Allenby Formation

Allenby Formation
Stratigraphic range: Ypresian
52.5–48 Ma

PreꞒ

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O

S

D

C

P

T

J

K

Pg

N

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Allenby Formation; Stratigraphic range: Ypresian; 52.5–48 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Alternating Princeton Chert and coal sequences
Type	Geological formation
Unit of	Princeton Group,
Sub-units	Princeton Chert, Vermillion Bluffs Shale
Overlies
Area	300 km2 (120 sq mi)
Thickness	1,860–2,100 m (6,100–6,890 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Shale, sandstone
Other	Coal–breccia, coal–chert
Location
Coordinates	49°22.6′N 120°32.8′W / 49.3767°N 120.5467°WCoordinates: 49°22.6′N 120°32.8′W / 49.3767°N 120.5467°W
Approximate paleocoordinates	53°06′N 107°30′W / 53.1°N 107.5°W
Region	British Columbia
Country	Canada
Extent	&
Type section
Named for	Allenby, British Columbia
Named by	Shaw
Year defined	1952
	Allenby Formation (Canada)Show map of CanadaShow map of British ColumbiaShow all

The Allenby formation is a sedimentary rock formation in British Columbia which was deposited during the Ypresian stage of the Early Eocene. It consists of conglomerates, sandstones with interbedded shales and coal. The shales contain an abundance of insect, fish and plant fossils known from 1877 and onward, while the Princeton Chert was first indented in the 1950's and is known from anatomically preserved plants.

There are several notable fossil producing localities in the Princeton & Tulameen basins, the One Mile Creek site, the Thomas Ranch site, and the Princeton Chert.

Extent and correlation[]

The Allenby is estimated to have an overall extent of approximately 300 km² (120 sq mi), though actual outcroppings of the formation make up less than 1% of the formation, while other exploratory contact is via boreholes and mines. The half-graben which contains the formation is separated into two major depositional basins, the Princeton basin around Princeton, British Columbia and the Tulameen basin centered approximately 17 km (11 mi) west. The grabens extensional faults at the eastern side of the basin place the hanging wall Allenby strata in contact with much older foot wall strata of the Nicola Formation which dates to the Upper Triassic.^[1]^[2]^[3]

The Allenby Formation is the southern-most of the lakes in British Columbia, and second most southern site after the Klondike Mountain Formation of Republic, Washington and northern Ferry County. In British Columbia, the formation is coeval to the , known from the McAbee Fossil Beds and , the Coldwater Beds, known from the Quilchena site, and Driftwood Canyon Provincial Park. The highlands, including the Allenby Formation, have been described as one of the "Great Canadian Lagerstätten"^[4] based on the diversity, quality and unique nature of the biotas that are preserved. The highlands temperate biome preserved across a large transect of lakes recorded many of the earliest apperences of modern genera, while also documenting the last stands of ancient lines.^[4]

The warm temperate uplands floras of the Allenby Formation and the highlands, associated with downfaulted lacustrine basins and active volcanism are noted to have no exact modern equivalents, due to the more seasonally equitable conditions of the Early Eocene. However, the formation has been compared to the upland ecological islands in the Virunga Mountains within the Albertine Rift of the African rift valley.^[5]

The earliest work in the region was on exploratory expeditions in 1877 and 1878, with fossils collected in the areas of the Similkameen River, Whipsaw Creek and Nine-Mile Creek. While reporting on additional plant fossils collected from British Columbia, Penhallow (1906) noted the likely coeval status of the Princeton basins with many of the sites now considered the Okanagan Highlands.^[6]

Age[]

The age estimates for the Allenby Formation have varied a number of times since the first explorations happened in the 1870s. Shaw (1952) dated the formation as Oligocene, an age followed by Arnold (1955).^[7]^[8] Half a decade later, the older age of 48 ± 2 million years old was first suggested, with a younger age being suggested at 46.2 ± 1.9 million years old in 2000 and an older date of 52.08 ± 0.12 million years ago obtained from uranium–lead dating of zircons from Vermilion Bluffs shale in 2005.^[1]

