Ziliujing Formation

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Ziliujing Formation
Stratigraphic range: Toarcian, 183–174 Ma
TypeGeological formation
Sub-unitsDongyuemiao Member, Maanshan Member, Daanzhai Member
UnderliesXintiangou Formation
OverliesZhenzhuchong Formation
ThicknessDongyuemiao M. 5 to 11.2 metres (20 to 40 ft), Maanshan M. 131 to 180 metres (430 to 590 ft) Daanzhai M. 18 to 45.2 metres (60 to 150 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryMudstone
OtherSandstone
Location
Country China
ExtentSichuan Basin
Type section
Named forZiliujing District

The Ziliujing Formation is a geological formation in China, It is Early Jurassic in age. It is part of the stratigraphy of the Sichuan Basin. The dinosaur Gongxianosaurus and indeterminate theropod material are known from the Dongyuemiao Member of the formation, as well as dinosaur footprints, Zizhongosaurus and indeterminate prosauropods from the Da'anzhai Member.[1] The basal sauropod Sanpasaurus is known from the Maanshan Member.[2] An unnamed stegosaur and the pliosauroid plesiosaur Sinopliosaurus are also known from this formation but they were found an indeterminate member.[2] An unnamed teleosaurid known from a complete skull has also been found in the formation, pending a formal description.[3] The deposition environment during the Da'anzhai Member in the lower Toarcian is thought to have been that of a giant freshwater lake encompassing the whole of the Sichuan basin, around 3 times larger than Lake Superior, coeval with the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event around 183 Ma.[4]

Paleofauna[]

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Bivalves[]

Genus Species Location Section Material Notes Images

[5][6]

  • Acuneopsis luochengensis
  • Luocheng, Jianwei
  • Dongyuemiao Member

Isolated Shells

A freshwater mussel, considered a member of the family Unionidae inside Unionida. Ecological indicator of shallow zone of the big fresh-water lake under a hot climate

[5][6]

  • Luochengella luochengensis
  • Luocheng, Jianwei
  • Dongyuemiao Member

Isolated Shells

A freshwater mussel, member of the family Unionidae inside Unionida.

[5][6]

  • Unio (Palaeunio) sichuanensis
  • Dakang, Zhongba
  • Dongyuemiao Member

Isolated Shells

A freshwater mussel, member of the family Unionidae inside Unionida.

[5][6]

  • Lamprotula (Eolamprotula) cremeri
  • Luocheng, Jianwei
  • Dongyuemiao Member

Isolated Shells

A freshwater mussel, member of the family Unionidae inside Unionida.

[5][6]

  • Cuneopsis wanxianensis
  • Shizi wan, Weiyuan county
  • Huangshiban, Weiyuan county
  • Maanshan Member

Isolated Shells

A freshwater mussel, member of the family Unionidae inside Unionida.

[5][6]

  • Psilunio thailandicus
  • Psilunio giganteus
  • Shizi wan, Weiyuan county
  • Huangshiban, Weiyuan county
  • Maanshan Member

Isolated Shells

A freshwater mussel, member of the family Unionidae inside Unionida.

[5][6]

  • Margaritifera (Palaeomargaritifera) qianweiensis
  • Shizi wan, Weiyuan county
  • Huangshiban, Weiyuan county
  • Maanshan Member

Isolated Shells

A freshwater mussel, member of the family Margaritiferidae inside Unionida.

Modiolus[5][6]

  • Modiolus yunnanensis
  • Modiolus sichuanensis
  • Shizi wan, Weiyuan county
  • Huangshiban, Weiyuan county
  • Maanshan Member

Isolated Shells

A freshwater mussel, member of the family Mytilidae inside Mytiloida.

[5][6]

  • Pseudocardinia inflata
  • Pseudocardinia ventricosa
  • Pseudocardinia elliptica
  • Pseudocardinia aff. yangziensis
  • Pseudocardinia hupehensis
  • Pseudocardinia angulata
  • Pseudocardinia kweichouensis
  • Pseudocardinia carinata
  • Shizi wan, Weiyuan county
  • Huangshiban, Weiyuan county
  • Maanshan Member

Isolated Shells

A freshwater clam, member of the family inside Trigoniida.

