137 (number)

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← 136 137 138 →
← 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 →
List of numbers — Integers
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Cardinalone hundred thirty-seven
Ordinal137th
(one hundred thirty-seventh)
Factorizationprime
Prime33rd
Divisors1, 137
Greek numeralΡΛΖ´
Roman numeralCXXXVII
Binary100010012
Ternary120023
Octal2118
DuodecimalB512
Hexadecimal8916

137 (one hundred [and] thirty-seven) is the natural number following 136 and preceding 138.

In mathematics[]

137 is:

  • the 33rd prime number; the next is 139, with which it comprises a twin prime, and thus 137 is a Chen prime.
  • an Eisenstein prime with no imaginary part and a real part of the form .
  • the fourth Stern prime.[1]
  • a pythagorean prime: a prime number of the form 4n + 1, where n = 34 (137 = 4x34 + 1) or the sum of two squares 112 + 42 (121 + 16).[2]
  • a strong prime in the sense that it is more than the arithmetic mean of its two neighboring primes.
  • a strictly non-palindromic number[3] and a primeval number.[4]
  • a factor of 10001 (the other being 73) and the repdigit 11111111 (= 10001 × 1111).

Using two radii to divide a circle according to the golden ratio yields sectors of approximately 137° (the golden angle) and 222°.
1/137 = 0.00729927007299270072992700..., its period value is palindromic and has a period length of only 8. 1/137 was once believed to be the exact value of the fine-structure constant.

In physics[]

  • Since the early 1900s, physicists have postulated that the number could lie at the heart of a grand unified theory, relating theories of electromagnetism, quantum mechanics and, especially, gravity.[5][6]
  • The fine-structure constant, a dimensionless physical constant, is approximately 1/137, and the astronomer Arthur Eddington conjectured in 1929 that its reciprocal was in fact precisely the integer 137, which he claimed could be "obtained by pure deduction".[7] This conjecture was not widely adopted, and by the 1940s, the experimental values for the constant were clearly inconsistent with the conjecture, being roughly 1/137.036.[8]
  • Physicist Leon M. Lederman numbered his home near Fermilab 137 based on the significance of the number to those in his profession. Lederman expounded on the significance of the number in his book The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question?, noting that not only was it the inverse of the fine-structure constant, but was also related to the probability that an electron will emit or absorb a photon—i.e., Feynman's conjecture.[n 1] He added that it also "contains the crux of electromagnetism (the electron), relativity (the velocity of light), and quantum theory (Planck's constant). It would be less unsettling if the relationship between all these important concepts turned out to be one or three or maybe a multiple of pi. But 137?" The number 137, according to Lederman, "shows up naked all over the place", meaning that scientists on any planet in the universe using whatever units they have for charge or speed, and whatever their version of Planck's constant may be, will all come up with 137, because it is a pure number. Lederman recalled that Richard Feynman had even suggested that all physicists put a sign in their offices with the number 137 to remind them of just how much they do not know.[9]
  • At the range of 10−15 m (1 femtometer), the strong force is approximately 137 times as strong as electromagnetism, a million times as strong as the weak interaction, and 1038 times as strong as gravitation.

In esoterism[]

  • The fine-structure constant of physics continues to convince esotericists that the universe has numerological fine tuning:[10] for example, the age of the universe could be considered as roughly 13.7 times 1 billion years, though newer estimates put this value at 13.8.[11][12]
  • The Hebrew word קבלה (Kabbalah) has a Gematria (numerical value) of 137. In Modern Hebrew, the root of Kabbalah ק-ב-ל can mean either "receiving" or "parallel". Kabbalah is generally taken to mean "the received tradition", which conveys the continuity of a tradition that has been passed down from generation to generation.[13] Nevertheless, the earlier nuance of meaning is seen in the first appearances of its root in the Torah (Exodus 26:5 and 36:12), where it means "parallel" or "corresponding" rather than "receiving". It is used to describe the "corresponding loops", which, when clasped together, enjoined the two sections of the Tabernacle's ceiling. These loops were suspended directly over the veil that divided the Holy Place and the Holy of Holies. Symbolically, this is the threshold between the physical dimension and the utterly spiritual dimension. In other words, at the boundary line of the physical world, the number 137 emerges. The wisdom of Kabbalah is to find correspondences between the mundane and spiritual levels of reality.[14]

