Next Spanish general election

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Next Spanish general election
← 2019 (Nov) No later than 10 December 2023[a]
← outgoing members
All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 208 (of 266) seats in the Senate
176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
Opinion polls
  Pedro Sánchez 2021e (cropped).jpg Alberto Núñez Feijóo 2018 (cropped).jpg Santiago Abascal 2018d (cropped).jpg
Leader Pedro Sánchez Alberto Núñez Feijóo Santiago Abascal
Party PSOE PP Vox
Leader since 18 June 2017 2 April 2022 20 September 2014
Leader's seat Madrid — Madrid
Last election 120 seats, 28.0% 89 seats, 20.8% 52 seats, 15.1%
Current seats 120 88 52
Seats needed Green Arrow Up Darker.svg56 Green Arrow Up Darker.svg88 Green Arrow Up Darker.svg124
  Yolanda Díaz 2021b (cropped).jpg Gabriel Rufián 2019 (cropped).jpg Inés Arrimadas 2017b (cropped).jpg
Leader Yolanda Díaz Gabriel Rufián Inés Arrimadas
Party Unidas Podemos ERC Cs
Leader since TBD 14 October 2019 14 March 2020
Leader's seat Pontevedra Barcelona Barcelona
Last election 35 seats, 12.9% 13 seats, 3.6% 10 seats, 6.8%
Current seats 35 13 9
Seats needed Green Arrow Up Darker.svg141 N/A[b] Green Arrow Up Darker.svg166
Provinces of Spain - blank map.svg
Constituencies for the Congress of Deputies
Incumbent Prime Minister

Pedro Sánchez
PSOE



The next Spanish general election will be held no later than Sunday, 10 December 2023,[a] to elect the 15th Cortes Generales of the Kingdom of Spain. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies will be up for election, as well as 208 of 265 seats in the Senate.

The term of the Spanish government appointed following the November 2019 election—which comprised a coalition of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and Unidas Podemos, the first such government nationwide in Spain since the times of the Second Spanish Republic—was quickly overshadowed by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020 and its political and economical consequences, including the worst worldwide recession since the Great Depression resulting from the massive lockdowns enforced to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2. To the right of the political spectrum, and struggling to consolidate their political space in competition with each other, are the conservative People's Party (PP)—considerably battered following an internal push by Galician and Madrilenian presidents, Alberto Núñez Feijóo and Isabel Díaz Ayuso, to oust party leader Pablo Casado in February 2022—, a rising far-right Vox and the liberal Citizens (Cs), whose support in opinion polling has collapsed since the 2019 elections.

Incumbent prime minister Pedro Sánchez has repeatedly asserted his will to terminate the legislature when it is due in 2023, following the Spanish presidency of the European Union, dispelling any rumours of an early election call.[5][6]

Overview[]

Electoral system[]

The Spanish Cortes Generales are envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. The Congress of Deputies has greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. Nonetheless, the Senate possesses a few exclusive, yet limited in number functions—such as its role in constitutional amendment—which are not subject to the Congress' override.[7][8] Voting for the Cortes Generales is on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprises all nationals over eighteen and in full enjoyment of their political rights.[9] Additionally, Spaniards abroad are required to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish: Voto rogado).[10]

For the Congress of Deputies, 348 seats are elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which includes blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Seats are allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain, with each being allocated an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla are allocated the two remaining seats, which are elected using plurality voting.[7][11] The use of the D'Hondt method may result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.[12]

For the Senate, 208 seats are elected using an open list partial block voting, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors can vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces is allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts are the islands themselves, with the larger—Majorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife—being allocated three seats each, and the smaller—Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma—one each. Ceuta and Melilla elect two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities can appoint at least one senator each and are entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants.[7][11]

Election date[]

The term of each chamber of the Cortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expires four years from the date of their previous election, unless they are dissolved earlier. The election decree shall be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of the Cortes in the event that the prime minister does not make use of his prerogative of early dissolution. The decree shall be published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication. The previous election was held on 10 November 2019, which means that the legislature's term will expire on 10 November 2023. The election decree must be published in the BOE no later than 17 October 2023, with the election taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication, setting the latest possible election date for the Cortes Generales on Sunday, 10 December 2023.[11][13]

The prime minister has the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence is in process, no state of emergency is in force and that dissolution does not occur before one year has elapsed since the previous one. Additionally, both chambers are to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process fails to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.[7] Barred this exception, there is no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections for the Congress and the Senate. Still, as of 2022 there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution, with governments having long preferred that elections for the two chambers of the Cortes take place simultaneously.

