Klondike Mountain Formation
Klondike Mountain Formation Stratigraphic range: Ypresian | |
---|---|
Klondike Mountain Formation outcrop at site A0307 | |
Type | Geological formation |
Unit of | |
Sub-units | Tom Thumb Tuff, Lower & Upper Members |
Underlies | Glacial deposits |
Overlies | & others |
Thickness | up to 3,200 ft (980 m) |
Lithology | |
Primary | Variable |
Other | See text |
Location | |
Coordinates | 48°42′N 118°42′W / 48.7°N 118.7°WCoordinates: 48°42′N 118°42′W / 48.7°N 118.7°W |
Approximate paleocoordinates | 54°24′N 101°54′W / 54.4°N 101.9°W |
Region | Okanagan highlands |
Country | ![]() |
Extent | Okanagan highlands |
Type section | |
Named for | |
Named by | Muessig |
Year defined | 1962 |
![]() ![]() Klondike Mountain Formation (the United States) |
The Klondike Mountain Formation is an Early Eocene (Ypresian) geological formation located in the northeast central area of Washington state. The formation, named for the type location designated in 1962, Klondike Mountain north of Republic, Washington, is composed of volcanic rocks in the upper unit and volcanics plus lacustrine (lakebed) sedimentation in which a lagerstätte with exceptionally well-preserved plant and insect fossils has been found, along with fossil epithermal hot springs.
The formation is the youngest in a group of formations which belong to the Challis Sequence rocks. The formation unconformably overlies rocks of the Eocene and much older Triassic and Permian formations. The formation is bounded on its edges by a series of high-angle strike slip faults, which have contained the Klondike Mountain Formation in a series of graben structures, such as the Republic Graben. Public access to a fossiliferous outcrop at the north end of Republic is mediated by the nonprofit Stonerose Interpretive Center.
Extent[]
The formation is located in northern Ferry County, Washington, with the majority of the sedimentation in the Republic and Curlew Basins on the east and in the Toroda Creek area to the north west. The town of Republic, Washington is situated at the southern end of the formation, with outcrops within the city itself. The formation was named for Klondike Mountain which is just to the northeast of the city, and where the type locality is located.[1] The Curlew basin is situated north of Republic, with the northern edge along the Kettle River and the community of Curlew, Washington near the northeastern edge.[2][3]
The formation is the southernmost of a string of preserved Eocene highland lakebeds in Washington state and British Columbia.[4] The lake system, within the Okanagan highlands, extends from the Klondike Mountain Formation north approximately 1,000 kilometres (1,000,000 m) in to southern central British Columbia.[5]
Age[]
Early dating of the formation was based primarily on identification and correlation of the fossils found in the Tom Thumb Tuff, with Joseph Umpleby (1910) reporting a putative age of Early Miocene.[6] This date was based in examination of fossils by C. R. Eastman, who thought them to be similar to those found in the Florissant Formation of Colorado, which at the time was also considered Miocene. This age was retained by Edward W. Berry (1929), who included the Klondike Mountain Formation fossil lakebeds as part of the Latah Formation.[7] The age of the Formation has been revised in the following hundred years, with Roland W. Brown (1936) identifying the deposits as being older than the Latah Formation.[8] In a later written communication circa 1958, Brown again revised the age still older, stating the fossils found in the area of Mount Elizabeth indicated an Oligocene age. This age was used by Parker and Calkins (1964) for work on the Curlew Quadrangle of Ferry County.[9] Work by Pearson and Obradovich (1977) refined the Sanpoil Volcanics age to between 52 to 51 million years ago, and a general age estimate for the Klondike Mountain Formation between 50.3 ± 1.7 million years ago and 42.3 ± 2.0 million years ago.[10] Since then the fossil-bearing strata of the Formation have been radiometrically dated, to give an estimate of the Ypresian, the mid stage of the early Eocene,49.4 ± .5 million years ago,[5] which was revised to an oldest age estimate of 51.2 ± 0.1 million years ago which given based on detrital zircon isotopic data published in 2021.[11]
Lithology[]
Parker and Calkins (1964) noted the association of the Klondike Mountain Formation with the gold and silver deposits of the Republic District and suggested it as a potential host to more ore deposits in the Curlew Quadrangle.[9] The epithermal gold deposits occurring in the Sanpoil volcanics terminate directly below the unconformity where the volcanics contact the base of the Klondike Mountain Formation[12] or sometimes penetrate into the Formation's lowest unit.[13] Hydrothermal sinter deposits are known from the lowest portions of the Formation and are thought to represent hydrothermal eruption areas.[13] In general the lower portions of the Formation have a large amount of hydrothermal alteration, and areas around vents are rich in pyrite and silica. two products of natural hydrothermic sintering. The areas above that show a transition to mudstones, siltstones and sandstones grading from fine-grained material into coarser materials moving up the strata column. The finely-bedded stones show the greatest numbers of fossils and the finest preservation of details.[14]
