1993 Spanish general election

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1993 Spanish general election
← 1989 6 June 1993 1996 →
All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 208 (of 256) seats in the Senate
176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
Opinion polls
Registered31,030,511 Green Arrow Up Darker.svg4.8%
Turnout23,718,816 (76.4%)
Green Arrow Up Darker.svg6.7 pp
  First party Second party Third party
  Felipe González 1993b (cropped).jpg José María Aznar 1996 (cropped).jpg Julio Anguita 1996 (cropped).jpg
Leader Felipe González José María Aznar Julio Anguita
Party PSOE PP IU
Leader since 28 September 1979 4 September 1989 12 February 1989
Leader's seat Madrid Madrid Madrid
Last election 177 seats, 40.1%[a] 107 seats, 25.8% 17 seats, 9.1%
Seats won 159 141 18
Seat change Red Arrow Down.svg18 Green Arrow Up Darker.svg34 Green Arrow Up Darker.svg1
Popular vote 9,150,083 8,201,463 2,253,722
Percentage 38.8% 34.8% 9.6%
Swing Red Arrow Down.svg1.3 pp Green Arrow Up Darker.svg9.0 pp Green Arrow Up Darker.svg0.5 pp
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
  Miquel Roca 1987 (cropped).jpg 2007 02 Inaki Anasagasti-2.jpg Portrait placeholder.svg
Leader Miquel Roca Iñaki Anasagasti
Party CiU EAJ/PNV CC
Leader since 4 July 1982 1986 18 April 1986
Leader's seat Barcelona Biscay Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Last election 18 seats, 5.0% 5 seats, 1.2% 1 seats, 0.3%
Seats won 17 5 4
Seat change Red Arrow Down.svg1 Arrow Blue Right 001.svg0 Green Arrow Up Darker.svg3
Popular vote 1,165,783 291,448 207,077
Percentage 4.9% 1.2% 0.9%
Swing Red Arrow Down.svg0.1 pp Arrow Blue Right 001.svg0.0 pp Green Arrow Up Darker.svg0.6 pp
1993 Spanish election - Results.svg
1993 Spanish election - AC results.svg
Prime Minister before election

Felipe González
PSOE

Elected Prime Minister

Felipe González
PSOE

The 1993 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 6 June 1993, to elect the 5th Cortes Generales of the Kingdom of Spain. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 256 seats in the Senate.

The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party under Felipe González achieved the largest number of votes and seats for the fourth consecutive time, though it lost the absolute majority it had held in both chambers of the Cortes since 1982. In contrast, José María Aznar's People's Party won a large share of the vote, thus increasing their seats in both the Congress and the Senate and consolidating its position as the main opposition party. For the first time since 1979, the election brought in a hung parliament, forcing the governing PSOE to seek the support of nationalist groups in order to renew its mandate and secure a fourth term in government.

In the aftermath of the election, the PSOE saw itself under increased pressure due both to political instability as a result of its low majority (relying on increasingly unstable pacts with Convergence and Union to pass its legislation) and of the uncovering of numerous cases of corruption within the government itself. The pact with CiU would end in the fall of 1995, forcing González to call early elections 15 months before their scheduled date, which would see the opposition People's Party win for the first time.

Overview[]

Electoral system[]

The Spanish Cortes Generales were envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. The Congress of Deputies had greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a few exclusive, yet limited in number functions—such as its role in constitutional amendment—which were not subject to the Congress' override.[1][2] Voting for the Cortes Generales was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over eighteen and in full enjoyment of their political rights.[3]

For the Congress of Deputies, 348 seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain, with each being allocated an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla were allocated the two remaining seats, which were elected using plurality voting.[1][4] The use of the D'Hondt method might result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.[5]

For the Senate, 208 seats were elected using an open list partial block voting, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts were the islands themselves, with the larger—Majorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife—being allocated three seats each, and the smaller—Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma—one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants.[1][4]