In the military[]

  • Boeing C-137 Stratoliner was a VIP transport aircraft from the Boeing 707 jet airliner used by the United States Air Force
  • RAF – No. 137 Squadron
  • Strike Fighter Squadron 137 (VFA-137) is a United States Navy F/A-18E Super Hornet strike fighter squadron stationed at Naval Air Station Lemoore, California
  • USNS Mission Santa Ana (T-AO-137) Mission Buenaventura-class fleet oiler built during World War II
  • USS Adopt (AM-137) was a United States Navy minesweeper during World War II
  • USS Ascella (AK-137) was a United States Navy Crater-class cargo ship commissioned during World War II
  • USS Bowie (APA-137) was a United States Navy Haskell-class attack transport during World War II
  • USS General S. D. Sturgis (AP-137) was the United States Navy General G. O. Squier-class transport ship during World War II
  • USS Herbert C. Jones (DE-137) was a United States Navy Edsall-class destroyer escort during World War II
  • USS Kilty (DD-137) was a United States Navy Wickes-class destroyer during World War II
  • 137e régiment d'infanterie (fr) is a French Infantry Regiment created under 1st Empire (Napoleon Bonaparte)
  • 137th Infantry Division in Germany was a German major fighting formation between 1940 and 1943 Wehrmacht

In music[]

  • Cesium_137 is an American synthpop musical group which takes its name from a radioactive isotope
  • 137 is a 2001 album by The Pineapple Thief
  • Rescate 137 is a 2000 album by experimental electronic musician Christian Vogel
  • The Fugue for String Quintet in D major, Op. 137 was composed by Beethoven in 1817
  • The Gibson ES-137 is a semi-hollow body guitar by Gibson
  • 137 is a 2009 album by RickWhiteAlbum
  • is a female electronic dance music DJ in Washington, DC
  • "137 (Death's Hendecaratia)" is a song by Canadian death metal band Mitochondrion
  • "137 (Rinse)" is a song by British producer Squarepusher on Music Is Rotted One Note
  • "137" is a song by Brand New on the 2017 album Science Fiction
  • "Room 137" is a song by Dream Theater on their 2019 album Distance over Time
  • "137" aka "One Hundred and Thirty-Seven" is a composition by John L. Walters written for Landscape (band)

In religion[]

  • The Bible says that Ishmael,[15] Levi[16] and Amram[17] all lived to be 137 years old. The three appearances make it the most common lifespan of individuals in the Bible.
  • According to the verse in Genesis (17:17) there was a ten-year age gap between Abraham and Sarah. Sarah died at the age of 127 (Genesis 23:1), thus Abraham was 137 years old at her death. According to Rashi's commentary on Genesis 23:2, Sarah died when she heard that Isaac had almost been sacrificed, thus Abraham was 137 years old at the Binding of Isaac.

In transportation[]

  • London Buses route 137 is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London
  • Boeing 707-347C CC-137 transport aircraft served the Canadian Forces from 1970 to 1997
  • Philippine Airlines Flight 137 from Manila overshot the runway while landing at Bacolod City Domestic Airport on March 22, 1998
  • is a primary road in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
  • 137th Street–City College is a station on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway in New York City

In other fields[]