Paleoenvironment and paleoclimate[]
The lake bed sediments preserve a diverse array of plants, insects, and fishes, notably the biota called the Republic flora.[15] The Okanagan lake system, which includes the Klondike Mountain Formation, has been classified as one of the great Canadian lagerstätten.[16] The area likely had a mesic upper microthermal to lower mesothermal climate, in which winter temperatures rarely dropped low enough for snow, and which were seasonably equitable.[17]
The Okanagan highlands paleoforest surrounding the lakes have been described as precursors the to modern Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests of Eastern North America and Eastern Asia. Based on the fossil biotas the lakes were higher and cooler then the coeval coastal forests preserved in the Puget Group and Chuckanut Formation of Western Washington, which are described as lowland tropical forest ecosystems. Estimates of the paleoelevation between 0.7–1.2 km (0.43–0.75 mi) higher than the coastal forests. This is consistent with the paleoelevation estimates for the lake systems, which range between 1.1–2.9 km (1,100–2,900 m), which is similar to the modern elevation 0.8 km (0.50 mi), but higher.[17]
Estimates of the mean annual temperature have been derived from Climate leaf analysis multivariate program (CLAMP) and leaf margin analysis (LMA) of the Republic paleoflora. The CLAMP results after multiple linear regressions for Republic gave a mean annual temperature of approximately 8.0 °C (46.4 °F), while the LMA gave 9.2 ± 2.0 °C (48.6 ± 3.6 °F). This is lower than the mean annual temperature estimates given for the coastal Puget Group, which is estimated to have been between 15–18.6 °C (59.0–65.5 °F). The bioclimactic analysis for Republic suggests a mean annual precipitation amount of 115 ± 39 cm (45 ± 15 in).[17]
Paleobiota[]
The formation is host to a highly diverse assemblage of plants and insects including some of the last records of taxa before extinction and the first appearances of taxa.
Lycophytes[]
Family | Genus | Species | Authors | Year | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Selaginellaceae |
Selaginella |
Undescribed[18] |
A spikemoss |
Pteridophytes[]
Family | Genus | Species | Authors | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cystopteridaceae |
Undescribed[18] |
A possible bladder fern relative |
|||
Equisetum |
A scouring rush |
||||
Lygodiaceae |
Lygodium |
A climbing fern |
|||
†Azolla primaeva[20] |
Arnold |
A mosquito fern |
![]() Azolla primaeva | ||
Salvinia |
Undescribed[21] |
A "watermoss" species. |
Gymnosperms[]
Three major groups of gymnosperms are present in the Klondike Mountain Formation, with the most speciose being the pinophytes. The ginkgophytes are represented by two species pf Ginkgo, while an undescribed Zamiaceae member is the sole cycadophyte.
Cycadophytes[]
Family | Genus | Species | Authors | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zamiaceae |
Undescribed |
A zamiaceous cycad. |
![]() Undescribed zamiaceous leaf |
Gingkophytes[]
Family | Genus | Species | Authors | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ginkgo |
†Ginkgo biloba[24] |
Linnaeus |
A ginkgo |
![]() Ginkgo biloba | |
Ginkgo |
†Ginkgo dissecta[24] |
|
A ginkgo |
Ginkgo dissecta |
Pinophytes[]
Family | Genus | Species | Authors | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cupressaceae |
Calocedrus |
An incense cedar |
|||
Cupressaceae |
Chamaecyparis |
Undescribed[26] |
A false cypress |
||
Cupressaceae |
Cryptomeria |
A sugi |
|||
Cupressaceae |
Glyptostrobus |
Undescribed[26] |
A Chinese swamp cypress |
||
Cupressaceae |
Metasequoia |
(Newberry) Chaney |
A dawn redwood |
||
Cupressaceae |
Sequoia |
Lesquereux |
A coast redwood |
||
Cupressaceae |
Undescribed[21] |
A Taiwania species |
|||
Cupressaceae |
(Sternberg) Heer |
||||
Cupressaceae |
Thuja |
Undescribed[26] |
An arborvitae |
||
Pinaceae |
Abies |
& Wehr |
Oldest true fir described |
||
Pinaceae |
Picea |
Undescribed[26] |
A spruce |
||
Pinaceae |
Pinus |
Berry |
A 5 needle pine |
||
Pinaceae |
Pinus |
†[7] |
Berry |
A 3 needle pine, jr homonym to Pinus macrophylla Lindley 1839 |
![]() |
Pinaceae |
Pinus |
†[7] |
Berry |
A pine seed morphogenus |
![]() |
Pinaceae |
Pinus |
†[7] |
Berry |
A possible 4 needled pine |
|
Pinaceae |
Gooch |
A golden larch |
|||
Pinaceae |
Tsuga |
Undescribed[26] |
A hemlock |
||
|
Sciadopitys |
Undescribed[26] |
An umbrella pine |
![]() Sciadopitys species | |
Undescribed[26] |
A yew |
![]() Amentotaxus sp. | |||
Cephalotaxus |
Undescribed[26] |
A yew |
|||
Undescribed[26] |
A yew |
Flowering plants[]
Angiosperms, commonly called flowering plants belong to a single plant clade which diverged from other plants during the prior to the Cretaceous, and began to rapidly evolve and radiate by the Middle Cretaceous.[32] Angiosperm diversification during the Cretaceous and Paleocene resulted in eight recognized clades that are segregated into two groups the Basal angiosperms and Core angiosperms. Present in the Klondike Mountain Formation are four of the eight groups, Nymphaeales representing Basal Angiosperms, plus Magnoliids, Monocots, and Eudicots all in the Core angiosperms.