Lithology[]

The Allenby is composed of cyclical sedimentation events that were deposited along the course of a river-system in conjunction with depositional areas from nearby lakes and wetlands. Coeval volcanic eruptive events are recorded as interbeds of tephras and lavas, while the riverine course is marked with depositional areas of conglomerates and sandstones. The quieter environments are noted for finer layers of shales and coalified layers.^[1]

The coal seams throughout the formation are typically sub-bituminous.^[1]

Notable in conjunction with the coal seams are sections of chert which formed during silica rich periods. The rapid cyclical changes from coal to chert and back are not noted in any other fossil locality in the world. An estimated 49 coal-chert cycles are known, though the exact conditions for this process are not well understood. Silica rich volcanic episodes in the region during deposition would have been needed for formation of the cherts, while slowly moving waters and gently subsiding terrains would be needed for the peats and fens to accumulate. Rates of organic deposition in swamps have been estimated at approximately 0.5–1 mm (0.020–0.039 in) in modern temperate climates, this suggests the time needed for each 10–20 cm (3.9–7.9 in) chert layer would be at least 100 years or more, with the full sequence of cycles taking place over no more then 15,000 years.^[1]

Palynoflora[]

Palynological analysis of samples from the Thomas ranch site by Dillhoff et al (2013) resulted in the identification of 32 pollen and spore types that were assignable to family or genus level, with a total number of distinct pollen and spore types, including unassignable morphotypes, number over 70. The predominant pollens of the site are conifers, which make up between 85%–97% of the total pollens, while the angiosperm pollens are dominated by members of Betulaceae.^[2]

Several pteridophyte families and genera are represented as spore fossils alone, without corresponding megafossil records, including Lycopodiaceae, Osmundaceae, and Schizaeaceae. Similarly, at least three additional conifer genera are only present as pollen fossils and up to 12 angiosperms are present in the pollen record. Sometimes considered a Biostratgraphic index fossil, the angiosperm palynospecies has been recovered from several sites in the Allenby Formation, while the palynospecies is rare, having only been reported from the formation twice.^[2]