Election date[]

The term of each chamber of the Cortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The election decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of the Cortes in the event that the prime minister did not make use of his prerogative of early dissolution. The decree was to be published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place between the fifty-fourth and the sixtieth day from publication. The previous election was held on 29 October 1989, which meant that the legislature's term would expire on 29 October 1993. The election decree was required to be published in the BOE no later than 5 October 1993, with the election taking place on the sixtieth day from publication, setting the latest possible election date for the Cortes Generales on Saturday, 4 December 1993.[4][6]

The prime minister had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one. Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.[1] Barred this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections for the Congress and the Senate. Still, as of 2022 there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution, with governments having long preferred that elections for the two chambers of the Cortes take place simultaneously.

Parliamentary composition[]

The Cortes Generales were officially dissolved on 13 April 1993, after the publication of the dissolution decree in the Official State Gazette.[7] The tables below show the composition of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution.[8][9]

Parliamentary composition in April 1993[10]
Congress of Deputies
Groups Parties Deputies
Seats Total
Socialist Group of the Congress PSOE 155 175
PSC 20
People's Parliamentary Group in the Congress PP 104 106
UPN 2
Catalan Parliamentary Group
(Convergence and Union) 		CDC 13 18
UDC 5
United Left–Initiative for Catalonia
Parliamentary Group 		IU 14 17
IC 3
CDS Parliamentary Group CDS 12 12
Basque Parliamentary Group (PNV) EAJ/PNV 5 5
Mixed Parliamentary Group HB 4 17
PA 2
UV 2
EA 2
EE 1
EuE 1
PAR 1
AIC 1
INDEP 3[b]
 
Parliamentary composition in April 1993[11]
Senate
Groups Parties Senators
Seats Total
Socialist Parliamentary Group PSOE 120 128
PSC 8
People's Parliamentary Group in the Senate PP 88 91
UPN 2
UM 1
Convergence and Union's
Catalan Parliamentary Group in the Senate 		CDC 11 14
UDC 3
Basque Nationalist Senators' Parliamentary Group EAJ/PNV 6 6
Mixed Parliamentary Group IU 3 15
HB 3
AIC 3
CDS 1
EA 1
PAR 1
AM 1
AHI 1
ENV 1

Parties and candidates[]

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates.[4]

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:

Candidacy Parties and
alliances 		Leading candidate Ideology Previous result Gov. Ref.
Votes (%) Con. Sen.
PSOE
List
 Felipe González 1993b (cropped).jpg Felipe González Social democracy 40.11%[a] 177 107 checkY [12]
[13]
[14]
PP
List
 José María Aznar 1996 (cropped).jpg José María Aznar Conservatism
Christian democracy 		25.79% 107 78 ☒N [15]
[16]
IU
List
 Julio Anguita 1996 (cropped).jpg Julio Anguita Socialism
Communism 		9.07% 17 1 ☒N
CDS
List
 Rafael Calvo Ortega 1980 (cropped).jpg Rafael Calvo Ortega Centrism
Liberalism 		7.89% 14 1 ☒N [17]
CiU
List
  • Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC)
  • Democratic Union of Catalonia (UDC)
Miquel Roca 1987 (cropped).jpg Miquel Roca Catalan nationalism
Centrism 		5.04% 18 10 ☒N
EAJ/PNV
List
  • Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)
2007 02 Inaki Anasagasti-2.jpg Iñaki Anasagasti Basque nationalism
Christian democracy
Conservative liberalism 		1.24% 5 4 ☒N
HB
List
 Portrait placeholder.svg Jon Idigoras Basque independence
Left-wing nationalism 		1.06% 4 3 ☒N
PA
List
 Portrait placeholder.svg Salvador Pérez Bueno Andalusian nationalism
Social democracy 		1.04% 2 0 ☒N
UV
List
 Portrait placeholder.svg Vicente González Lizondo Blaverism
Conservatism 		0.71% 2 0 ☒N
EA–EuE
List
 Portrait placeholder.svg Xabier Albistur Basque nationalism
Social democracy 		0.67% 2 0 ☒N
ERC
List
  • Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC)
Pilar Rahola (cropped).jpg Pilar Rahola Catalan independence
Left-wing nationalism
Social democracy 		0.41% 0 0 ☒N
PAR
List
 Portrait placeholder.svg José María Mur Regionalism
Centrism 		0.35% 1 0 ☒N
CC
List
 Lorenzo Olarte 1979 (cropped).jpg Lorenzo Olarte Regionalism
Canarian nationalism
Centrism 		0.32%[c] 1 4 ☒N