Nymphaeales[]
The Basal Angiosperms are represented by a single Nymphaeales water-lily species Nuphar carlquistii.,[33] though a second member, , has been described from the Princeton Chert.[34] Wehr (1995) illustrated two fossils that were tentatively identified as fruits of the banana genus Ensete and the extinct myrtle genus respectively,[35] however further fossil finds resulted in the re-identification of the first as a N. carlquistii rhizome section, and the second is a seed mass from the same water-lily.[33]
Family | Genus | Species | Authors | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nymphaeaceae |
†Nuphar carlquistii[33] |
DeVore, Taylor, & Pigg |
A waterlily, |
![]() Nuphar carlquistii seeds |
Magnoliids[]
Under the APG IV system of flowering plant classification, the magnoliids are divided into four orders Canellales, Laurales, Magnoliales, and Piperales. Member species and undescribed taxa placed confidently in the Laurales and Magnoliales are present in the formation. The laurales are the most diverse magnoliid order of the formation with one described species Sassafras hesperia plus three tentatively identified genera which have not been described. Of the magnoliales, only an undescribed Magnolia, having possible affinity with Magnolia subg. Talauma, is found in the formation, while has described from permineralized wood in the Princeton Chert.[36] The extinct angiosperm genus Dillhoffia has noted similarities to the piperalean family Aristolochiaceae, but was left incertae sedis as to family by Manchester and Pigg (2008) due to a lack of confident morphological characters for placement. Piperales are known from the Princeton chert, with representing the oldest confident Saururaceae species in the fossil record.[37]
Family | Genus | Species | Authors | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lauraceae |
† |
Undescribed[18] |
A lauraceous form species. |
||
Lauraceae |
Ocotea |
Undescribed[18] |
A stinkwood species. |
||
Lauraceae |
Phoebe |
Undescribed[15] |
A Phoebe species. |
||
Lauraceae |
Sassafras |
Berry |
A sassafras |
||
Magnoliaceae |
Magnolia |
Undescribed[38] |
A magnolia, possibly Magnolia subgenus Talauma |
||
†Dillhoffia cachensis[39] |
Manchester & Pigg |
A flower of uncertian floral affinity |
![]() Dillhoffia cachensis |
Monocots[]
The second largest clade of flowering plants, monocots are divided into eleven separate orders and of those, the Alismatales, Asparagales, Liliales, and Poales are found in the Klondike Mountain Formation, each represented by a single taxon. The Alismatales are represented by the Araceae species Orontium wolfei, which is considered similar to the modern golden clubs of eastern North America, while the extinct belongs to the Liliales. Asparagales and Poales are both present as undescribed species associated with the genera Smilax and Typha respectively. Extinct genera of monocots are also represented in the Princeton chert by the arecalean palm ,[40] the alismatalean genus ,[41] the alismatalean ,[42] the asparagalean pollen morphogenus ,[43] the lilialean genus ,[44] and the poalean genus ,[45]
Family | Genus | Species | Authors | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amaryllidaceae |
† |
†[46] |
Pigg, , & DeVore |
An onion relative |
![]() |
Araceae |
†Orontium wolfei[47] |
Bogner, Johnson, & Upchurch |
A golden club |
![]() Orontium wolfei | |
Smilax |
Undescribed[18] |
A greenbrier species. |
|||
Typhaceae |
Typha |
Undescribed[18] |
A cattail species. |
Eudicots[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Rhus_sp_hybrid_SRIC_SR_00-05-19.jpg/170px-Rhus_sp_hybrid_SRIC_SR_00-05-19.jpg)
Over a dozen different Rosaceae genera, both extant and extinct, have been identified in the formation providing some of the oldest reliable macrofossil records (excluding fossil pollen) for the family.[48] Benedict et al. (2011) described first fossils for the prunoid genus Oemleria along with the oldest Prunus flowers. The Prunus flowers are complimented by leaf fossils representeding five to six distinct morphotypes.[49] Spiraea is known from an with multiple flowers and leaves that are either from the genus or a closely related extinct type. The leaves frequently are preserved with a persistent stipule, a feature not found in modern Spiraea species. The firethorn genus Pyracantha and the South American genus Hesperomeles have been tentatively identified from leaves while leaves belonging to either Malus or Pyrus have been found. Two distinct species of the Asian endemic genus Photinia are known, however only on of them had been described as of 2007.[49] The rosaceous genus Physocarpus had been reported by Hopkins and Wehr (1994) as also occurring in the formation,[38] however subsequent examination of the fossils by Oh & Potter (2005) failed to find stellate trichomes which are a distinct feature of the genus. They noted the fossils might be stem Neillieae, the rose tribe containing both Physocarpus and Neillia, or possibly Rubus, Crataegus, or Ribes.[50]