Family	Genus	Species	Pollen/Macrofossil	Notes
Aquifoliaceae	Ilex	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen	A holly palynomorph
Arecaceae	Sabal	Cf. †^[2]	Pollen	A palm palynomorph
Buxaceae	†	†^[2]	Pollen	A box family palynomorph
Betulaceae	Alnus	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen & macrofossils	An alder palynomorph
Betulaceae	Betula	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen & macrofossils	A birch palynomorph
Betulaceae	Carpinus	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen	A hornbeam palynomorph
Betulaceae	Corylus	unidentified^[2]	Pollen	A hazelnut palynomorph
Cupressaceae	Cunninghamia	unidentified^[2]	Pollen	A Cunninghamia like palynomorph
Cupressaceae		Unidentified^[2]	Pollen & macrofossils	A redwood palynomorph
Cupressaceae		Unidentified^[2]	Pollen & macrofossils	A Taxodioideae subfamily palynomorph
Elaeagnaceae	Cf. Elaeagnus	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen	An elaeagnaceous palynomorph, similar to oleaster
Ericaceae	unidentified	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen	An ericaceous palynomorph of uncertain affinity
Fagaceae	Castanea	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen	A chestnut palynomorph
Fagaceae	†Eotrigonobalanus	Unidentified^[9]	Pollen	A fagaceous palynomorph
Fagaceae	Fagus	"Fagus Pollen type 3"^[9]	Pollen	A beech palynomorph
Fagaceae	Fagus	"Fagus Pollen type 2"^[9]	Pollen	A beech palynomorph
Fagaceae	†	†^[9]	Pollen	A fagaceous palynomorph
Fagaceae	Quercus	"Quercus Pollen type 1"^[9]	Pollen	An oak palynomorph, similar to Quercus Group Lobatae pollen
Fagaceae	Quercus	"Quercus Pollen type 2"^[9]	Pollen	An oak palynomorph, ancestral type with Quercus Group Ilex morphology
Fagaceae	†	Unidentified^[9]	Pollen	A fagaceous palynomorph
Fagaceae	Unidentified	Unidentified^[9]	Pollen	A Fagoideceous palynomorph
Fagaceae	Cf. Quercus	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen	A fagaceous palynomorph, similar to oak
Ginkgoaceae	†	†^[2]	Pollen & macrofossils	A Gingko palynomorph
Hamamelidaceae	Liquidambar	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen	A sweet gum palynomorph
Juglandaceae	Carya	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen	A hickory palynomorph
Juglandaceae	Pterocarya	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen	A hickory palynomorph
Lycopodiaceae	Lycopodium	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen	A lycopod palynomorph
Malvaceae	Tilia	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen	A linden palynomorph
Osmundaceae		Unidentified^[2]	Pollen	An osmundaceous fern palynomorph
Pinaceae	Abies	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen & macrofossils	A fir palynomorph
Pinaceae	†	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen	A pine family palynomorph
Pinaceae	Picea	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen	A Picea palynomorph
Pinaceae	Pinus	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen & macrofossils	A Pinus palynomorph
Pinaceae	†	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen	A pine family palynomorph
Pinaceae	Pseudolarix	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen & macrofossils	A Pseudolarix palynomorph
Pinaceae	Tsuga	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen	A Tsuga palynomorph
Pinaceae	Cf. Larix	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen	A palynomorph, similar to larch
Pinaceae	Cf. Pseudotsuga	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen	A palynomorph, similar to pseudotsuga
Platanaceae	Platanus	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen	A Platanus palynomorph
Potamogetonaceae	Potamogeton	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen	A Potamogeton palynomorph
Rosaceae	Unidentified	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen & macrofossils	Rose famnily palynomorphs
Salicaceae	Salix	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen	A willow palynomorph
Salviniaceae	Azolla	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen & macrofossils	A duck weed palynomorph
Sapindaceae	Acer	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen & macrofossils	A maple palynomorph
Sapindaceae	Aesculus	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen & macrofossils	A horse chestnut palynomorph
Sapotaceae	Unidentified	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen	A sapotaceous palynomorph
Taxaceae	Taxus	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen	A yew palynomorph
Ulmaceae	Ulmus	Unidentified^[2]	Pollen & macrofossils	An elm palynomorph
incertae sedis	†	†^[2]	Pollen	A palynomorph of uncertain affinity, possibly a Gentianaceae or Euphorbiaceae species

Compression paleobiota[]

A group of six mosses were described from the Allenby Formation by Kuc (1972, 1974) representing the genera , and , with two species placed in the morphogenus .^[10]^[11] Dillhoff et al (2013) identified twelve distinct gymnosperm taxa spanning the families Cupressaceae, Ginkgoaceae, and Pinaceae. While being the minority component of the Thomas Ranch flora by total fossil numbers, angiosperms have a higher diversity, with 45 distinct mophotypes represented as foliage, reproductive structures, or both. Seventeen of the morphotypes are identifiable to genus or species, with members of the family Betulaceae being most prominent. At least common one leaf type is suggested to possibly represent an extinct plant order, but has not been described.^[2] Only two pteridophyte species have been described from the compression flora, Azolla primaeva by Penhallow (1890) and Equisetum similkamense by Dawson (1878).^[12]^[8]

The following fossil conifers, pteridophytes, ginkgophytes and bryophytes have been described from the Allenby Formation:

Bryophytes[]