Opinion polls[]

Main article: Opinion polling for the 1993 Spanish general election
Local regression trend line of poll results from 29 October 1989 to 6 June 1993, with each line corresponding to a political party.


Campaign[]

Election debates[]

1993 Spanish general election debates
Date Organisers Moderator(s)     P  Present[d]    S  Surrogate[e]  
PSOE PP Audience Ref.
24 May Antena 3 Manuel Campo Vidal P
González 		P
Aznar 		61.8%
(9,625,000) 		[18]
[19]
31 May Tele 5 Luis Mariñas P
González 		P
Aznar 		75.3%
(10,526,000) 		[18]
[19]
Opinion polls
Candidate viewed as "performing best" or "most convincing" in each debate
Debate Polling firm/Commissioner PSOE PP Tie None Question?
24 May Demoscopia/El País[20] 21.0 50.0 29.0
Opina/La Vanguardia[21] 18.4 42.5 8.1 13.9 17.2
Sigma Dos/El Mundo[22] 28.0 49.8 22.2
31 May Demoscopia/El País[23] 48.0 18.0 34.0
Opina/La Vanguardia[24] 36.2 15.3 17.4 13.6 17.5

Results[]

Congress of Deputies[]

For results by autonomous community/constituency, see Results breakdown of the 1993 Spanish general election (Congress).
← Summary of the 6 June 1993 Congress of Deputies election results →
SpainCongressDiagram1993.svg
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1 9,150,083 38.78 –1.33 159 –18
People's Party (PP) 8,201,463 34.76 +8.97 141 +34
United Left (IU) 2,253,722 9.55 +0.48 18 +1
Convergence and Union (CiU) 1,165,783 4.94 –0.10 17 –1
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 414,740 1.76 –6.13 0 –14
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 291,448 1.24 ±0.00 5 ±0
Canarian Coalition (CC)2 207,077 0.88 +0.45 4 +3
Popular Unity (HB) 206,876 0.88 –0.18 2 –2
Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) 189,632 0.80 +0.39 1 +1
The Greens (Verdes) 185,940 0.79 –0.11 0 ±0
Aragonese Party (PAR) 144,544 0.61 +0.26 1 ±0
Basque Solidarity–Basque Left (EA–EuE) 129,293 0.55 –0.12 1 –1
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 126,965 0.54 +0.31 0 ±0
Valencian Union (UV) 112,341 0.48 –0.23 1 –1
Andalusian Party (PA) 96,513 0.41 –0.63 0 –2
The Ecologists (LE) 68,851 0.29 –0.38 0 ±0
Ruiz-Mateos Group–European Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE) 54,518 0.23 –0.84 0 ±0
Andalusian Progress Party (PAP) 43,169 0.18 New 0 ±0
Valencian People's Union (UPV) 41,052 0.17 –0.03 0 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 30,068 0.13 –0.27 0 ±0
Union for the Progress of Cantabria (UPCA) 27,005 0.11 New 0 ±0
Nationalists of the Balearic Islands (PSM–ENE) 20,118 0.09 +0.05 0 ±0
Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC) 18,608 0.08 New 0 ±0
Alavese Unity (UA) 16,623 0.07 New 0 ±0
Liberal Independent Group (GIL) 16,452 0.07 New 0 ±0
Party of Gran Canaria (PGC) 15,246 0.06 New 0 ±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL) 13,097 0.06 New 0 ±0
Natural Law Party (PLN) 11,392 0.05 New 0 ±0
Asturianist Party (PAS) 11,088 0.05 +0.02 0 ±0
United Extremadura (EU) 10,653 0.05 ±0.00 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 10,233 0.04 –0.27 0 ±0
Majorcan, Menorcan and Pityusic Union (UMMP) 10,053 0.04 New 0 ±0
Ecologist Party of Catalonia–VERDE (PEC–VERDE) 9,249 0.04 –0.06 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 8,834 0.04 –0.04 0 ±0