Fossils of both Sorbus and Rhus species leaves showing evidence of being interspecies hybrids have been noted from the formation and Flynn, DeVore and Pigg (2019) described four species of sumac which formed multiple hybrids.[51] Between three and four Trochodendraceae species that have been described from the Klondike Mountain Formation. Broadly circumscribed four species in three genera have been identified at Republic, Paraconcavistylon wehrii, Pentacentron sternhartae, Tetracentron hopkinsii, and Trochodendron nastae. Additionally the species Trochodendron drachukii is known from related Kamloops group shales at the McAbee Fossil Beds near Cache Creek, British Columbia. Manchester et al. 2018 noted that Tr. drachukii is likely the fruits of Tr. nastae, while Pe. sternhartae are likely the fruits of Te. hopkinsii.[52] If fossils of the fruits and foliage in attachment are found, that would bring the species count down to three whole plant taxa.[52] Additionally, the extinct genus is also known from the formation. The placement of Nordenskioldia is debated, with some treatments placing it into Trochodendraceae, while a 2020 analysis placed it outside of the crown-group Trochodendaceae.[53] Wesley Wehr in 1994 reported Bignoniaceae seeds along with a single Rubiaceae fruit and an isolated Fabaceae leaf.[54] An update of the floral list by Wehr and Manchester published in 1996 added an additional fifteen taxa identified from reproductive structures such as flowers fruits or seeds.[35]
Pigg, Manchester, and Wehr (2003) noted in during the description of Corylus johnsonii and Carpinus perryae that they were the oldest confirmed hazelnut and hornbeam fossils.[55] That status was affirmed by Forest et al. (2005) who used both as fossil calibration points for phylogenetic analysis of Betulaceae.[56]
Family | Genus | Species | Authors | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anacardiaceae |
Rhus |
Flynn, DeVore, & Pigg |
A sumac, |
||
Anacardiaceae |
Rhus |
Flynn, DeVore, & Pigg |
A sumac, |
||
Anacardiaceae |
Rhus |
(Wolfe and Wehr) Flynn, DeVore & Pigg |
A sumac, |
||
Anacardiaceae |
Rhus |
Flynn, DeVore, & Pigg |
A sumac, |
||
Ilex |
Undescribed[17] |
A holly |
|||
Araliaceae |
Aralia |
Undescribed[23] |
A spikenard species |
||
Betulaceae |
Alnus |
(Berry) Wolfe & Wehr |
An Alder |
![]() | |
Betulaceae |
Betula |
Wolfe & Wehr |
A birch |
![]() Betula leopoldae | |
Betulaceae |
Carpinus |
Pigg, , & Wehr |
A hornbeam |
||
Betulaceae |
Corylus |
Pigg, , & Wehr |
A hazel nut |
||
Betulaceae |
† |
†[55] |
Pigg, Manchester, & Wehr |
A birch relative |
![]() |
Betulaceae |
† |
Undescribed[55] |
A birch relative |
![]() undescribed species | |
Bignoniaceae |
Undescribed |
Undescribed[54] |
A catalpa family member |
![]() Bignoniaceae sp. fruit | |
†Barghoornia oblongifolia[15] |
Wolfe & Wehr |
An extinct Bursera relative |
![]() Barghoornia oblongifolia | ||
Celtidaceae |
Undescribed[58] |
A cannabaceous fruit |
![]() Pteroceltis species fruit | ||
Cercidiphyllaceae |
†[15] |
(Dawson) Wolfe & Wehr |
A katsura with suggested affinity to †,[23] |
![]() | |
Cornaceae |
Cornus |
A dogwood species, |
|||
Undescribed[58] |
An elaeocarpaceous fruit |
![]() Sloanea sp. | |||
Ericaceae |
Arbutus |
A madrone relative |
|||
Ericaceae |
Rhododendron |
A rhododendron |
|||
Ericaceae |
Cf. Leucothoe |
Undescribed[38] |
A doghobble relative |
||
Eucommiaceae |
Brown |
A "hard rubber tree" |
![]() Eucommia montana | ||
Fagaceae |
† |
Undescribed[17] |
A Castanea relative |
||
Fagaceae |
† |
†[15] |
(Knowlton) Hollick |
A beech relative |
![]() |
Fagaceae |
Fagus |
†[60] |
Manchester & Dillhoff |
A beech |
![]() |
Fagaceae |
Quercus |
An oak |
|||
Ribes |
A current |
||||
