Abhogi

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources:  –  ·  ·  · scholar · JSTOR (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Abhogi

Mela	22nd, Kharaharapriya[1]
Type	Audava–Audava[1]
Arohanam	S R₂ G₂ M₁ D₂ Ṡ[1]
Avarohanam	Ṡ D₂ M₁ G₂ R₂ S[1]
Jeeva svaras	G₂[1]
Chhaya svaras	D₂[1]
Equivalent	Abhogi Kanada

Carnatic music
Tanjavur-style Tambura
Concepts
Śruti Svara Rāga Tāḷa Mēḷakarta Asaṃpūrṇa Mēḷakarta
Compositions
Gītaṃ Svarajati Varṇaṃ Kr̥ti Kīrtana Rāgaṃ Tānaṃ Pallavi Tillana
Instruments
Melody Sarasvati Vīṇā Veṇu Nādasvaraṃ Goṭṭuvādyaṃ (Citra Vīṇā) Violin Percussion Mr̥daṅgaṃ Ghaṭaṃ Morsing Kanjira Thavil Drone Tambura Shruti box
Composers Glossary
v t

Abhogi (Ābhōgi) is a raga in Carnatic music and has been adapted to Hindustani music.^[2] It is a pentatonic scale, an audava raga.^[3] It is a derived scale (janya raga), as it does not have all the seven swaras (musical notes). Ābhōgi has been borrowed from Carnatic music into Hindustani music and is also quite popular in the latter.^[4][5]

Theory[]

The Carnatic raga Abhogi is a symmetric pentatonic scale that does not contain panchamam and nishadam. It is called an audava-audava raga,^[4][5] as it has 5 notes in both ascending and descending scales. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is as follows:

• ārohaṇa: S R₂ G₂ M₁ D₂ Ṡ^[a]
• avarohaṇa: Ṡ D₂ M₁ G₂ R₂ S^[b]

The notes used are shadjam, chathusruti rishabham, sadharana gandharam, shuddha madhyamam and chathusruthi dhaivatham. Ābhōgi is considered a janya raga of Kharaharapriya, the 22nd Melakarta raga, though it can be derived from Gourimanohari too, by dropping both panchamam and nishadam.^{[citation needed]}

Graha bhedam[]

Graha bhedam is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the shadjam to another note in the rāgam. Abhogi's notes, when shifted using Graha bhedam, yields another pentatonic rāgam, Valaji. For more details and illustration of this concept refer Graha bhedam on Ābhōgi.

According to P.Moutal, the raga Kalavati is a transposition of Abhogi.^[6]

Scale similarities[]

• Sriranjani is a rāgam which has kaishiki nishadam in both ascending and descending scales in addition to the notes in Ābhōgi. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is S R₂ G₂ M₁ D₂ N₂ Ṡ : Ṡ N₂ D₂ M₁ G₂ R₂ S
• Shuddha Saveri is a rāgam which has the panchamam in place of the gandharam. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is S R₂ M₁ P D₂ Ṡ : Ṡ D₂ P M₁ R₂ S

Notable compositions[]

Abhogi is a raga used for compositions in a medium to fast tempo. It has been used by many composers in classical music and film music. Notable traditional compositions in Abhogi include:

• Nannu brova nee kinta tāmasamā in Adi tala by Thyagaraja^[1]
• Maneyolagaado By Purandara Dasa
• Śri Lakṣhmi varāham by Muthuswami Dikshitar^[1]
• Sabhāpatikku veru daivam, in Rupaka tala by Gopalakrishna Bharati^[1]
• Neekepudu in Khanḍa Tripuṭa tala by Mysore Sadashiva Rao^[1]
• Evvari bodhana, a popular varnam by Patnam Subramania Iyer^{[citation needed]}
• Manasu nilpa by Thyagaraja^{[citation needed]}
• Nekkurugi unnai by Papanasam Sivan^{[citation needed]}
• Sri Mahaganapathe by N S Ramachandran^[7]
• Manujudai Putti by Annamacharya^{[citation needed]}

In Hindustani music[]

Abhogi Kanada

Thaat	Kafi[2]
Type	Audava–Audava
Time of day	Early night, 9–12[2]
Arohana	S R G̱ M D Ṡ[8]
Avarohana	Ṡ D M G̱ M R S Ṡ D M G̱ R S
Synonym	Abhogi
Similar	Bageshri[2]