Family	Genus	Species	Authority	Notes
Amblystegiaceae		†^[11]^[13]	(Kuc) Miller	An amblystegiaceous moss First described as , moved to Hypnites jovet-astiae in 1980
Amblystegiaceae		†^[11]^[13]	(Kuc) Miller	An amblystegiaceous moss First described as , moved to Hypnites steerei in 1980
Bartramiaceae	†	†^[10]^[13]	(Kuc) Miller	A bartramiaceous moss First described as , moved to Plagiopodopsis eocenicus in 1980
?Ditrichaceae	†	†^[11]	Kuc	A Ditrichaceous moss
incertae sedis	†	†^[11]	Kuc	A moss of uncertain placement
incertae sedis	†	†^[11]	Kuc	A moss of uncertain placement

Pteridophytes[]

Family	Genus	Species	Authority	Notes	Images
Equisetaceae	Equisetum	†Equisetum similkamense^[12]	Dawson	A scouring rush
Salviniaceae	Azolla	†Azolla primaeva^[8]	(Penhallow) Arnold	A mosquito fern First described as Azollophyllum primaevum

Gingkophytes[]

Family	Genus	Species	Authority	Notes	Images
Ginkgoaceae	Ginkgo	Ginkgo biloba^[14]^[2]	Linnaeus	A ginkgo
Ginkgoaceae	Ginkgo	†Ginkgo dissecta^[14]^[2]	, 2002	A ginkgo with highly dissected leaves

Pinophytes[]

Family	Genus	Species	Authority	Notes	Images
Cupressaceae	Chamaecyparis	†^[15]	(Lesquereux) MacGinitie	A false cypress
Cupressaceae	Metasequoia	†Metasequoia occidentalis^[16]^[2]	(Newberry) Chaney	A dawn redwood First identified as "Sequoia" brevifolia, "S." heeri. "S." langsdorfii (in part), "S." nordenskiöldi, & Taxodium distichum miocenum (in part)
Cupressaceae	Sequoia	†Sequoia affinis^[15]	Lesquereux	A redwood
Cupressaceae	Taxodium	†Taxodium dubium^[16]	(Sternberg) Heer	A bald cypress First identified as "Sequoia" angustifolia, "S." langsdorfii (in part), & Taxodium distichum miocenum (in part)
Pinaceae	Abies	†Abies milleri^[2]	& Wehr, 1986	Oldest true fir described	Abies milleri
Pinaceae	Picea	Undescribed^[15]	Miller	A spruce Not described to species
Pinaceae	Pinus	†Pinus latahensis^[15]	Berry	A 5-needle pine	Pinus latahensis
Pinaceae	Pinus	†^[15]	Berry	A pinaceous winged seed
Pinaceae	Pinus	†^[15]	Dawson, 1890	A 3-needle pine
Pinaceae	Pinus	†^[15]	Penhallow	A 5-needle pine
Pinaceae	Pseudolarix	Pseudolarix amabilis^[17]	(J.Nelson) Rehder	A golden larch Originally identified as Pseudolarix americana,^[15] then as Pseudolarix arnoldii^[18]
Pinaceae	Pseudolarix	†Pseudolarix wehrii^[17]	Gooch	A golden larch	Pseudolarix wehrii

Angiosperms[]