Ribes |
"Species2"[38] |
A current |
|||
Hamamelidaceae |
, , & Wehr |
![]() Corylopsis reedae | |||
Hamamelidaceae |
Fothergilla |
†Fothergilla malloryi[61] |
Radtke, Pigg, & Wehr |
A witch alder |
![]() Fothergilla malloryi |
Hamamelidaceae |
†Langeria magnifica[15] |
Wolfe & Wehr |
A witch hazel relative |
![]() Langeria magnifica | |
Hydrangea |
Undescribed[38] |
A Hydrangea. |
|||
Undescribed[38] |
A mock-orange |
||||
Icacinaceae |
|
A Phytocrene relative |
|||
A virginia willow species |
|||||
Juglandaceae |
Carya |
A walnut family relative. |
|||
Juglandaceae |
† |
†[62] |
(Brown) Manchester |
A walnut family relative. |
|
Juglandaceae |
Juglans |
A walnut family relative. |
|||
Juglandaceae |
Pterocarya |
Undescribed[54] |
A wing nut |
||
Lythraceae |
Decodon |
Undescribed[23] |
A swamp loosestrife |
||
Malvaceae |
Undescribed[54] |
A Craigia species |
![]() Craigia sp. | ||
Malvaceae |
†Florissantia quilchenensis[63] |
( & ) Manchester |
A chocolate relative |
![]() Florissantia quilchenensis | |
Malvaceae |
Hibiscus |
Undescribed[38] |
A hibiscus |
||
Malvaceae |
† |
Undescribed[54] |
A relative |
||
Malvaceae |
Tilia |
†Tilia johnsoni[15] |
Wolfe & Wehr |
A Linden |
![]() Tilia johnsoni |
Malvaceae |
Cf. Tilia |
Undescribed[58] |
Linden relative fruits |
![]() | |
Menispermaceae |
Calycocarpum |
Undescribed[35] |
A moonseed |
||
Moraceae |
Morus |
Undescribed[38] |
A mulberry, two types known. |
||
Comptonia |
Dawson |
A Comptonia |
|||
†Tsukada |
†Tsukada davidiifolia[15] |
Wolfe & Wehr |
A dove-tree relative |
![]() Tsukada davidiifolia | |
† |
Undescribed[54] |
Manchester |
A plane tree fruit taxon |
![]() species | |
†Macginitiea gracilis[15] |
(Lesquereux) Wolfe & Wehr |
A plane tree relative |
![]() Macginitiea gracilis | ||
|
Undescribed[58] |
A sycamore stamen head |
![]() stamen cluster | ||
Polygalaceae |
|
Undescribed[54] |
A milkwort relative |
||
Ranunculaceae |
Clematis |
Undescribed[38] |
A Clematis |
![]() Clematis species | |
Rosaceae |
Amelanchier |
Undescribed[38] |
A service berry |
||
Rosaceae |
Malus |
Undescribed[17] |
An apple |
||
Rosaceae |
Neviusia |
Undescribed[38] |
A snow-wreath |
||
Rosaceae |
Oemleria |
†[48] |
, DeVore, & Pigg |
An Osoberry |
|
Rosaceae |
†[15] |
Wolfe & Wehr |
A Christmas-berry relative |
![]() | |
Rosaceae |
Prunus |
†[48] |
Benedict, DeVore, & Pigg |
A cherry relative |
![]() |
Rosaceae |
Prunus |
"Species 1"[15] |
A prunoid leaf |
||
Rosaceae |
Prunus |
"Species 2"[15] |
A prunoid leaf |
||
Rosaceae |
Prunus |
"Species 3"[15] |
A prunoid leaf |
||
Rosaceae |
Undescribed[49] |
A firethorn sp.[49] |
|||
Rosaceae |
Rubus |
Undescribed[38] |
A blackberry |
||
Rosaceae |
A bridal wreath |
||||
Rosaceae |
Aff. Sorbus |
A rowan relative |
|||
Rosaceae |
Aff. Physocarpus |
Undescribed[23] |
A possible nine-bark |
||
Rosaceae |
Cf. Crataegus |
Undescribed[38] |
A hawthorn relative |
||
Rosaceae |
Cf. Malus |
Undescribed[49] |
A maloid species possibly apple or pear |
||
Rosaceae |
Undescribed[49] |
A bridal wreath relative |
|||
Rosaceae |
Cf. Pyrus |
Undescribed[49] |
A maloid species possibly apple or pear |
||
Meliosma |
Undescribed[35] |
A Meliosma species |
|||
|
Undescribed[35] |
A species |
|||
Salicaceae |
Populus |
A cottonwood |
|||
Salicaceae |
|
Undescribed[23] |
A |
||
Salicaceae |
Salix |
A willow |
|||
Sapindaceae |
Acer? |
Heer, 1876 |
A possible maple |
||
Sapindaceae |
Acer |
Wolfe & |
A maple |
||
Sapindaceae |
Acer |
Wolfe & Tanai |
A maple |
||
Sapindaceae |
Acer |
Wolfe & Tanai |
A maple |
||
Sapindaceae |
Acer |
Wolfe & Tanai |
A maple |
||
Sapindaceae |
Acer |
Wolfe & Tanai |
A maple |
||
Sapindaceae |
Acer |
Wolfe & Tanai |
A maple |
||
Sapindaceae |
Acer |
Wolfe & Tanai |
A maple |
||
Sapindaceae |
Aesculus |
A horse chestnut |
|||
Sapindaceae |
† |
†[15] |
(Brown) Wolf & Wehr |
An extinct sapindalean species |
![]() |
Sapindaceae |
& |
||||
Sapindaceae |
Koelreuteria |
†[67] |
Wang et al. |
A Koelreuteria species |
![]() |
Sapindaceae |
Becker |
A sapindaceous species |
|||
Schisandraceae |
Undescribed[18] |
A kadsura species. |
|||
Schoepfiaceae |
Schoepfia |
†[15] |
(LaMotte) Wolfe & Wehr |
A possible Schoepfia relative, |
![]() |
Theaceae |
|
"Species A"[15] |
A theaceous species similar to Gordonia |
||
Theaceae |
|
"Species B"[15] |
A theaceous species similar to Cleyera |
||
Trochodendraceae? |
† |
Undescribed[54] |
