Hindolam

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Hindola
ArohanamS G2 M1 D1 N2 S
AvarohanamS N2 D1 M1 G2 S

Hindōḷaṃ is a rāgam in Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is an audava rāgam (or owdava rāgam, meaning pentatonic scale). It is a janya rāgam (derived scale), as it does not have all the seven swaras (musical notes). Hindolam is not the same as the Hindustani Hindol. The equivalent of Hindolam in Hindustani music is Malkauns[1] (or Malkosh[2]).

It is known to be a rāgam that is generally beautiful and soothing to listen to. Being symmetrical in its ascending and descending scales, it lends itself very well to improvisation and is therefore popular at concerts.

Structure and Lakshana[]

Hindolam scale with shadjam at C

Hindōḷaṃ is a symmetric rāgam that does not contain rishabham and panchamam. It is a pentatonic scale (audava-audava rāgam[1][2] in Carnatic music classification—audava means 'of 5'). Since pentatonic scales can be found in other world music such as Chinese music, shades of Mohanam and Hindōḷaṃ can sometimes be traced in Chinese and east Asian music. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows (see swaras in Carnatic music for details on below notation and terms):

This rāgam uses the swaras sadharana gandharam, shuddha madhyamam, shuddha dhaivatam and kaisiki nishadam. Hindolam is not a melakarta rāgam, since it does not contain all the seven swaras.

Experts in Carnatic music hold differences of opinion on the janaka rāgams (rāgams of origin) that should be attributed to Hindolam. It is widely accepted that the 20th melakarta, Natabhairavi, is the parent rāgam of Hindolam, but some would like to associate it with the 8th melakarta, Hanumatodi.[1][2] It can be derived from both, by dropping the rishabham and panchamam.

Arohanam and avarohanam for Hindolam with tambura

Popular Compositions[]

Sāmajavara gamanā by the maestro Tyagaraja is one of the most popular compositions in Hindolam. Mamavatu śri Sarasvati by Mysore Vasudevachar is another popular composition. Here are some more kritis composed in Hindolam:

  • Madhukara Vritti, Bārayya namma manege, Yaare Rangana[3] by Purandaradasa
  • Rama Mantrava Japiso Hey Manuja by Purandaradasa
  • Guru Purandara Dasare, Uma Kathyayani By Vijaya Dasa
  • Manasulōni Marmamulu, Gōvardhana Giridhāri and Samajavaragamana by Tyagaraja
  • Gōvardhana Girīśam Smarāmi, Neerajakshi Kamakshi and Saraswati Vidhiyuvathi by Muthuswami Dikshitar
  • Padmanabha Pāhi by Swathi Thirunal
  • Maa Ramanan, Sāma Gāna lolalane and Nambikettavar by Papanasam Sivan
  • Enu tuntatana By Narahari Teertha
  • Sadanandamayi Chinmayi by Oothukadu Venkata Kavi
  • Mamavatu Sri Saraswati by Mysore Vasudevacharya
  • Chintayami Jagadamba by Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar
  • Dēva Dēvaṃ Bhajē, Konḍalalō Nelakonna and Garuda Gamana by Annamacharya in Telugu
  • Ramanakku Mannan Mudi by Arunachala Kavi
  • Mal Marugan (varnam) by Thanjavur Shankara Iyer
  • Tillana (Dhim na naa tha dhirana) by Balamuralikrishna

Numerous bhajans, stotras, kritis and film music numbers also have been composed in the Hindolam rāgam.

Tamil Film Songs[]