Family	Genus	Species	Authority	Notes	Images
Anacardiaceae	Rhus	†Rhus malloryi^[19]	Wolfe & Wehr	A sumac	Rhus malloryi
Amaryllidaceae	†	†^[20]	Pigg, , & DeVore	An onion relative
Araceae	Orontium	†Orontium wolfei^[21]	, Johnson, &	A golden-club	Orontium wolfei
Betulaceae	Alnus	†^[19]^[2]	(Berry) Wolfe & Wehr	An Alder
Betulaceae	Betula	†Betula leopoldae^[19]^[2]	Wolfe & Wehr	A birch	Betula leopoldae
Betulaceae	†	†^[22]	Pigg, , & Wehr	A genus
Cercidiphyllaceae	Cercidiphyllum	†^[19]	(Dawson) Wolfe & Wehr	A katsura
Fagaceae	†	†^[19]	(Knowlton) Wolfe & Wehr	A beech
Fagaceae	Fagus	Undescribed^[2]		A beech species Not described to species
Grossulariaceae	Ribes	Undescribed^[2]		A gooseberry species Not described
Hamamelidaceae	Fothergilla	†Fothergilla malloryi^[2]	Radtke, Pigg & Wehr	A winter-hazel species	Fothergilla malloryi
Juglandaceae	Pterocarya	Undescribed^[23]		A wingnut Not described to species
Lauraceae	Lindera	Undescribed^[23]		A laural species Not described to species
Lauraceae	Sassafras	†Sassafras hesperia^[19]^[2]	Berry	A laural species	Sassafras hesperia
Malvaceae	Florissantia	Undescribed^[24]		An extinct flower Not described to species
Myricaceae	Comptonia	†Comptonia columbiana^[12]^[2]	Dawson	A sweet fern	Comptonia columbiana
Nyssaceae	†Tsukada	†Tsukada davidiifolia^[19]^[2]	Wolfe & Wehr	A dove-tree relative	Tsukada davidiifolia
Platanaceae		Undescribed^[2]	Manchester	A sycamore morphospecies
Platanaceae	†Macginitiea	†Macginitiea gracilis^[19]	(Lesquereux) Wolfe & Wehr	A	Macginitiea gracilis
Rosaceae	Amelanchier	Unidentified^[25]		A service berry Not described
Rosaceae	Neviusia	†Neviusia dunthornei^[26]	, , , & Wehr	A snow wreath
Rosaceae	†Stonebergia	†Stonebergia columbiana^[27]	Wolfe & Wehr	A Sorbarieae genus
Sapindaceae	Acer	†^[28]	Wolfe & Tanai	A maple
Sapindaceae	Acer	†Acer rousei^[28]	Wolfe & Tanai	A maple
Sapindaceae	Acer	†^[28]	Wolfe & Tanai	A maple
Sapindaceae	Acer	†Acer stewarti^[28]	Wolfe & Tanai	A maple
Sapindaceae	Acer	†Acer stonebergae^[28]	Wolfe & Tanai	A maple
Sapindaceae	Acer	†Acer toradense^[28]	Wolfe & Tanai	A maple
Sapindaceae	Acer	†^[28]	Wolfe & Tanai	A maple
Sapindaceae	Dipteronia	†Dipteronia brownii^[2]	McClain and Manchester	A Dipteronia species	Dipteronia brownii
Trochodendraceae	Tetracentron	†Tetracentron hopkinsii^[29]	Pigg et al	A Tetracentron relative	Tetracentron hopkinsii
Trochodendraceae		Undescribed^[2]		A trochodendraceous species Not described
Ulmus	Ulmus	†Ulmus okanaganensis^[30]	Denk & Dillhoff	An elm	Ulmus okanaganensis
Urticaceae	Cf.	Undescribed^[5]		A nettle not described to genus First identified as Rubus^[2]
Incertae sedis	†	†^[31]	(Lesquereux) Wang & Manchester	A sapindalean flower of uncertain affiliations

Insects[]

Coleopterans[]

Family	Genus	Species	Authority	Notes	Images
Chrysomelidae	†	†^[32]	Scudder, 1895	A leaf beetle	(1895 illustration)
Chrysomelidae	Galerucella	†^[33]	Scudder, 1879	A leaf beetle	(1890 illustration)
Elateridae	?	†^[33]	Scudder, 1879	A click beetle	(1890 illustration)
Elateridae		Undescribed^[32]	Scudder, 1895	A click beetle Not described to species	Elateridae sp. indet (1890 illustration)
Elateridae	Limonius	†^[32]	Scudder, 1895	A wireworm click beetle	(1895 illustration)
Tenebrionidae	Tenebrio	†^[33]	Scudder, 1879	A darkling beetle	(1890 illustration)
Trogidae	Trox	†Trox oustaleti^[33]	Scudder, 1879	A hide beetle	Trox oustaleti (1890 illustration)

Dipterans[]