Following his party's defeat in the Madrilenian regional election held on 4 May 2021, Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez commented that there were still "32 months to go" ahead of the next general election, which meant that the election date was implied to be tentatively scheduled for January 2024.[14] This opened questions on the maximum timetable for holding a new general election, with legal interpretations up until that point considering that the Cortes Generales's expiry date was set four years from the previous election; however, an interpretation that considered that the four year timetable started counting from the chamber's first assembly or from the prime minister's investiture could push the election date into January or February 2024.[1][2][3][4]

Parliamentary composition[]

The tables below show the composition of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the present time.[15]

Current parliamentary composition[16]
Congress of Deputies
Groups Parties Deputies
Seats Total
Socialist Parliamentary Group PSOE 108 120
PSC 12
People's Parliamentary Group in the Congress PP 88 88
Vox Parliamentary Group Vox 52 52
United We Can–In Common We Can–Galicia in
Common's Confederal Parliamentary Group 		Podemos 24 34
IU 5
CatComú 4
AV 1
Republican Parliamentary Group ERC 12 13
Sobiranistes 1
Plural Parliamentary Group JxCat 4 12
PDeCAT 4
Más País 2
Compromís 1
BNG 1
Citizens Parliamentary Group Cs 9 9
Basque Parliamentary Group (EAJ/PNV) EAJ/PNV 6 6
EH Bildu Parliamentary Group EH Bildu 5 5
Mixed Parliamentary Group CUP 2 10
FAC 1
CCa 1
NCa 1
PRC 1
TE 1
INDEP 3[c]
 
Current parliamentary composition[19]
Senate
Groups Parties Senators
Seats Total
Socialist Parliamentary Group PSOE 109 114
PSC 5
People's Parliamentary Group in the Senate PP 100 100
Republican Left–EH Bildu Parliamentary Group ERC 14 16
EH Bildu 2
Basque Parliamentary Group in the Senate
(EAJ/PNV) 		EAJ/PNV 10 10
Confederal Left Parliamentary Group
(Forward Andalusia, More for Majorca, More
Madrid, Commitment, Yes to the Future and
Gomera Socialist Group) 		Más Madrid 1 6
AA 1
Compromís 1
Més 1
GBai 1
ASG 1
Democratic Parliamentary Group
(Citizens, Teruel Exists and Regionalist
Party of Cantabria) 		Cs 3 6
TE 2
PRC 1
Nationalist Parliamentary Group in the Senate
Together for Catalonia–Canarian Coalition/
Canarian Nationalist Party 		JxCat 5 6
CCa 1
Mixed Parliamentary Group Vox 3 7
UPN 1
PAR 1
INDEP 2[d]

Parties and candidates[]

The electoral law allows for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election are required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they seek election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Concurrently, parties, federations or coalitions that have not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election are required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.[11] The electoral law provides for a special, simplified process for election re-runs, including a shortening of deadlines, the lifting of signature requirements if these had been already met for the immediately previous election and the possibility of maintaining lists and coalitions without needing to go through pre-election procedures again.

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which will likely contest the election:

Candidacy Parties and
alliances 		Leading candidate Ideology Previous result Gov. Ref.
Votes (%) Con. Sen.
PSOE
List
 Pedro Sánchez 2021e (cropped).jpg Pedro Sánchez Social democracy 28.00% 120 93 checkY [21]
PP
List
 Alberto Núñez Feijóo 2018 (cropped).jpg Alberto Núñez Feijóo Conservatism
Christian democracy 		20.81% 89 83 ☒N [22]
Vox
List
  • Vox (Vox)
Santiago Abascal 2018d (cropped).jpg Santiago Abascal Right-wing populism
Ultranationalism
National conservatism 		15.08% 52 2 ☒N
Unidas
Podemos
List
 Yolanda Díaz 2021b (cropped).jpg Yolanda Díaz Left-wing populism
Direct democracy
Democratic socialism 		12.86% 35 0 checkY [23]
[24]
Cs
List
  • Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs)
Inés Arrimadas 2017b (cropped).jpg Inés Arrimadas Liberalism 6.80% 10 0 ☒N [25]
ERC–
Sobiranistes
List
 Gabriel Rufián 2019 (cropped).jpg Gabriel Rufián Catalan independence
Left-wing nationalism
Social democracy 		3.63% 13 11 ☒N
Más País
List
 Íñigo Errejón 2019 (cropped).jpg Íñigo Errejón Alter-globalization
Populism
Green politics 		2.40% 3 0 ☒N
JxCat
List
 Míriam Nogueras 2015 (cropped).jpg Míriam Nogueras Catalan independence
Populism 		2.19%[e] 8 3 ☒N [26]
[27]
PDeCAT
List
 Ferran Bel 2015 (cropped).jpg Ferran Bel Catalan independence
Liberalism 		☒N
EAJ/PNV
List
  • Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)
Aitor Esteban 2016 (cropped).jpg Aitor Esteban Basque nationalism
Christian democracy
Social democracy 		1.56% 6 9 ☒N
EH Bildu
List
 Mertxe Aizpurua 2019 (cropped).png Mertxe Aizpurua Basque independence
Left-wing nationalism
Socialism 		1.14% 5 1 ☒N
CUP–PR
List
 Mireia Vehí 2019 (cropped).jpg Mireia Vehí Catalan independence
Anti-capitalism
Socialism 		1.02% 2 0 ☒N
CCa–
PNC–NC
List
 Ana Oramas 2019 (cropped).jpg Ana Oramas Regionalism
Canarian nationalism
Centrism 		0.51% 2 0 ☒N
BNG
List
 Néstor Rego 2016 (cropped).jpg Néstor Rego Galician nationalism
Left-wing nationalism
Socialism 		0.50% 1 0 ☒N
NA+
List
 Portrait placeholder.svg TBD Regionalism
Christian democracy
Conservatism
Liberalism 		0.41% 2 3 ☒N
PRC
List
  • Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC)
José María Mazón (2018) (cropped).jpg José María Mazón Regionalism
Centrism 		0.28% 1 0 ☒N
España
Vaciada
List
 Tomás Guitarte 2019c (cropped).jpg Tomás Guitarte Localism
Ruralism 		0.08%[f] 1 2 ☒N [28]
[29]
ASG
List
 Portrait placeholder.svg Fabián Chinea Insularism
Social democracy 		— —[g] 1 ☒N
Foro
List
 Portrait placeholder.svg Isidro Martínez Oblanca Regionalism
Conservatism 		New party[h] ☒N [30]

Internal disputes emerged within the People's Party (PP) following Isabel Díaz Ayuso's landslide victory in the 2021 Madrilenian election, as the regional president came to be seen by a party sector as a better candidate than Pablo Casado to face off Pedro Sánchez in a general election.[31][32] The conflict came to a head from September 2021 when both sides clashed for the control of the party's regional branch in the Community of Madrid, with Ayuso's possible rise to the presidency of the regional PP being seen by Casado's supporters as an immediate threat to his national leadership.[33][34] Following several months of a leadership that was perceived as poor and erratic, coupled with an erosion of popular support in opinion polls and a disappointing result in the 2022 Castilian-Leonese regional election, the crisis entered a new stage on 16 February 2022 when some media revealed an alleged plot of the party's national leadership to investigate Ayuso's family in search of compromising material—more specifically, alleged influence peddling in the awarding of public contracts to Ayuso's brother. After several days of public infighting between both Casado and Ayuso, Galician president Alberto Núñez Feijóo was reported as having agreed with the latter and other party regional presidents to become the party's new leader and replace Casado, who was said to be willing to hold on until the PP congress scheduled for July.[35][36][37] On 22 February, Casado's resignation was announced after he was abandoned by most of the party's leadership and public officers.[22]

As a result of Pablo Iglesias's farewell from active politics in May 2021, Labour minister—and, from July 2021, second deputy prime minister—Yolanda Díaz, came to be widely regarder as Iglesias's presumptive successor as prime ministerial candidate in the next general election.[23] Díaz expressed her will to shape a new electoral platform transcending political parties, as well as the Unidas Podemos brand,[38][39] aiming to secure the support of ideologically-close forces such as En Comú Podem (ECP), Compromís and Más Madrid/Más País while giving a prevalent role to civil society.[40][41][42] The platform was to see and advance unity act during an event to be held on 13 November 2021, which would see the participation a number of women representative of the various political spaces that could eventually join it: Díaz herself, Barcelona mayor Ada Colau (ECP), Valencian vice president Mónica Oltra (Compromís), Madrilenian opposition leader Mónica García (Más Madrid) and Ceutan councillor Fatima Hamed Hossain (from the Movement for Dignity and Citizenship, MDyC); the absence of Podemos members in the event, most notably of Equality and Social Rights ministers Irene Montero and Ione Belarra, was seen as evidence of the growing diminished role of Unidas Podemos within the platform.[43] Díaz's-led left-wing alliance was also well-received by prime minister Pedro Sánchez, who saw it as important for the "progressive space" to be in "top shape" in order for his government to be able to maintain and expand its majority in the next election.[44] While the term "Broad Front" as been frequently used in the media to refer to Díaz's platform,[45][46] it has been commeted that Díaz herself has rejected the use of this name for its connections with similar brandings used by left-wing populist alliances in Latin America.[47]