A trochodendroid of uncertain placement.[53] |
||
Trochodendraceae |
( et al.) |
A Trochodendrale |
|||
Trochodendraceae |
†Pentacentron sternhartae[52] |
et al. |
A Trochodendrale |
![]() Pentacentron sternhartae | |
Trochodendraceae |
Pigg et al. |
A Trochodendrale, |
|||
Trochodendraceae |
Trochodendron |
Pigg, Wehr, & |
A Trochodendron |
||
Trochodendraceae |
† |
Undescribed[23] |
A trochodendroid of uncertain placement.[53] |
||
Ulmaceae |
|
Undescribed[35] |
An elm relative |
||
Ulmaceae |
Ulmus |
†[69] |
(Berry) LaMotte |
An elm species |
![]() |
Ulmaceae |
Ulmus |
†Ulmus okanaganensis |
Denk & Dillhoff |
An elm species, |
![]() Ulmus okanaganensis |
Vitaceae |
Vitis |
||||
† |
Undescribed[23] |
A leaf morphotype of uncertain affiliation. |
|||
† |
†[54] |
Crane |
A winged fruit of unidentified affinities |
||
†Pteronepelys wehrii[70] |
Manchester |
A samara of uncertain affinities. |
![]() Pteronepelys wehrii | ||
|
†[15] |
Wolfe & Wehr |
An incertae sedis angiosperm |
![]() |
Arthropods[]
The insect fauna of the Klondike Mountain Formation includes representatives from over 13 orders, based on a 1992 estimate, including immature though adult specimens and both terrestrial and aquatic taxa.[71] The most prevalent orders are Diptera and Hemiptera, each making up approximately 30% of the fossil insects known in 1992.
Blattodea[]
Family | Genus | species | Authors | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Undescribed |
Undescribed[17] |
A cockroach |
|||
Blattoidae |
Undescribed |
Undescribed[71] |
A blattoidean cockroach |
![]() Undescribed Blattoidea | |
Isoptera |
Undescribed |
Undescribed[71] |
Undescribed termites of uncertain affiliation |
![]() undescribed isopteran |
Coleoptera[]
A list of Coleopteran families identified by 1992 included Carabidae, Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, Dytiscidae, Elateridae and Lucanidae,[71] but the beetle fauna has not been described in depth yet, with only two weevil species having been fully described.[72][73] A third beetle group belonging to the bean beetle tribe has been identified as palm beetles of the – genus group.[74]
Family | Genus | Species | Authors | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
† |
†[72] |
Legalov, 2013 |
An Ithycerinae weevil |
![]() | |
† |
†[73] |
Legalov, 2015 |
An Ithycerinae weevil |
||
Carabidae |
Undescribed |
Undescribed[71] |
A ground beetle |
![]() Unidentified Carabidae | |
Cerambycidae |
Undescribed |
Undescribed[71] |
A long-horn beetle |
||
Chrysomelidae |
– genus group |
Undescribed[74] |
palm beetles in the tribe . |
||
Undescribed |
Undescribed[71] |
A diving beetle |
|||
Elateridae |
Undescribed |
Undescribed[71] |
A click beetle |
||
Lucanidae |
Undescribed |
Undescribed[71] |
A stag beetle |
Dermaptera[]
The order Dermaptera was first reported in 1992[71] and is known from a series of isolated partial specimens, mostly abdominal sections with the distinct anal forceps attached. Based on the forceps structuring the specimens were tentatively assigned to the modern family Forficulidae, as the oldest North American representatives of the family known at that time.[75]
Family | Genus | Species | Authors | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unidentified |
"Forficulid species 1"[75] |
A possible forficulid earwig with long cerci |
![]() "Forficulid species 1" | ||
Unidentified |
"Forficulid species 2"[75] |
A possible forficulid earwig with short cerci |
Diptera[]
Family | Genus | Species | Authors | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Undescribed |
Undescribed[71] |
A march fly |
![]() unidentified Bibionidae | ||
Undescribed |
Undescribed[71] |
A fungus gnat |
|||
†Metanephrocerus belgardeae[76] |
Archibald, , & Mathewes, 2014 |
A pipunculid big-headed fly |
![]() Metanephrocerus belgardeae | ||
Tipulidae |
Undescribed |
Undescribed[71] |
A crane fly |
![]() Undescribed Tipulidae |
Ephemeroptera[]
Lewis (1992) listed one species of Heptageniidae mayflies and three specimens that he did not place to family.[71] The Heptageniidae specimen was later described as a squaregill mayfly by Sinitchenkova (1999) and the oldest member of the genus Neoephemera.[77]
Family | Genus | Species | Authors | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
, 1999 |
A squaregill mayfly, |
Hemiptera[]