  • by Arthur I. Miller, ISBN 978-0-393-33864-5, describes the friendship of Carl Jung and Wolfgang Pauli and their search for the meaning of 137 in science, medieval alchemy, dream interpretation, and the I Ching.
  • The year AD 137 or 137 BC
  • 137 AH is a year in the Islamic calendar that corresponds to 754 – 755 CE
  • 137 Meliboea is a large and dark main belt asteroid discovered in 1874
  • The atomic number of an element not yet observed called untriseptium
  • California Penal Code for "Offer bribe to influence testimony"
  • The Samson 137 Indian reserve in Alberta, Canada
  • Sonnet 137 by William Shakespeare
  • Psalm 137
  • The atomic number of the highest allowed element on the periodic table allowed for a point nucleus by the Bohr model and the Dirac equation.
  • Caesium-137 is a radioactive isotope of caesium formed by nuclear fission
  • The number of atoms in a chlorophyll molecule, for which the chemical formula is C55H72MgN4O5.
  • Rick Sanchez, a fictional character from the Adult Swim animated television series Rick and Morty, is from a version of the universe numbered C-137, and is sometimes referred to as "C-137" in contexts where "Rick" would be ambiguous (e.g. there are multiple universes' versions of Rick present).

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ There is a most profound and beautiful question associated with the observed coupling constant, e, the amplitude for a real electron to emit or absorb a real photon. It is a simple number that has been experimentally determined to be close to −0.08542455. (My physicist friends won't recognize this number, because they like to remember it as the inverse of its square: about 137.03597 with about an uncertainty of about 2 in the last decimal place. It has been a mystery ever since it was discovered more than fifty years ago, and all good theoretical physicists put this number up on their wall and worry about it.) Immediately you would like to know where this number for a coupling comes from: is it related to p or perhaps to the base of natural logarithms? Nobody knows. It's one of the greatest damn mysteries of physics: a magic number that comes to us with no understanding by man. You might say the "hand of God" wrote that number, and "we don't know how He pushed his pencil". We know what kind of a dance to do experimentally to measure this number very accurately, but we don't know what kind of dance to do on the computer to make this number come out, without putting it in secretly! — R. P. Feynman, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter

References[]

  1. ^ "Sloane's A042978 : Stern primes". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-05-27.
  2. ^ "Sloane's A002144 : Pythagorean primes". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-05-27.
  3. ^ "Sloane's A016038 : Strictly non-palindromic numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-05-27.
  4. ^ "Sloane's A072857 : Primeval numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-05-27.
  5. ^ Rutland, G., Awesome Sovereign (Bloomington: AuthorHouse, 2016), p. 33.
  6. ^ Richard Feynman website, "The Mysterious 137".
  7. ^ Eddington, A. S., The Constants of Nature in "The World of Mathematics", Vol. 2 (1956) Ed. Newman, J. R., Simon and Schuster, pp. 1074-1093.
  8. ^ Helge Kragh, "Magic Number: A Partial History of the Fine-Structure Constant", Archive for History of Exact Sciences 57:5:395 (July, 2003) doi:10.1007/s00407-002-0065-7
  9. ^ Lederman, L. M., The God Particle: If the Universe is the Answer, What is the Question? (1993), Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, pp. 28–29.
  10. ^ The mystery of 137, www.integralworld.net.
  11. ^ Planck Collaboration (2016). "Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters (See PDF, page 32, Table 4, Age/Gyr, last column)". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 594: A13. arXiv:1502.01589. Bibcode:2016A&A...594A..13P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525830. S2CID 119262962.
  12. ^ Lawrence, C. R. (18 March 2015). "Planck 2015 Results" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-24. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  13. ^ Ginsburgh, Rabbi Yitzchak (2006). What You Need to Know About Kabbalah (1st ed.). Jerusalem: Gal Einai Publications. p. 3. ISBN 978-965-7146-118.
  14. ^ Ginsburgh, Rabbi Yitzchak (2006). What You Need to Know About Kabbalah (1st ed.). Jerusalem: Gal Einai Publications. p. 3. ISBN 978-965-7146-118.
  15. ^ Genesis 25:17
  16. ^ Exodus 6:16
  17. ^ Exodus 6:20

External links[]

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