajj,since its foundation, as a movement combining spirituality and politics, mixing the ideology of holiness and with aspirations for power by the Berbers. It will take advantage of the weakness of Saadian power and the fragmentation of the country to extend its influence and control over several towns and regions in the north and center of Morocco.[10]

Peak[]

The Zaouia of Dila reached its peak in the middle of the 17th century, after having ordered the assassination[11] of El-Ayachi in 1641, expanding its influence on the cities of Fez, Tetouan and Ksar el-Kebir and on Republic of Salé, as well as on the plains of the north-west and the corridor of Taza to the Moulouya.[12]

Mohammed al-Hajj, head of the zaouia, thus governs Fez since 1641[13] and was proclaimed Sultan there in 1659, following the death of the last Saadian Sultan Ahmad al-Abbas. The Zaouia of Dila lost Fez in 1661 following the putch of Caid Al Doraidi. It was dismantled in 1668 by the Alaouites, who took the ascendancy and undertook the reunification of Morocco.[14]

Collapse[]

The Dila'ites would rule over central and northern Morocco until 1668, when Dila itself was annexed by the Shurafa Alaouites, after their initial conquest of Fez.[15]

List of rulers[]

References[]

  1. ^ Gottreich, Emily (2020). Jewish Morocco. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78076-849-6.
  2. ^ Dartois, Marie-France (2008). Agadir et le sud marocain: à la recherche du temps passé, des origines au tremblement de terre du 29 février 1960 (in French). Courcelles. p. 271. ISBN 9782916569307.
  3. ^ Hajji, M. (1988). Al-Zawiya al-Dila'iyya [The Zaouia of Dila] (in Arabic) (2nd ed.). Rabat. p. 28.
  4. ^ Chiapuris, John (1979). The Ait Ayash of the High Moulouya Plain: Rural Social Organization in Morocco. University of Michigan Press. pp. 17. ISBN 978-0-932206-83-1.
  5. ^ Gandini, Jacques (2006). Pistes du Maroc à travers l'histoire (in French). SERRE EDITEUR. p. 1000. ISBN 9782864104391.
  6. ^ Coindreau, Roger (2006). Les corsaires de Salé (in French). Eddif. p. 52. ISBN 9789981896765.
  7. ^ Peyron, Michael (1995). "Dila'". In Camps, Gabriel (ed.). Encyclopédie berbère. Vol. 15 | Daphnitae – Djado. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud. ISBN 978-2857448082.
  8. ^ Lugan, Bernard (2 June 2016). Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord: Des origines à nos jours (in French). Editions du Rocher. p. 272. ISBN 9782268085340.
  9. ^ Harakat, Brahim (1973). "Le makhzen sa'adien". Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée. 15 (1): 43–60. doi:10.3406/remmm.1973.1226.
  10. ^ Jlok, Mustapha (2003). "The holiness and worship of saints". In Maisonneuve and Larose (ed.). Moroccan cultural heritage. Paris. p. 357-374. ISBN 2-7068-1696-1.
  11. ^ de Epalza, Mikel (1992). Mapfre (ed.). Los Moriscos antes y después de la expulsión (in Spanish). Madrid. p. 106. ISBN 84-7100-249-3.
  12. ^ Harakat, Brahim (1973). "Le Makhzen sa'adien". Review of the Muslim West and the Mediterranean. No. 15–16. p. 43-60.
  13. ^ Akutse Mojuetan, Benson (1995). "The sa'adian state of Ahmad al-Mansur and the aftermath". In Lit International / International African Institute (ed.). History and Underdevelopment in Morocco: the Structural Roots of Conjuncture. Münster / Londres. p. 64-76. ISBN 3-89473-697-6.
  14. ^ Peyron 1995
  15. ^ Publications de l'Institut des hautes études marocaines (in French). E. Leroux. 1949. p. 285.
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