Alexandropol Uezd

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Alexandropol Uezd
Александропольский уезд
Uezd
Coat of arms of Alexandropol Uezd
Location in the Erivan Governorate
Location in the Erivan Governorate
CountryRussian Empire
GovernorateErivan
ViceroyaltyCaucasus
Established1840
Abolished1929
SeatAlexandropol (Gyumri)
UchastoksFirst, second, third, and fourth
Area
 • Total4,278 km2 (1,652 sq mi)
Population
 (1916)
 • Total226,080
 • Density53/km2 (140/sq mi)

The Alexandropol Uezd (Russian: Александропольский уезд; Armenian: Ալեքսանդրապոլի գավառ) was a county of the Erivan Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. It bordered the governorate's Etchmiadzin and Nor Bayazet uezds to the south, the Borchaly and Akhalkalaki uezds of the Tiflis Governorate to the north, the Kazakh Uezd of the Elisabethpol Governorate to the east, and the Kars Oblast to the west. The area of the uezd included most of the contemporary Shirak Province, and southern parts of the Lori Province of Armenia. The Alexandropol Uezd was eponymously named for its administrative center, Alexandropol (Gyumri), the major railway hub of the southern Transcaucasus.[1]

History[]

The district of Alexandropol was established in 1840 as part of the Georgia-Imeretia Governorate of the Caucasus Viceroyalty, owing its name to its principal city Alexandropol which was renamed in 1837 during a visit of Tsar Nicholas I in honor of his wife Alexandra Feodorovna. In 1849, the Alexandropol Uezd was assigned to the succeeding Tiflis Governorate, and later, by 1849 the uezd was finally assigned to the Erivan Governorate.[1]

Following the Russian Revolution and the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, local Armenian forces led by General Tovmas Nazabekian[2] in early 1918 fought to defend Alexandropol and its surrounds against the invading Ottoman Third Army, commanded by General Vehib Pasha.[3] The Treaty of Batum which was imposed on the newly-created Armenian republic stripped it of the Alexandropol Uezd, assigning the district to the Ottoman Empire,[4] which sought complete control over the city of Alexandropol for its vitally important railway junction connecting to Julfa and Persia where the Ottoman Army was active.[5]

The city including its strategically important fortress and railway was unoccupied after months of occupation by the last Ottoman troops on 5 December 1918, following the Mudros Armistice in which the Ottoman Army was compelled to withdraw from parts of the former Russian Transcaucasus. A notable historian on the topic, Hovannisian, describes the aftermath of the Ottoman occupation:[6]

Rubble filled the streets of Alexandropol as the result of the Turkish decision to detonate the powder and ammunition before the evacuation. This devastation had taken place despite Mehmed Alfa's promise of an orderly withdrawal without looting or irregularities. A share of the spoils was concentrated in the Muslim-populated southern districts of the guberniia, but most of it, thousands of tons of cotton, sugar, and grain, and several hundred thousand animals, was moved toward Kars. The little that might have been missed was picked clean by other Turkish regiments as they passed over Armenia in retreat from North Persia

After Alexandropol and its peripheries had been incorporated into the administration of Armenia, some 60,000 Armenians refugees exiled from the Kars region gathered in the city, sheltering in the old Russian army barracks as they awaited permission to cross the Arpachai (Akhuryan) river to return to their homes.[7]

During the Armenian-Turkish war, the city was once again occupied by Turkish forces by 7 November 1920, and served as the place of peace negotiations between General Kâzım Karabekir of the Turkish Nationalist forces, and a delegation of the Armenian government led by Prime Minister Simon Vratsian. On 3 December 1920, the eponymous Treaty of Alexandropol was signed, in which Armenia rescinded its claims to lands west of the Akhuryan and Aras Rivers.[8][9]

In 1924, some time after the establishment of Soviet power in Armenia, the district and city of Alexandropol were renamed to Leninakan. By 1929, the Leninakan Uezd was abolished and divided into the raions of Aghin, Akhouryan, Amasia, Aragatz, Artik, Ghukasyan, Kirovakan, and Spitak.[10]