Song Movie Year Composer Singer
Azhaikathey Manaalane Mangaiyin Baakkiyam 1957 P. Adinarayana Rao P. Suseela
Kangalum Kavi Paadudhe Adutha Veettu Penn 1960 Sirkazhi Govindarajan, Thiruchi Loganathan
Ennai Vittu Odipoga Mudiyumaa Kumudham 1961 K. V. Mahadevan Sirkazhi Govindarajan, P. Suseela
Maamaa Maamaa Maamaa T. M. Soundararajan, K. Jamuna Rani
Iravukku Aayiram Kulamagal Radhai 1963 P. Suseela
Pachchai Maa Malaipol Meni Thirumal Perumai 1968 T. M. Soundararajan
Or Aayiram Parvaiyile Vallavanukku Vallavan 1965 Vedha(Credits only)
Nilavukku Enmel Ennadi Kobam Policekaran Magal 1962 Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy P. B. Sreenivas
Malaro Nilavo Raga Bandhangal Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan P. Jayachandran
Ramanukku Mannan Mudi Pathu Matha Pantham Shankar–Ganesh P. Bhanumathi
Maname Muruganin Motor Sundaram Pillai 1966 M. S. Viswanathan Soolamangalam Jayalakshmi
Iyarkai Ennum Shanti Nilayam 1969 S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen Avalukendru Oru Manam 1971 S. Janaki
Om Namashivaya Salangai Oli 1983 Ilayaraja
Vilakku Vaipom Athma 1993
Sri Devi En Vazhvil Ilamai Kolam 1980 K.J. Yesudas
Darisanam Kidaikatha Alaigal Oivathillai 1981 Ilayaraja, S. Janaki
Naan Thedum Sevanthi Dharma Pathini 1986
Yentha Jenmam Ezhumalayan Magimai 1991
Unnal Mudiyum Thambi Unnal Mudiyum Thambi 1988 S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
Kanna Unai Thedugiren Unakkaagave Vaazhgiren 1986 S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
Thendral Thaan Keladi Kanmani 1990 K.J. Yesudas, K.S. Chitra
Unnai Kanamal Naan Yethu Kavidhai Paadum Alaigal Arunmozhi, K.S. Chitra
Hey Raja Jallikattu (1987 film) 1987 S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Mano
Ooradungum Saamathile Pudhupatti Ponnuthaayi Uma Ramanan, Swarnalatha
En Veettu Jannal Raman Abdullah 1997 Arunmozhi, Bhavatharini
Oh Janani Pudhiya Raagam 1991 Mano
Nilave Nee Vara Vendum Ennarukil Nee Irunthal Illayaraja
Vazhatha Pennin Manam Thanga Thamaraigal K. S. Chithra
Panja Swarangal Puthiya Sangamam Gangai Amaran P Susheela
Marghazhi Poove May Maadham 1994 A. R. Rahman Shobha Shankar
Yakkai Thiri Aaytha Ezhuthu 2004 A.R.Rahman, Pop Shalini, Tanvi Shah, Sunitha Sarathy
Irumbile Enthiran 2010 A. R. Rahman, Kash n' Krissy
Magudi Magudi Kadal 2013 Aryan Dinesh, Chinmayee, Tanvi Shah
Innisai Alapadaiye Varalaru 2006 Naresh Iyer, Mahathi
Kumudam Pol Moovendhar 1998 Sirpy Hariharan
Katradikkum Neram Vivasaayi Magan 1997 Mano, K.S. Chitra
Thevaram Paadatha Partha Parvayil M. M. A. Iniyavan
Sirumalli Poove Jallikattu Kaalai 1994 Deva
Un Marbile Vizhi Moodi Ninaithen Vandhai 1998 K.S. Chitra
Chinna Chinna Kiliye Kannedhirey Thondrinal Hariharan, Anuradha Sriram, Mahanadhi Shobana
Paadavandha Poonguyile Oyilattam S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
Va Va Endhan Cheran Pandiyan 1991 Soundaryan
Aathi Vadayile Sindhu Nathi Poo 1994 K. J. Yesudas,Asha Latha
Adiye Adi Chinna Pulla Mano, S. Janaki
Sangeetha Vanil Chinna Poove Mella Pesu 1987 S. A. Rajkumar S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Vani Jairam
Ithazhodu Ithal Serum Mannukkul Vairam 1986 Devendran S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
Thendraliley Mithanthu Puthiya Thendral S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K.S. Chitra
Siragulla Nilave Vaa Inidhu Inidhu Kadhal Inidhu 2003 Devi Sri Prasad
Chinna Chinna Megam Devaraagam 1996 M. M. Keeravani S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Sujatha Mohan
Santhanam Theychachi Manikkam 1996 Karthik Raja Bhavatharini
Chandira Mandalathai Nilaave Vaa 1998 Vidyasagar Vijay, Harini, S. P. Charan
Kavidhai Iravu Sullan 2004 Karthik, K.S. Chitra
Aazhakkadalu Thendral Madhu Balakrishnan
Sollathan Ninaikiren Kadhal Sugamanathu 2001 Shiva Sankar S. P. Balasubrahmanyam(sad version), K.S. Chitra
Vatta Vatta Thennavan 2003 Yuvan Shankar Raja Unni Menon, Padmalatha
Kalavani Kodiveeran 2017 N. R. Raghunanthan V. V. Prasanna,Soundarya
Othaiyadi Pathayila Kanaa 2018 Dhibu Ninan Thomas Anirudh Ravichander
Kadai Kannaaley Bhoomi 2021 D. Imman Shreya Ghoshal, Varun Parandhaman

Non Film Songs[]

Song Language Album Year Composer Lyricist Singer Audio Label
Narudu Gurudan i Telugu Namo Venkatesaya[4] 2019 Mahesh Mahadev Kaiwara Sri Yogi Nareyana S. P. Balasubhramanyam, Priyadarshini,

, Raghuram

PM Audios

Kannada Film Songs[]

Song Movie Year Composer Singer
Gharani Ghara Gharane Aptharakshaka 2010 Guru Kiran S. P. Balasubhramanyam
Nagisalu Neenu Naguvenu Naanu Gaali Maathu 1981 Rajan–Nagendra S. Janaki
Nanna Neenu Gellalaare Nee Nanna Gellalaare 1981 Dr. Rajkumar, S. Janaki
Neenu Neene Illi Naanu Naane Gadibidi Ganda 1993 S. P. Balasubhramanyam
Baanina Anchinda Bande Shravana Banthu 1984 Dr. Rajkumar

Related rāgams[]

This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.

Hindolam's notes when shifted using Graha bhedam, yields 4 other major pentatonic rāgams, namely, Mohanam, Shuddha Saveri, Udayaravichandrika (also known as Shuddha Dhanyasi) and Madhyamavati. Graha bhedam is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the shadjam to the next note in the rāgam. For more details and illustration of this concept refer Graha bhedam on Mohanam.

Scale similarities[]

  • Saramati has an asymmetric scale, with the ascending scale of Natabhairavi, while the descending scale is same as Hindolam. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is S R2 G2 M1 P D1 N2 S : S N2 D1 M1 G2 S

Notes[]

  1. ^ Alternate notations:
    • Hindustani: S  M   
    • Western: C E F A B C
  2. ^ Alternate notations:
    • Hindustani:    M  S
    • Western: C B A F E C

References[]

  1. ^ a b c Ragas in Carnatic music by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications
  2. ^ a b c Raganidhi by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras
  3. ^ "Rama Mantrava". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  4. ^ "Namo Venkatesaya - Single by Mahesh Mahadev, Priyadarshini & S. P. Balasubrahmanyam". Apple Music. Retrieved 5 September 2020.
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