Family | Genus | Species | Authors | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aphididae |
Undescribed |
Undescribed[71] |
An aphid |
||
Undescribed[71] |
An aphrophorid spittlebug |
![]() Aphrophora species | |||
† |
Undescribed[71] |
An aphrophorid spittlebug |
|||
† |
Undescribed[71] |
A cercopid froghopper |
|||
Undescribed |
Undescribed[71] |
A cercopid froghopper |
![]() undescribed Cercopidae | ||
Fulgoroidea |
Undescribed |
Undescribed[71] |
A frog hopper |
||
Undescribed |
Undescribed[71] |
A Shield or stink bug |
![]() undescribed Pentatomidae |
Hymenoptera[]
A review of the Okanagan highlands hymenoptera published in 2018 identified four "Symphyta" families in the formation Cimbicidae, Pamphiliidae, Siricidae, and Tenthredinidae. Of the "Apocrita" families thirteen are represented, the "Parasitica" families are Braconidae, Diapriidae Ichneumonidae, Proctotrupidae, and Roproniidae while the Vespoidea families are Formicidae, Pompilidae, Scoliidae and Vespidae. Within Apoidea the "Spheciformes" families include Angarosphecidae and Sphecidae while Halictidae is the sole "Apiformes" family known from body fossils. Prunus and Ulmus leaves have been found having damage that is consistent with the damage pattern left by Megachilidae species bees when they remove sections of tissue for nest lining. There are several additional Apoidea fossils that were left as incertae sedis in the group based on the similarity between them and Paleorhopalosoma menatensis, a Paleocene species described from the Menat Formation Auvergne, France. The placement of P. menatensis is uncertain, having been initially described as a member of Rhopalosomatidae, but is possibly an Angarosphecidae or closely related taxon, based on the wing and body morphology.[78]
Family | Genus | Species | Authors | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
† |
Undescribed[78] |
An angarosphecid spheciform wasp. |
|||
Undescribed |
Undescribed[78] |
An angarosphecid spheciform wasp |
|||
Braconidae |
Undescribed |
braconid parasitic wasps |
![]() Unidentified Braconidae | ||
Undescribed |
Undescribed[78] |
A cimbicid sawfly. |
![]() Unidentified Cimbicidae | ||
Undescribed |
Undescribed[78] |
A diapriid diaprioid wasp |
|||
Formicidae |
†Klondikia whiteae[79] |
Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003 |
An ant of uncertain subfamily affiliation |
||
Formicidae |
Myrmeciites |
"Indesterminate"[80] |
Archibald, , & , 2006 |
A bulldog ant form genus |
![]() sp. |
Formicidae |
Oecophylla |
†[81] |
(Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 1999) |
An ant, described as Camponotites kraussei, |
|
Formicidae |
†Propalosoma gutierrezae[81] |
Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 1999 |
A bulldog ant, first described as a Rhopalosomatidae wasp, |
![]() Propalosoma gutierrezae | |
Formicidae |
Undescribed |
Undescribed[78] |
Ants of uncertain subfamily placement.[78] |
![]() Unidentified formicidae | |
Halictidae (?) |
Undescribed |
Undescribed[78] |
A possible sweat bee |
||
Ichneumonidae |
Undescribed |
Undescribed[78] |
ichneumonid parasitic wasps unplaced to subfamily |
![]() Undescribed Ichneumonidae | |
Megachilidae |
Undescribed |
Undescribed[78] |
Megachilid leaf-cutter bee herbivory trace fossils on leaves |
||
†Ulteramus republicensis[84] |
Archibald & Rasnitsyn, 2015 |
A parasitic wasp |
|||
Pompilidae |
Undescribed |
Undescribed[78] |
A pompilid spider wasp |
||
Undescribed |
Undescribed[78] |
A proctotrupid parasitic wasp |
|||
Undescribed |
Undescribed[78] |
A roproniid (sensu lato) proctotrupoid wasp |
|||
Undescribed |
Undescribed[78] |
An scoliid wasps |
|||
Undescribed |
Undescribed[78] |
A sphecid (sensu stricto) wasp |
|||
Undescribed |
Undescribed[78] |
A Tenthredinid sawfly |
|||
Vespidae |
Undescribed |
Undescribed[78] |
A vespid wasp |
Lepidoptera[]
A solitary lepidopteran fossil has been recovered, but no full descriptive work has been made on the specimen, aside from a single PhD dissertation. Early examination placed the moth in the family Geometridae, but later work has identified it as the oldest member of the tiger moth subfamily Arctiinae.[85]
Family | Genus | Species | Authors | Year | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Undescribed |
Undescribed[85] |
1986 |
An arctiine tiger moth |
Mecoptera[]
A number of mecopteran species belonging to the families Cimbrophlebiidae, Dinopanorpidae, Eorpidae, and Panorpidae are also known.[86]
