2006 RH₁₂₀

2006 RH₁₂₀ is a tiny near-Earth asteroid^[4] and fast rotator with a diameter of approximately 2–3 meters^[6] that ordinarily orbits the Sun but makes close approaches to the Earth–Moon system around every twenty years,^[8] when it can temporarily enter Earth orbit through temporary satellite capture (TSC). Most recently, it was in Earth orbit from September 2006 to June 2007.^[9] As a consequence of its temporary orbit around the Earth, it is currently the smallest asteroid in the Solar System with a well-known orbit.

Until given a minor planet designation on 18 February 2008,^[1] the object was known as 6R10DB9, an internal identification number assigned by the Catalina Sky Survey.^[7]

Discovery[]

2006 RH₁₂₀ was discovered on 14 September 2006 by Eric Christensen with the 27-inch (690 mm) Schmidt camera of the Catalina Sky Survey in Arizona.^[10] "6R10DB9"^[10] was the Catalina Sky Survey's own discovery designation for this object, which usually would only be used on the MPC's NEO Confirmation Page (NEOCP) until an IAU designation was applied, if the object was classified as a minor object. It was added on 14 September to the NEOCP and subsequently removed with the explanation that it "was not a minor planet".^[11] Preliminary orbital calculations indicated it was captured by Earth's gravity from solar orbit of a period of about 11 months, which is similar to that of many spent rocket boosters dating to the Apollo program of the 1960s and early 1970s. 6R10DB was assigned the designation 2006 RH₁₂₀ on 18 February 2008.^[1]

Origin[]

Some controversy existed regarding the origin of the object. Upon discovery, it was not given a formal name because its spectrum was consistent with the white titanium-oxide paint used on Saturn V rockets,^[12] which meant it could be an artificial object. Precedents for this exist: J002E3 is currently thought to be the third-stage Saturn S-IVB booster from Apollo 12 and was in an almost identical orbit,^[13] and 6Q0B44E, discovered a month earlier, was also thought to be artificial.^[14] Its status as a satellite was also debated, with A. W. Harris of the Space Science Institute commenting, "Claiming some bit of fluff in a temporary looping orbit to be a 'satellite', with all the baggage that term carries, is mere hype".^[8][15] Radar observations strongly suggest that the object is a natural body.^[16]

Orbit[]

Analysis has shown that solar-radiation pressure is perturbing its motion perceptibly.^[17] However, Paul Chodas in JPL's Solar System Dynamics Group suspects that the perturbations are consistent with expectations for a rocky object but not with old flight hardware.^[17] One hypothesis is that the object is a piece of lunar rock ejected by an impact.^[8] On 18 February 2008, the object was given a minor planet designation.^[1]

The object made four Earth orbits of about three months each before being ejected after the June 2007 perigee. At that perigee, it dipped inside the Moon's orbit to a distance of 276,845 kilometres (172,024 mi).^[7] 2006 RH₁₂₀ became an Apollo-class asteroid in June 2007.

Orbit of 2006 RH₁₂₀ during a temporary-satellite-capture event

Animation of 2006 RH120 orbit

Around Earth from April 2006 to November 2007

Around Earth from 1978 to 2020

Around Sun from 1600 to 2500

   Sun ·    Earth ·    Moon ·   2006 RH120

14 June 2007 perigee[]

On 14 June 2007, 2006 RH₁₂₀ made its fourth and last perigee of the most recent Earth encounter.^[18] It was 0.7 lunar distances at closest, with an apparent magnitude of 18.5–19.0. Astronomers at JPL Goldstone in California made radar astrometry measurements on 12, 14 and 17 June 2007.

Future events[]

2006 RH₁₂₀ is now in solar orbit^[15] as an Amor-class asteroid^[2] with an orbit completely outside of Earth's orbit. As of 2017, this object was 2 AU from Earth on the other side of the Sun.^[19] Systematic residuals in the positions of the object probably indicate that the model used to determine solar radiation pressure may be too simple to adequately describe its motion over a long period of time.^[7] The next near-Earth encounter is in August 2028 when the object will pass Earth at a relatively low speed of 136 metres per second (304 miles per hour).^[7][18] For comparison, on 13 April 2029, asteroid 99942 Apophis will pass Earth at a relative speed of 7.4 kilometres per second (17,000 miles per hour).^[20] 2006 RH₁₂₀ is listed as part of the Near-Earth Object Human Space Flight Accessible Targets Study (NHATS).^[21]

See also[]

• 1991 VG – temporary Earth satellite discovered in 1991
• 2020 CD3 – another temporary Earth satellite discovered in 2020
• 6Q0B44E – small Earth satellite, probably artificial
• 3753 Cruithne – horseshoe companion of the Earth
• 2002 AA29 – horseshoe companion of the Earth
• (419624) 2010 SO16 – horseshoe companion of the Earth
• Natural satellite
• Claimed moons of Earth
• Quasi-satellite
• Space debris

References[]

External links[]

• Great Shefford Observatory's 6R10DB9 images and background
• Earth's "Other Moon", Roger W. Sinnott, Sky & Telescope, 17 April 2007
• JPL Radar Astrometry Page
• Bill Gray's Pseudo-MPEC Page on 6R10DB9
• Photometry of 2006 RH120: an asteroid temporarily captured into a geocentric orbit (Astronomy & Astrophysics 2009)
• Interactive 3D visualisation of the Earth 2006 RH120 capture event
• 2006 RH120 at NeoDyS-2, Near Earth Objects—Dynamic Site
  • Ephemeris · Obs prediction · Orbital info · MOID · Proper elements · Obs info · Close · Physical info · NEOCC
• 2006 RH120 at ESA–space situational awareness
  • Ephemerides · Observations · Orbit · Physical Properties · Summary
• 2006 RH120 at the JPL Small-Body Database
  • Close approach · Discovery · Ephemeris · Orbit diagram · Orbital elements · Physical parameters