[5][6]

  • Apseudocardinia hupehensis
  • Xiangxi, Zigui
  • Dongyuemiao Member

Isolated Shells

A freshwater clam, member of the family inside Trigoniida.


Fish[]

Genus Species Location Section Material Notes Images

Lepidotes[7]

  • Lepidotes chunkingensis
  • Lepidotes luchowensis
  • Houchiatsun, sichuan province
  • Potzewan, sichuan province
  • Maanshan Member
  • Complete Specimens
  • Isolated Scales
  • Isolated Teeth

Bony Fish, considered a member of the family Semionotidae. The only major Bony fish recovered in this unit, with resembalnce with coeval european species. Unlike that ones, the local Lepidotes lived in Freshwater settings.

Sarcopterygii[]

Genus Species Location Material Section Notes Images

Ceratodus[2]

Ceratodus szechuanensis

  • Houchiatsun, sichuan province
  • Weiyuan, Szechuan
  • Maanshan Member
  • Isolated tooth plates

A freshwater Lungfish, type member of the Ceratodontidae inside Ceratodontiformes. Lungfish related with late jurassic genera of the same region

Ceratodus reconstruction

Plesiosaurs[]

Genus Species Location Section Material Notes Images

Bishanopliosaurus[8]

  • Bishanopliosaurus youngi
  • Bishan county, sichuan province
  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • IVPP V 5869 , an incomplete postcranial skeleton of a young individual

A Plesiosaur, considered a member of the family Rhomaleosauridae. An unusual freshwater plesiosaur linked to the large Sichuan Lake system developed locally.[9]

Sinopliosaurus[2]

  • Sinopliosaurus weiyuanensis
  • Houchiatsun, sichuan province
  • Potzewan, sichuan province
  • Maanshan Member
  • IVPP V.140, isolated remains
  • IVPP V.229, V.157, several isolated remains

A Plesiosaur, considered a member of the family Pliosauridae. Likely an invalid genus of freshwater pliosaur

Testudinata[]

Genus Species Location Section Material Notes Images

Testudinata[2][7][10]

  • Testudinata Indet. A
  • Testudinata Indet. B
  • Houchiatsun, sichuan province
  • Weiyuan, Szechuan
  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Maanshan Member
  • Fragments of Shells

Turtle Remains of uncertain affinity. The only major turtle remains recovered in this unit. This along some undescribed shell fragments from the Lower Jurassic of Sichuan appear to represent the first documented occurrence of the fossil Testudines in China

Crocodrylomorphs[]

Genus Species Location Section Material Notes Images

Teleosaurinae[3]

  • Teleosaurinae Indet.
  • Daxian, Szechuan
  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • IVPP V 10098, a complete skull

An Teleosaur, considered a member of the family Teleosaurinae. An unusual freshwater Teleosauroid, previously referred Peipehsuchus teleorhinus.[11]

Skull of the Ziliujing teleosaurid

Teleosaurus?[12]

Teleosaurus? sp.

  • Tatsu, Chongqing
  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Single scute

An Teleosaur, considered a member of the family Teleosaurinae.

Dinosaurs[]

Genus Species Location Section Material Notes Images

[13]

Liujianpus shunan

  • Changhebian site, Sichuan Province
  • Gulin County, Sichuan Province
  • Hejie site, Sichuan Province
  • Dazhuanwan site, Guizhou Province
  • Daanzhai Member

Footprints

Sauropodomorph Footprints, with features seen in the ichnogenus Otozum, as well in th sauropod ichnogenus Brontopodus. This ichogenus dominated all the track assamblages where is found, with a presence of up the 97%.[14]

Lufengosaurus?[15]

  • Lufengosaurus? sp.
  • Liangshuijing, Zigong
  • Weixin area, Yunnan Province
  • Daanzhai member
  • ZDM 0011: Damaged dentary with a tooth
  • Uncertain Remains

A Sauropodomorph, probably a member of the family Massospondylidae. One of the youngest non-sauropod sauropodomorphs discovered worldwide, represents it´s own faunal section.

Gongxianosaurus[16][17]

  • Gongxianosaurus shibeiensis
  • Gongxianosaurus sp.
  • Shibei Township, Gongxian County
  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Four complete and incomplete skeletons are similar in both size and appearance
  • A large number of scapula, dorsal vertebrae and ilium, and a complete caudal system with 51 centra

A Sauropod, that can represent a late surviving basal member of the group. Gongxianosaurus has some features of both sauropods and sauropodomorphs, it may be regarded as an intermediate type in the evolution between both groups.