Administrative divisions[]

The Alexandropol Uezd was split into 4 unnamed contiguous uchastoks (subcounties):

  • 1st (1-ий участок)
  • 2nd (2-ий участок)
  • 3rd (3-ий участок)
  • 4th (4-ий участок)

Demographics[]

Russian Empire census (1897)[]

According to the Russian Empire census of 1897, the Alexandropol Uezd had a population of 165,503, including 89,482 men and 76,021 women. The majority of the population indicated Armenian to be their mother tongue, with significant Tatar (later known as Azerbaijani), Russian, and Kurdish speaking minorities.[11]

Linguistic composition of the Alexandropol Uezd in 1897[11]
Language Native speakers %
Armenian 141,522 85.51
Tatar[a] 7,832 4.73
Russian 5,672 3.43
Kurdish 4,976 3.01
Ukrainian 1,115 0.67
Greek 1,082 0.65
Polish 972 0.59
Jewish 450 0.27
Italian 325 0.20
Lithuanian 318 0.19
Georgian 267 0.16
Turkish 235 0.14
Persian 126 0.08
German 105 0.06
Belarusian 49 0.03
Assyrian 34 0.02
Mordovian 12 0.01
Tat 1 0.00
Other 410 0.25
TOTAL 165,503 100.00

Caucasian Calendar (1917)[]

The 1917 Caucasian Calendar which produced statistics of 1916 indicates 205,617 residents in the Alexandropol Uezd, including 119,473 men and 106,607 women, 214,044 of whom were the permanent population, and 12,036 were temporary residents:[12]

Nationality Center Rural TOTAL
Armenians 45,646 156,859 202,505 89.6%
Azerbaijanis 1,003 8,177 9,180 4.1%
Russians 4,082 3,306 7,388 3.3%
Yezidis 229 5,672 5,901 2.6%
Assyrians 421 72 493 0.2%
Jews 129 25 154 0.1%
TOTAL 51,874 174,206 226,080 100.0%

Notes[]

  1. ^ Later known as Azerbaijani.

References[]

  1. ^ a b Tsutsiev, Arthur (2014). Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus. Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 59. ISBN 9780300153088.
  2. ^ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1967). Armenia on the road to independence, 1918. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 163. ISBN 0-520-00574-0. OCLC 825110.
  3. ^ Balakian, Peter (2005). The burning Tigris : a history of the Armenian genocide. London: Pimlico. p. 321. ISBN 0-7126-6761-X. OCLC 61128609.
  4. ^ Kazemzadeh, Firuz (2008). The struggle for Transcaucasia (1917-1921) ([New ed.] ed.). London: Anglo Caspian Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-9560004-0-8. OCLC 303046844.
  5. ^ Kazemzadeh, Firuz (2008). The struggle for Transcaucasia (1917-1921) ([New ed.] ed.). London: Anglo Caspian Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-9560004-0-8. OCLC 303046844.
  6. ^ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971–1996). The Republic of Armenia. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 59. ISBN 0-520-01805-2. OCLC 238471.
  7. ^ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971–1996). The Republic of Armenia. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 199–208. ISBN 0-520-01805-2. OCLC 238471.
  8. ^ Suny, Ronald Grigor (1993). Looking toward Ararat : Armenia in modern history. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 130–131. ISBN 0-253-35583-4. OCLC 26014198.
  9. ^ Galichian, Rouben (2015). A glance into the history of Armenia : through cartographic records. London. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-908755-26-1. OCLC 946068334.
  10. ^ "Административно-территориальное деление союзных республик СССР на 1 января 1987 года | Проект «Исторические Материалы»". istmat.info. Retrieved 2020-04-02.
  11. ^ a b "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-03-26.
  12. ^ Кавказский календарь .... на 1917 год (in Russian). pp. 367–370.
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