Family	Genus	Species	Authority	Notes	Images
Bibionidae	Penthetria	†^[34]	Rice, 1959	A marchfly
Bibionidae	Penthetria	†^[34]	Rice, 1959	A marchfly
Bibionidae	Plecia	†^[34]	(Handlirsch, 1910)	A marchfly First described as (1910),^[35] moved to Plecia avus (1959)^[34]
Bibionidae	Plecia	†Plecia canadensis^[34]	(Handlirsh, 1910)	A marchfly First described as (1910),^[35] moved to Plecia canadensis (1959)^[34]	Plecia canadensis
Bibionidae	Plecia	†^[34]	(Handlirsch, 1910)	A marchfly First described as (1910),^[35] moved to Plecia curtula (1959)^[34] Senior synonym of (1959)
Bibionidae	Plecia	†^[34]	(Handlirsch, 1910)	A marchfly First described as (1910),^[35] moved to Plecia dilatata (1959)^[34]
Bibionidae	Plecia	†^[34]	(Handlirsch, 1910)	A marchfly First described as (1910),^[35] moved to Plecia elatior (1959)^[34]
Bibionidae	Plecia	†^[34]	Rice, 1959	A marchfly
Bibionidae	Plecia	†^[34]	(Handlirsh, 1910)	A marchfly First described as (1910),^[35] moved to Plecia nana (1959)^[34]
Bibionidae	Plecia	†^[34]	(Handlirsh, 1910)	A marchfly First described as (1910),^[35] moved to Plecia pictipennis (1959)^[34] (1910), (1910), & (1910) considered junior synonyms (1959)
Bibionidae	Plecia	†^[34]	(Handlirsch, 1910)	A marchfly First described as (1910),^[35] moved to Plecia pulchra (1959)^[34]
Bibionidae	Plecia	†^[34]	(Handlirsh, 1910)	A marchfly First described as (1910),^[35] moved to Plecia pulla (1959)^[34] (1910) considered a junior synonym (1959)
Bibionidae	Plecia	†^[34]	(Handlirsh, 1910)	A marchfly First described as (1910),^[35] moved to Plecia reducta (1959)^[34]
Bibionidae	Plecia	†^[33]	(Scudder, 1879)	A marchfly First described as (1879),^[33] moved to Plecia similkameena (1959)^[34]
Bibionidae	Plecia	†^[34]	(Handlirsh, 1910)	A marchfly First described as (1910),^[35] moved to Plecia transitoria (1959)^[34] (1910) & (1910) considered junior synonyms (1959)
Bibionidae	Plecia	†^[34]	Rice, 1959	A marchfly
Dolichopodidae	†Microphor	†^[36]	(Handlirsch, 1910)	A long-legged fly First described as (1910),^[35] moved to Microphor defunctus (1994)^[36]	(1910 illustration)
Ptychopteridae	†	†^[37]	Handlirsh, 1909	A phantom cranefly	(1910 illustration)
Tipulidae	Tipula	†^[35]	(Handlirsh, 1910)	A cranefly

Hemipterans[]

Family	Genus	Species	Authority	Notes	Images
Aphrophoridae	Aphrophora	†^[35]	Handlirsch, 1910	A spittlebug	(1910 illustration)
Aphrophoridae	†	†^[38]	Scudder, 1895	A spittlebug	(1895 illustration)
Aphrophoridae		Undescribed^[38]	Scudder, 1895	A spittlebug Not described to species
Aphrophoridae	†	†^[38]	Scudder, 1895	A spittlebug	(1895 illustration)
Cercopidae	Cercopis	†^[38]	Scudder, 1895	A froghopper	(1895 illustration)
Cercopidae	Cercopis	†^[33]	Scudder, 1879	A froghopper	(1890 illustration)
Cercopidae	†	†^[38]	Scudder, 1895	A froghopper	(1895 illustration)
Cercopidae	†	†^[38]	Scudder, 1895	A froghopper	(1895 illustration)
Cercopidae		Undescribed^[38]	Scudder, 1895	A froghopper Not described to species
Cercopidae	†	†^[38]	Scudder, 1895	A froghopper	(1895 illustration)
Cercopidae	†	†^[38]	Scudder, 1895	A froghopper	(1895 illustration)
Cicadellidae		†^[33]	Scudder, 1879	A leafhopper	(1890 illustration)
Fulgoridae	†	Undescribed^[38]	Scudder, 1895	A fulgorid plant hopper Not described to species
Gerridae	†	†^[33]	(Scudder, 1879)	A gerrine water strider First described as (1879), moved to Telmatrechus stali (1895)^[38]	(1890 illustration)
incertae sedis	†	†^[33]	Scudder, 1879	A hemipteran of uncertain placement	(1890 illustration)