Revolutionary Workers' Party (POR) 8,667 0.04 ±0.00 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 8,000 0.03 –0.09 0 ±0
Coalition for a New Socialist Party (CNPS)3 7,991 0.03 –0.03 0 ±0
Riojan Party (PR) 7,532 0.03 New 0 ±0
Aragonese Union (CHA) 6,344 0.03 +0.01 0 ±0
Galician Nationalist Convergence (CNG) 4,663 0.02 New 0 ±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 4,647 0.02 New 0 ±0
Galician Alternative (AG) 3,286 0.01 New 0 ±0
Spanish Democratic Republican Action (ARDE) 3,063 0.01 +0.01 0 ±0
Regionalist Unity of Castile and León (URCL) 2,715 0.01 New 0 ±0
Party of El Bierzo (PB) 2,681 0.01 New 0 ±0
Extremaduran Regionalist Party (PREx) 2,086 0.01 New 0 ±0
Health and Ecology in Solidarity (SEES) 1,959 0.01 New 0 ±0
Madrilenian Independent Regional Party (PRIM) 1,917 0.01 –0.01 0 ±0
Gray Panthers of Spain (ACI) 1,644 0.01 New 0 ±0
Valencian Nationalist Left (ENV) 1,517 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Independent Spanish Phalanx (FEI) 1,415 0.01 +0.01 0 ±0
People's Palentine Group (APP) 1,410 0.01 New 0 ±0
Rainbow (Arcoiris) 1,407 0.01 New 0 ±0
The Greens of the Alicantine Country (PVPA) 1,375 0.01 New 0 ±0
Cantonal Party (PCAN) 1,300 0.01 New 0 ±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 1,193 0.01 ±0.00 0 ±0
Spanish Catholic Movement (MCE) 1,178 0.00 New 0 ±0
Tenerife Assembly (ATF) 1,159 0.00 New 0 ±0
Socialist Party of the People of Ceuta (PSPC) 1,155 0.00 New 0 ±0
Insular Group of Gran Canaria (AIGRANC) 1,009 0.00 New 0 ±0
Castilianist Union (UC) 949 0.00 New 0 ±0
Andecha Astur (AA) 787 0.00 New 0 ±0
Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA) 747 0.00 New 0 ±0
Alicantine Democratic Union (UniDA) 715 0.00 New 0 ±0
Progressive Front of Spain (FPE) 641 0.00 New 0 ±0
Union of Autonomies (UDLA) 594 0.00 New 0 ±0
Socialist October (OS) 540 0.00 New 0 ±0
Independent Council of Asturias (Conceyu) 528 0.00 New 0 ±0
Integration Party for Almeria and its Peoples (PIAP) 466 0.00 New 0 ±0
Spanish Balearic Alternative (ABE) 416 0.00 New 0 ±0
Referendum Tolerant Independent Political Party (PITRCG) 408 0.00 New 0 ±0
Party of The People (LG) 385 0.00 New 0 ±0
Nationalist Party of Cantabria (PNC) 383 0.00 New 0 ±0
Federated Independents of Aragon (IF) 303 0.00 New 0 ±0
Radical Balearic Party (PRB) 282 0.00 New 0 ±0
Tagoror Party (Tagoror) 278 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Regionalist Party of Guadalajara (PRGU) 267 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Socialdemocrat Spanish Christian Monarchy (MCES) 244 0.00 New 0 ±0
Progressive Sorian Union (US) 98 0.00 New 0 ±0
Nationalist Party of Castile and León (PANCAL) 70 0.00 –0.01 0 ±0
Initiative for Ceuta (INCE) 42 0.00 New 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 0 0.00 New 0 ±0
Coalition for Free Canaries (CCL) 0 0.00 New 0 ±0
Centrist Unity–Democratic Spanish Party (PED) 0 0.00 –0.02 0 ±0
Freixes Independent Group (Freixes) 0 0.00 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 188,679 0.80 +0.11
Total 23,591,864 350 ±0
Valid votes 23,591,864 99.46 +0.20
Invalid votes 126,952 0.54 –0.20
Votes cast / turnout 23,718,816 76.44 +6.70
Abstentions 7,311,695 23.56 –6.70
Registered voters 31,030,511
Sources[25][26]
Footnotes:
Popular vote
PSOE
 