In September 2021, citizen collectives of the so-called "Empty Spain" (Spanish: España Vacía or España Vaciada), a coined term to refer to Spain's rural and largely unpopulated interior provinces,[48] agreed to look forward to formulas to contest the next elections in Spain, inspired by the success of the Teruel Existe candidacy (Spanish for "Teruel Exists") in the November 2019 general election.[28] By November 2021, it was confirmed that over 160 collectives and associations from about 30 Spanish provinces had committed themselves to finalizing the electoral platform before January 2022.[29]

Opinion polls[]

Main article: Opinion polling for the next Spanish general election
Local regression trend line of poll results from 10 November 2019 to the present day, with each line corresponding to a political party.

Notes[]

  1. ^ a b A looser—while unprecedented—legal interpretation could allow for an election to be held up until January or February 2024.[1][2][3][4]
  2. ^ ERC–Sobiranistes does not field candidates outside of Catalonia (47 seats) and therefore cannot obtain a majority in parliament.
  3. ^ Carlos García Adanero and Sergio Sayas, former UPN legislators;[17] Pablo Cambronero, former Cs legislator.[18]
  4. ^ Ruth Goñi and Emilio Argüeso, former Cs legislators.[20]
  5. ^ Results for Together for Catalonia in the November 2019 election.
  6. ^ Results for ¡Teruel Existe! in the November 2019 election.
  7. ^ ASG only fields candidates for the Senate election.
  8. ^ Foro contested the November 2019 election in an electoral alliance with the PP, securing 1 deputy.

References[]