The Carnatic raga was incorporated relatively recently into Hindustani classical music where it is known as Abhogi Kanada (IAST: Abhogi Kānaḍā) or simply, Abhogi. The Kanada indicates its origin as a member of the Kanada group. Abhogi Kanada is assigned to the Kafi thaat.^[2][8]

The Carnatic and Hindustani Abhogis have almost identical arohanas and avarohanas. However, one major differences is that the Carnatic raga uses the Kanada (out of sequence) phrase G₂ M₁ R₂ S^[c] in a straight manner.^[1]

Theory[]

Pa and Ni are omitted. Also Re is often omitted in ascent. Flat Ga is often approached from Ma in ascent and has a slight oscillation to show the typical Kanada. In descent often the typical Kanada phrase G̱ M̄ R S is used.^{[citation needed]}

• Arohana (order of ascending notes in the scale): S R G̱ M D Ṡ^[d][2]
• Avarohana (order of descending notes in the scale): Ṡ D M G̱ R S^[e] or Ṡ D M G̱ R S^[f][2]
• Vadi: S^{[citation needed]}
• Samavadi: M^{[citation needed]}
• Jeeva Swaras: G̱ and D^{[citation needed]}
• Pakad or Chalan: GMDS SDRSDMD_ D_SRGRS D_RSDM GMMDDSDRSD_M GMD_MGGRR_ GRSd Rd_S
• Samay (Time): Night, approximately 9PM-12AM.
• Thaat: Kafi

Related ragas: Bageshree. However, Bageshree also includes flat Ni and a limited use of Pa, which gives a different flavour.^[2]

Compositions[]

Hindustani compositions of note in Abhogi Kanada include:^[8]

• Par gaya chahai sab koi in Ektal by Raidas
• Jayati siri radhike in Jhaptal by Gadadhar Bhatt
• Ek barajori kare saiyya in Jhumratal

Important recordings[]

• Amir Khan, Ragas Bilaskhani Todi and Abhogi, HMV/AIR LP (long-playing record), EMI-ECLP2765

Film songs[]

In Tamil language[]

Song	Movie	Year	Composer	Singer
Thangaratham Vanthathu	Kalai Kovil	1964	Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy	M. Balamuralikrishna, P. Susheela
Naan Indri Yaar Vaaruvaar (Ragamalika: Abhogi, Valaji)	Maalaiyitta Mangai	1958		T. R. Mahalingam, A. P. Komala
Kangalin Vaarthaigal	Kalathur Kannamma	1960	R. Sudarsanam	A. M. Rajah, P. Susheela
Vanakkam Palamurai Sonnen	Avan Oru Sarithiram	1977	M. S. Viswanathan	T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela
Mangayaril Maharani	Avalukendru Oru Manam	1971		S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
Inraiku Yen Indha	Vaidehi Kathirunthal	1984	Ilaiyaraaja	P. Jayachandran, Vani Jairam
Kalai Nera	Amman Kovil Kizhakale	1986		S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
Kuk Kuk Koo Ena	Kaalaiyum Neeye Maalaiyum Neeye	1988	Devendran
Chandhiranai Thottadhu Yaar	Ratchagan	1997	A. R. Rahman	Hariharan, Sujatha Mohan
Konjam Neram	Chandramukhi	2005	Vidyasagar	Madhu Balakrishnan, Asha Bhonsle
Vaa Sagi Vaa Sagi	Arasiyal	1997		Harish Raghavendra, Uma Ramanan
Maname	Kurukshetram	2006	Isaac Thomas Kottukapally	Pradeep
Idhayam	Billa II	2012	Yuvan Shankar Raja	Shweta Pandit
Yaar Ezhuthiyatho	Thegidi	2014	Nivas K. Prasanna	Sathya Prakash
Kannane	Kanni Raasi	2020	Vishal Chandrashekhar	K. S. Chithra

See also[]

• List of Film Songs based on Ragas

Notes[]

References[]

Sources[]

• Bor, Joep; Rao, Suvarnalata (1999). The Raga Guide: A Survey of 74 Hindustani Ragas. Nimbus Records with Rotterdam Conservatory of Music. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-9543976-0-9.
• Ābhōgi Rāga (Kar), The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India. Oxford University Press. 2011. ISBN 978-0-19-565098-3. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
• Abhogi Kānaḍā Rāga (Hin), The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India. Oxford University Press. 2011. ISBN 978-0-19-565098-3. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
• Moutal, Patrick (1991), Hindustāni Rāga-s Index, New Dehli: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd, ISBN 81-215-0525-7

External links[]

• Mani, Charulatha (2 March 2012). "A Raga's Journey – Arresting Abhogi". The Hindu.