"Yibinosaurus"[18]

  • "Yibinosaurus zhoui"
  • Shibei Township, Gongxian County
  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Partial disarticulated skeleton

An Invalid genus of Sauropod of uncertain affinities. "Yibinosaurus" is from the same locality as Gongxianosaurus, and Gongxianosaurus sp. nov. may be the "Yibinosaurus" material

Sanpasaurus[2]

  • Sanpasaurus yaoi
  • Weiyuan, Szechuan
  • Maanshan Member
  • IVPP V156A (IVPP V156 partim); Disarticulated middle-posterior dorsal vertebral series, consisting of three complete centra with partial neural arches.
  • IVPP V156B; two centra from the dorsal vertebral series

A Sauropod, with uncertain affinities inside the group. Originally interpreted it as the remains of an ornithopod ornithischian.[19]

Sanpasaurus material

Zizhongosaurus[20]

  • Zizhongosaurus chuanchensis
  • Zizhongosaurus huangshibanensis[21]
  • Loquanjing, Sichuan country
  • Huangshiban, Weiyuan County
  • Maanshan Member
  • A dorsal spine, a distal end of pubis and a fragmentary humerus
  • Uncertain Remains

A Sauropod, referred to the family Vulcanodontidae or . It builts it´s own faunal section, yet is considered by some authors as a nomen dubium.

"Shunosaurus"[7]

  • "Shunosaurus" ziliujingensis
  • Loquanjing, Sichuan country
  • Maanshan Member
  • Uncatalogued Partial skeleton

A Sauropod, referred to the family . Likely not Shunosaurus. It was described on the Zigong Museum Guide

Brontopodus[1][13]

Brontopodus isp.

  • Gulin County, Sichuan Province
  • Hejie tracksite, Sichuan Province
  • Daanzhai Member
  • Maanshan Member

Footprints

Sauropod Footprints, with resembalnce with Mamenchisauridae pes. Associated Brontopodus-like trackway with Liujianpus indicates that small and large sauropodomorphs may have co-existed.

Cetiosauridae[20]

Cetiosauridae Indet.

  • Hulukou, Huangshiban, Sichuan Province
  • Shiziling Tiefo, Sichuan Province
  • Daanzhai Member
  • IVPP V9070, desarticulated postcraneal skeleton
  • Isolated dorsal vertebrae
  • Tibia

An Eusauropod, related with the family Cetiosauridae, likely the oldest referred specimen to this family

Mamenchisauridae[2][20][22]

Mamenchisauridae Indet.

  • Gulin County, Sichuan Province
  • Shapingpa, Chongqing country
  • Chinkangpei, Chongqing country
  • Datienwan, Chongqing country
  • Chongqing suburbs, Chongqing country
  • Daanzhai Member
  • Maanshan Member
  • Associated Tibia, femur and isolated Phalages
  • Several caudal vertebrae
  • Dorsal vertebra
  • Vertebra (caudal?)

An Eusauropod, related with the family Mamenchisauridae, likely the oldest referred specimen to this family (Unless Tonganosaurus is a Mamenchisaur)

Grallator[1][23][24]

  • Grallator ssatoi
  • Grallator isp.
  • Dongyuemiao tracksite, Sichuan Province
  • Gulin County, Sichuan Province
  • Hejie site, Sichuan Province
  • Wuli site, Sichuan Province
  • Daanzhai Member
  • Maanshan Member

Footprints

Theropod Footprints of Uncertain affinity. The Grallator relationships of this tracks are solid, as they don´t display features of other ichnogenera found in the early jurassic of the same region. Includes some of the smallest Grallator (and avian theropod) tracks ever described in literature.[25]

Eubrontes[26]

  • Eubrontes isp.
  • Gulin County, Sichuan Province
  • Daanzhai Member

Footprints

Theropod Footprints of Uncertain affinity, probably related to theropods such as Dilophosaurus

Neotheropoda[16]

  • Neotheropoda Indet.
  • Shibei Township, Gongxian County
  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Isolated Teeth
  • Isolated Vertebrae

Indeterminate remains of theropods, very common along Gongxianosaurus fossils.