Hymenopterans[]

Family	Genus	Species	Authority	Notes	Images
Braconidae	Bracon	Undescribed^[33]		A braconid wasp Not described to species	Bracon sp. (1890 illustration)
Ichneumonidae	Xorides	†^[35]	(Handlirsch, 1910)	A xoridine ichneumon parasitic wasp First named (1910)^[35]
Tenthredinidae	Eriocampa	†Eriocampa tulameenensis^[39]	Rice, 1968	A tenthredinid sawfly	Eriocampa tulameenensis

Mecopterans[]

Family	Genus	Species	Authority	Notes	Images
†Dinopanorpidae	†Dinokanaga	†Dinokanaga wilsoni^[40]	Archibald, 2005	A dinopanorpid scorpion fly
Eomeropidae	†	†^[41]	Archibald & Rasnitsyn, 2018	An eomeropid scorpionfly

Neuropterans[]

Family	Genus	Species	Authority	Notes	Images
Ithonidae	†	†^[42]	(Scudder, 1895)	A Polystoechotid-group giant lacewing^[43] First described as (1895),^[38] moved to Ricaniella antiquata (1897)	(1895 illustration)

Raphidiopterans[]

Family	Genus	Species	Authority	Notes	Images
Raphidiidae	†	†^[44]	Archibald & Makarkin, 2021	A Raphidiid snakefly

Vertebrates[]

Family	Genus	Species	Authors	Notes	Images
Amiidae	Cf. Amia	†"Amia" hesperia^[45]	, 1982	A bowfin	"Amia" hesperia scale
Aves incertae sedis	Unidentified	Unidentified^[46]	Mayr et al, 2019	Indeterminate feathers and a skeleton
Catostomidae	†	†.^[47]^[48]^[49]	(Cope, 1893)	A catostomid sucker Originally described as Amyzon brevipinne Moved to Wilsonium in 2021
†	†Trogosus	†Trogosus latidens^[50]^[51]	(Marsh, 1874)	A tillodont species
Hiodontidae	Hiodon	†^[47]^[52]	(Hussakof, 1916)	A mooneye First described as "Lucious" rosei (1916), moved to Eohiodon rosei in 1966, moved to Hiodon rosei in 2008^[52]
†Libotoniidae	†Libotonius	†Libotonius blakeburnensis^[47]	Wilson, 1977	A percopsiform fish
Salmonidae	†Eosalmo	†Cf. Eosalmo driftwoodensis^[47]	Wilson, 1977	An ancestral salmon
Trionychidae	Cf. Apalone	Undescribed^[53]		A soft shelled turtle Not described to species

Princeton Chert biota[]

The Princeton chert biota is unique in the Allenby formation due to the silicification of the chert, which has resulted in cellular and anatomical preservation of the organisms. As of 2016 over 30 different plant taxa had been described from chert fossils along with a number of fungal species.^[54]

Fungi[]

Order	Genus	Species	Authors	Notes
Ascomycota	†	†^[55]	Currah, Stockey, LePage	An ascomycetan fugus on the host palm
Ascomycota	†	†^[56]	Klymiuk	An ascomycotan fungus hosted on
Ascomycota	†	†^[55]	Currah, Stockey, LePage	An ascomycetan fugus on the host palm