 38.78%
PP
 
 34.76%
IU
 
 9.55%
CiU
 
 4.94%
CDS
 
 1.76%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.24%
CC
 
 0.88%
HB
 
 0.88%
ERC
 
 0.80%
PAR
 
 0.61%
EA–EUE
 
 0.55%
UV
 
 0.48%
Others
 
 3.97%
Blank ballots
 
 0.80%
Seats
PSOE
 
 45.43%
PP
 
 40.29%
IU
 
 5.14%
CiU
 
 4.86%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.43%
CC
 
 1.14%
HB
 
 0.57%
ERC
 
 0.29%
PAR
 
 0.29%
EA–EUE
 
 0.29%
UV
 
 0.29%

Senate[]

← Summary of the 6 June 1993 Senate of Spain election results →
SpainSenateDiagram1993.svg
Parties and coalitions Directly
elected 		Reg.
app. 		Total
Seats +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 96 –11 21 117
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 90 –11 19 109
Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC) 6 ±0 2 8
People's Party (PP) 93 +15 13 106
People's Party (PP)1 90 +14 13 103
Navarrese People's Union (UPN) 3 +1 0 3
Convergence and Union (CiU) 10 ±0 5 15
Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC) 7 –1 4 11
Democratic Union of Catalonia (UDC) 3 +1 1 4
Canarian Coalition (CC) 5 +1 1 6
Canarian Independent Groups (AIC) 2 ±0 1 3
Nationalist Canarian Initiative (ICAN) 1 +1 0 1
Majorera Assembly (AM) 1 ±0 0 1
Independent Herrenian Group (AHI) 1 ±0 0 1
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 3 –1 2 5
United Left (IU) 0 –1 2 2
Popular Unity (HB) 1 –2 0 1
Aragonese Party (PAR) 0 ±0 1 1
Basque Solidarity (EA) 0 ±0 1 1
Riojan Party (PR) 0 ±0 1 1
Valencian Nationalist Left (ENV) 0 ±0 1 1
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 0 –1 0 0
Total 208 ±0 48 256
Sources[9][26][27][28]
Footnotes:
Seats
PSOE
 
 45.70%
PP
 
 41.41%
CiU
 
 5.86%
CC
 
 2.34%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.95%
IU
 
 0.78%
HB
 
 0.39%
PAR
 
 0.39%
EA
 
 0.39%
PR
 
 0.39%
ENV
 
 0.39%

Aftermath[]

Investiture
Felipe González (PSOE)
Ballot → 9 July 1993
Required majority → 176 out of 350 checkY
Yes
  • • PSOE (159)
  • • CiU (17)
  • • PNV (5)
181 / 350
No
  • • PP (141)
  • • IU–IC (17)
  • • CC (4)
  • • ERC (1)
  • • EA (1)
  • • UV (1)
165 / 350
Abstentions
1 / 350
Absentees
  • • HB (2)
  • • IU–IC (1)
3 / 350
Sources[29]