Coeluridae?[2]

  • Coeluridae? Indet.
  • Kuantsaishan, Houchiatsun
  • Maanshan Member
  • IVPP V.138, Four vertebrae and a distal part of a metatarsus

Indeterminate remains of theropods, assigend to relatives of the genus Coelurus, yet likely represnt other kind of theropods

Ornithopoda[20]

  • Ornithopoda Indet.
  • Hulukou, Huangshiban
  • Maanshan Member
  • Isolated Remains

Indeterminate remains of possible Ornithischians.

Thyreophora?[2]

  • Stegosauria? Indet.
  • "Gen. indet. imperfectus"
  • Changshanling, Potzewan
  • Kuantsaishan, Houchiatsun
  • Maanshan Member
  • IVPP V.219, four fragmnets of spines
  • An anterior caudal vertebra, a distal end of a left femur, a left tibia, a right fibula, and right foot with a few elements missing

Indeterminate remains of possible Thyrephorans. "Gen. indet. imperfectus" reresents a large possible Ornithischian or a sauropod that was originally asigned to Sanpasaurus

Flora[]

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Equisetites[27][28]

  • Equisetites sp.

Yangtze Gorges area

  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Stems

Affinities with Equisetaceae inside Equisetales. Based on analogies with morphologically similar extant Equisetum species, it is interpreted to represent a plant of consistently moist habitats, such as marshes, lake margins or forest understorey, developed normally dense thickets.

Example of Equisetites specimen

Phlebopteris[27][28]

  • Phlebopteris cf. polypodioides

Yangtze Gorges area

  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Isolated pinnae

Affinities with Matoniaceae inside Gleicheniales.

Example of Phlebopteris specimen

[27][28]

  • Dictyophyllum nathorsti
  • Dictyophyllum nilssoni

Yangtze Gorges area

  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Isolated pinnae

Affinities with Dipteridaceae inside Polypodiales. Dictyophyllum is a common Dipteridacean genus of the mid-Mesozoic. Here is indicator of Toarcian age for the sedimnets

nilssonii specimen

[27][28]

  • Clathropteris meniscioides
  • Clathropteris platyphylla

Yangtze Gorges area

  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Isolated pinnae

Affinities with Dipteridaceae inside Polypodiales.

Example of meniscioides specimen

[27][28]

  • Stachypteris? anomala

Yangtze Gorges area

  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Isolated pinnae

Affinities with Schizaeaceae inside Schizaeales. Grass Ferns

[27][28]

  • Klukia exilis

Yangtze Gorges area

  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Isolated pinnae

Affinities with Schizaeaceae inside Schizaeales. Grass Ferns

Example of exilis specimen

Coniopteris[27][28]

  • Coniopteris cf. burejensis
  • Coniopteris hymenophylloides
  • Coniopteris murrayana

Yangtze Gorges area

  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Isolated pinnae

Affinities with Dicksoniaceae inside Cyatheales. Common cosmopolitan Mesozoic Tree fern genus.

Coniopteris specimen

Cladophlebis[27][28]

  • Cladophlebis sp.

Yangtze Gorges area

  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Isolated pinnae

Affinities with Osmundaceae inside Osmundales. Lower vegetation members

Cladophlebis nebbensis specimen

Otozamites[27][28]

  • Otozamites mixomorphus
  • Otozamites hsiangchiensis
  • Otozamites nalajingensis

Yangtze Gorges area

  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Leaflets

Affinities with Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales. Insufficient and incomplete material prevents certain allocation to that species.

Otozamites specimen

[27][28]

  • Anomozamites cf. gracilis

Yangtze Gorges area

  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Leaflets

Affinities with the Bennettitales inside . Anomozamites is characterised by slender, (almost) completely and regularly segmented leaves whose leaflets are generally as long as broad or, at maximum, two times as long as broad. This genus is related with more arboreal Bennetitalean flora. Shows coriaceous leaves and is a genus linked more with dry climates.

specimen

[27][28]

  • Cycadites sp. nov.

Yangtze Gorges area

  • Dongyuemiao Member
  • Leaflets

Affinities with Cycadales inside Cycadopsida.

specimen

References[]

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