Ferns[]

Family	Genus	Species	Authors	Notes
Athyriaceae	†	†^[57]	Karafit et al	An athyriaceous fern
Athyriaceae	†	†^[58]	Stockey, Nishida, & Rothwell	An athyriaceous fern
Blechnaceae	†	†^[59]	Smith et al	A blechnacious fern
Dennstaedtiaceae	†	†^[60]	Cevallos-Ferriz, Stockey, & Pigg	A dennstaedtioid fern
Osmundaceae	Osmunda	Undescribed^[61]		An osmundaceous fern Not described

Conifers[]

Family	Genus	Species	Authors	Notes
Cupressaceae	Metasequoia	†^[62]	Bassinger	A dawn redwood
Pinaceae	Pinus	†^[63]	Stockey	A 2-needled Pine foliage
Pinaceae	Pinus	†^[63]	Stockey	A 3-needled Pine foliage
Pinaceae	Pinus	†^[64]^[65]	Miller	A basal Pine Cones belonging to the 5 needle foliage
Pinaceae	Pinus	†^[63]	Stockey	A pinaceous cone
Pinaceae	Pinus	†^[64]^[65]	Miller	A basal Pine 5-needled foliage belonging to the cones

Angiosperms[]

Family	Genus	Species	Authors	Notes
Alismataceae	†	†^[66]	Erwin & Stockey	An aquatic or emergent water-plantain
Aponogetonaceae	Aponogeton	†^[67]	Grímsson, Zetter, & Halbritter	A Cape-pondweed pollen
Araceae	†	†^[68]	Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey	An arum family member
Arecaceae	†	†^[69]	Erwin & Stockey	A Coryphoid palm
Grossulariaceae	Ribes	Undescribed^[70]	Cevallos-Ferriz	A current fruit Not described
Lythraceae	Decodon	†^[71]	Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey	A swamp loosestrife
Magnoliaceae	†	†^[72]	Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey	A Liriodendron-like wood.
Myrtaceae	†	†^[73]	Pigg, Stockey & Maxwell	A Myrtaceous fruit
Nymphaeaceae	†	†^[74]	Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey	A water lily relative
Nyssaceae	Diplopanax	†^[75]	Stockey, LePage, & Pigg	A tuplo relative.
Rosaceae	†	†^[76]	Bassinger	A rose family flower
Rosaceae	Prunus	†^[77]	Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey	A prunoid wood.
Rosaceae	Prunus	"Species 1"^[77]	Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey	A prunoid seed. Not described
Rosaceae	Prunus	"Species 2"^[77]	Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey	A prunoid seed. Not described
Rosaceae	Prunus	"Species 3"^[77]	Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey	A prunoid seed. Not described
Sapindaceae	†	†^[78]	Erwin & Stockey	A possible soapberry family flower
Saururaceae	Saururus	†^[79]	Smith & Stockey	A lizard's-tail species
Vitaceae	Ampelocissus	†^[80]^[81]	Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey	A grape family fruit of uncertain generic placement^[81]
Vitaceae	incertae seids	"Type 1"^[80]	Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey	A grape family fruit of uncertain generic placement Not described
Vitaceae	incertae seids	"Type 2"^[80]	Cevallos-Ferriz & Stockey	A grape family fruit of uncertain generic placement Not described
Cf. Iridaceae	†	†^[82]	Zetter & Hesse	A possible iridaceous pollen morphotype
Incertae sedis	†	†^[83]	Robison & Person	A semi-aquatic dicot of uncertain affinity.
Incertae sedis	†	†^[84]	Erwin & Stockey	A cyperaceous or juncaceous monocot
Incertae sedis	†Princetonia	†^[85]^[86]	Stockey	A possibly aquatic magnoliopsid flower of uncertain affiliation.
Incertae sedis	†	†^[87]	Erwin & Stockey	A lilialean genus of uncertain placement

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