Notes[]

  1. ^ a b Results for PSOE (39.60%, 175 deputies and 107 senators) and EE (0.51%, 2 deputies and 0 senators) in the 1989 election.
  2. ^ Carlos Revilla and Antoni Fernández Teixidó, former CDS legislators; Felipe Baeza, former PP legislator.
  3. ^ Results for AIC in the 1989 election.
  4. ^ Denotes a main invitee attending the event.
  5. ^ Denotes a main invitee not attending the event, sending a surrogate in their place.

References[]

  1. ^ a b c d "Constitución Española". Act of 29 December 1978. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  2. ^ "Constitución española, Sinopsis artículo 66". Congress of Deputies (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  3. ^ Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, pp. 1077.
  4. ^ a b c d "Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General". Organic Law No. 5 of 19 June 1985. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  5. ^ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 2017-07-30. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  6. ^ "El 3 de diciembre de 1993, última fecha posible para las elecciones generales". El País (in Spanish). 18 November 1992. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  7. ^ "Real Decreto 534/1993, de 12 de abril, de disolución del Congreso de los Diputados y del Senado y de convocatoria de elecciones" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (88): 10581–10582. 13 April 1993. ISSN 0212-033X.
  8. ^ "Grupos Parlamentarios en el Congreso de los Diputados y el Senado". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  9. ^ a b "Composición del Senado 1977-2022". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  10. ^ "Grupos parlamentarios". Congress of Deputies (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  11. ^ "Grupos Parlamentarios desde 1977". Senate of Spain (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  12. ^ "El PSOE proclama candidato a la presidencia a González pese a que este mantiene la incógnita". El País (in Spanish). 12 September 1992. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  13. ^ "Socialistas y Euskadiko Ezkerra ponen en marcha su proyecto de fusión". El País (in Spanish). 1 January 1993. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  14. ^ "318 afiliados de Euskadiko Ezkerra aprueban la fusión con el PSE-PSOE". El País (in Spanish). 22 February 1993. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  15. ^ "El PP desaparece en Navarra al fusionarse con Unión del Pueblo Navarro". El País (in Spanish). 18 March 1991. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  16. ^ "Aznar será proclamado candidato del PP a La Moncloa el 16 de enero". El País (in Spanish). 30 November 1992. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  17. ^ "Calvo Ortega, candidato". El País (in Spanish). 20 September 1992. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  18. ^ a b "Cinco debates en 11 elecciones: del 'desastre' de Felipe a la 'niña' de Rajoy". El Mundo (in Spanish). 13 October 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  19. ^ a b "Los debates González - Aznar, entre las emisiones más vistas de la historia de Antena 3 y Telecinco". FormulaTV (in Spanish). 21 February 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  20. ^ "Triunfo claro de Aznar en el primer debate". El País (in Spanish). 26 May 1993.
  21. ^ "Aznar superó a González en el debate". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 26 May 1993.
  22. ^ "Las encuestas de "El Mundo", "La Vanguardia" y "El País" dan el triunfo a Aznar". ABC (in Spanish). 26 May 1993.
  23. ^ "Victoria neta de González sobre Aznar en el segundo cara a cara televisivo". El País (in Spanish). 2 June 1993.
  24. ^ "González ganó por 20,9 puntos a Aznar". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 2 June 1993.
  25. ^ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 1993. National totals". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  26. ^ a b "Elecciones Generales 6 de junio de 1993". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  27. ^ "Electoral Results Consultation. Senate. June 1993. National totals". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  28. ^ "Elecciones al Senado 1993". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  29. ^ "Congreso de los Diputados: Votaciones más importantes". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 September 2017.

Bibliography[]

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