  1. ^ a b Garat, Ketty (11 May 2021). "Sánchez se asegura el 'armazón jurídico' para poder estirar la legislatura hasta enero de 2024". Libertad Digital (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  2. ^ a b Vilches, Jorge (17 July 2021). "Sánchez hasta el final". La Razón (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  3. ^ a b Elordi Cué, Carlos (19 July 2021). "Sánchez se prepara ya para 2024". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  4. ^ a b Calleja, Mariano (8 October 2021). "El PP cree que Sánchez alargará la legislatura al máximo hasta febrero de 2024". ABC (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  5. ^ Mármol, Iolanda (5 November 2021). "Sánchez planifica el semestre europeo de 2023 para apurar la legislatura". El Periódico de España (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  6. ^ Hernández Valls, Fernando; Gil, Iván (23 February 2022). "Casado se despide como jefe de la oposición y Sánchez garantiza que no adelanta elecciones". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d "Constitución Española". Act of 29 December 1978. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  8. ^ "Constitución española, Sinopsis artículo 66". Congress of Deputies (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  9. ^ Carreras, Albert; Tafunell, Xavier; Soler, Raimon; Fontana, Josep (2005) [1989]. Estadísticas históricas de España, siglos XIX-XX (PDF) (in Spanish). Vol. 1 (II ed.). Bilbao: Fundación BBVA. p. 1077. ISBN 84-96515-00-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015.
  10. ^ Reig Pellicer, Naiara (16 December 2015). "Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote". cafebabel.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  11. ^ a b c d "Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General". Organic Law No. 5 of 19 June 1985. Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  12. ^ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 2017-07-30. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  13. ^ Sánchez, Manuel; Romero, Alexis (20 November 2021). "Tres escenarios para las elecciones generales de 2023, con la fecha límite del 10 de diciembre". Público (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 November 2021.
  14. ^ "Sánchez pide "aprender de los errores" del 4M con "humildad" pero recuerda aún quedan 32 meses para las generales". Heraldo de Aragón (in Spanish). Europa Press. 10 May 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  15. ^ "Composición del Senado 1977-2022". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  16. ^ "Grupos parlamentarios". Congress of Deputies (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  17. ^ G. Lorenzo, Clara (5 February 2022). "UPN avala expulsar a Sayas y Adanero por votar en contra de la reforma laboral". El Periódico de España (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  18. ^ "Arrimadas pierde uno de sus diez diputados en el Congreso, que se va al Grupo Mixto". El País (in Spanish). 17 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  19. ^ "Grupos Parlamentarios desde 1977". Senate of Spain (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  20. ^ "Dos deserciones más dejan a Cs sin grupo propio en el Senado a partir de junio". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 18 March 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  21. ^ Campo Vidal, Manuel (26 July 2021). "El plan de Pedro Sánchez para su reelección". El Periódico de Extremadura (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  22. ^ a b Zaragüeta, Iñaki (22 February 2022). "Pablo Casado dimite y deja el partido en manos de una gestora". NIUS (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  23. ^ a b Gil, Iván (15 March 2021). "Yolanda Díaz, de abogada laboralista a designada por Iglesias para su relevo". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  24. ^ Ríos, Daniel (10 October 2021). "Yolanda Díaz se viste de candidata y comienza a diseñar una nueva plataforma para las elecciones de 2023". 20 minutos (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  25. ^ Ordiz, Emilio (9 March 2020). "Ciudadanos apuesta por la continuidad: Inés Arrimadas gana las primarias y es la nueva presidenta del partido". 20 minutos (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  26. ^ "Miriam Nogueras sustituirá a Borràs como portavoz de JxCat en el Congreso". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. EFE. 8 January 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  27. ^ Fàbregas, Laura (24 February 2021). "La nueva voz de Junts en el Congreso buscará dinamitar los puentes entre Sánchez y ERC". Voz Pópuli (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  28. ^ a b Navarro, Juan (20 September 2021). "La España Vacía concurrirá a las elecciones". El País (in Spanish). Valladolid. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  29. ^ a b Nicolay, Juan Antonio (8 November 2021). "La 'España Vaciada' ultima su salto a la política nacional con la ilusión de convertirse en clave de la gobernabilidad". NIUS Diario (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  30. ^ ""Es la dirección del PP de Asturias la que está incumpliendo los compromisos", responde Moriyón a Mallada" (in Spanish). Oviedo: Europa Press. 12 October 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  31. ^ Mateo, Juan José (4 May 2021). "Díaz Ayuso, de candidata desconocida a referente de la derecha". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  32. ^ Riveiro, Aitor (13 September 2021). "El ala dura de Aguirre y Álvarez de Toledo se alinea con Ayuso frente a Casado". elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  33. ^ Caballero, Fátima (1 September 2021). "Ayuso inaugura el curso con otra batalla de poder: la presidencia del PP de Madrid". elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  34. ^ Riveiro, Aitor; Caballero, Fátima (3 November 2021). "Guerra total entre Casado y Ayuso por el control del PP de Madrid". elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  35. ^ García de Blas, Elsa (20 February 2022). "Pablo Casado resiste pese a la creciente presión de los barones para que dimita". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  36. ^ Santos, Pilar (21 February 2022). "Ayuso y Feijóo acordaron anoche que la etapa de Casado ha finalizado". El Periódico (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  37. ^ Del Riego, Carmen (21 February 2022). "Feijóo, Moreno, Ayuso y Mañueco se alían para pedir la dimisión de Casado". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  38. ^ Ramírez, Daniel (30 September 2021). "Yolanda Díaz confirma que lanzará una plataforma que trascienda a Podemos, IU y el 15-M". El Español (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  39. ^ Ramírez, Daniel (12 October 2021). "Unidas Podemos prepara ya su distanciamiento del PSOE y asume que su marca electoral puede restar en la papeleta". infoLibre (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  40. ^ De la Hoz, Cristina (13 October 2021). "Los planes de Yolanda Díaz: una plataforma que respete las identidades y sin "señoros"". El Independiente (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  41. ^ Rodríguez, Miguel Ángel (17 October 2021). "Yolanda Díaz adopta para su proyecto el 'modelo Macron': menos Unidas Podemos y más sociedad civil". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  42. ^ "Yolanda Díaz no pone límites a su plataforma de izquierdas". La Voz de Galicia (in Spanish). 19 October 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  43. ^ Cabanillas, Ana (4 November 2021). "Díaz, Colau, Oltra y García lanzan 'la otra izquierda' el 13 de noviembre en València". El Periódico de España (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  44. ^ Romero, Juanma (18 October 2021). "Sánchez apremia a la unión de la izquierda del PSOE para agrupar el voto frente a la derecha". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  45. ^ "Qué es el "frente amplio" de Yolanda Díaz". ABC (in Spanish). 11 October 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  46. ^ Molina, Chema (23 October 2021). "¿Qué es un Frente Amplio más allá del proyecto de Yolanda Díaz?". Público (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  47. ^ Portillo, Javier (18 November 2021). "Yolanda Díaz rechaza la marca "frente amplio" para su plataforma". VozPópuli (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  48. ^ Rodríguez Martínez, Marta; Abellán Matamoros, Cristina; Amiel, Sandrine (1 April 2019). "The 'Revolt of Empty Spain': Why is Spain's rural world protesting?". Euronews. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
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