Family | Genus | Species | Authors | Year | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
†[86] |
Archibald, 2009 |
2009 |
![]() | |||
†[86] |
Archibald, 2009 |
2009 |
![]() | |||
†Dinokanaga andersoni[87] |
Archibald, 2005 |
2005 |
A scorpion fly species |
![]() Dinokanaga andersoni | ||
†Dinokanaga dowsonae[87] |
Archibald, 2005 |
2005 |
A scorpion fly species |
|||
†Dinokanaga sternbergi[87] |
Archibald, 2005 |
2005 |
A scorpion fly species |
|||
†Eorpidae |
Archibald, Mathewes, & Greenwood, 2013 |
2013 |
A mecopteran scorpionfly |
Eorpa elverumi | ||
†Eorpidae |
Archibald, Mathewes, & Greenwood, 2013 |
2013 |
A mecopteran scorpionfly, tentatively identified |
![]() Possible E. ypsipeda[88] |
Neuroptera[]
The neuropteran insects (lacewings and their allies) identified as of 2014 include species from the families Berothidae, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Ithonidae (including Polystoechotidae), Nymphidae, Osmylidae, and Psychopsidae.[5]
Family | Genus | Species | Authors | Year | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chrysopidae |
† |
†[89] |
& , 2013 |
2013 |
A green lacewing |
|
(Makarkin, Archibald, & , 2003) |
2003 |
A hemerobiid lacewing, originally placed in †Cretomerobius, |
||||
†Allorapisma chuorum[92] |
Makarkin & Archibald, 2009 |
2009 |
![]() Allorapisma chuorum | |||
†Palaeopsychops marringerae[93] |
Archibald & Makarkin, 2006 |
2006 |
A polystechotid group[94] moth lacewing |
![]() Palaeopsychops marringerae | ||
†Palaeopsychops timmi[93] |
Archibald & Makarkin, 2006 |
2006 |
A polystechotid group[94] moth lacewing |
![]() Palaeopsychops timmi | ||
† |
†[93] |
Archibald & Makarkin, 2006 |
2006 |
A polystechotid group[94] moth lacewing |
![]() | |
† |
†[93] |
Archibald & Makarkin, 2006 |
2006 |
A polystechotid group[94] moth lacewing |
![]() | |
† |
†[93] |
Archibald & Makarkin, 2006 |
2006 |
A polystechotid group[94] moth lacewing |
![]() | |
Archibald, Makarkin, & Ansorge, 2009 |
2009 |
A nymphid lacewing, possibly a species of †[96] |
||||
† |
†[97] |
Makarkin, Archibald, & Mathewes, 2021 |
2021 |
A osmylid lacewing |
||
†Ainigmapsychops inexspectatus[5] |
Makarkin & Archibald, 2014 |
2014 |
A possible psychopsid lacewing |
![]() Ainigmapsychops inexspectatus |
Odonata[]
Family | Genus | Species | Authors | Year | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aeshnidae |
† |
†[98] |
Archibald & Cannings, 2019 |
2019 |
A darner dragonfly |
|
Aeshnidae |
† |
†[98] |
Archibald & Cannings, 2019 |
2019 |
A darner dragonfly |
|
Aeshnidae |
† |
†[98] |
Archibald & Cannings, 2019 |
2019 |
A darner dragonfly |
|
† |
† |
†[99] |
Archibald & Cannings, 2021 |
2021 |
A odonate |
|
† |
† |
†[99] |
Archibald & Cannings, 2021 |
2021 |
A odonate |
|
† |
† |
†[99] |
Archibald & Cannings, 2021 |
2021 |
A odonate |
|
† |
† |
†[99] |
Archibald & Cannings, 2021 |
2021 |
A odonate |
|
† |
† |
†[99] |
Archibald & Cannings, 2021 |
2021 |
A odonate |
|
† |
† |
†[99] |
Archibald & Cannings, 2021 |
2021 |
A odonate |
|
† |
† |
†[99] |
Archibald & Cannings, 2021 |
2021 |
A odonate |
|
† |
† |
†[99] |
Archibald & Cannings, 2021 |
2021 |
A odonate |
|
† |
† |
†[99] |
Archibald & Cannings, 2021 |
2021 |
A odonate |
|
† |
Archibald & Cannings, 2021 |
2021 |
A gossamerwing damselfly. |
|||
† |
† |
†[99] |
Archibald & Cannings |
2021 |
A possibly odonate |
![]() |
Phasmatodea[]
Fossil wings first described in 2015 were identified as being from Susumanioidea stick-insects, a group that had previously been known from the Jurassic to the Paleocene only.[101] Archibald and Bradler (2015) did not place Eoprephasma into Susumaniidae family, maintaining that known characters of the describe specimens did not match taxa in the family, they instead kept the genus as Susumanioidea incertae sedis. Phylogenetic analysis of Susumanioidea published by Yang et al. (2021) resulted in placement of Eoprephasma as the sister group to Renphasma deep within the Susumaniidae subfamily Susumaniinae. The phylogeny produced by Yang et al. indicated a sister group state with the Cretaceous genus Renphasma of China, and placed both as the most derived of the Susumaniinae taxa.[102]
Family | Genus | Species | Authors | Year | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
†Susumaniidae |
†Eoprephasma hichensi[101] |
Archibald & Bradler, 2015 |
2015 |
A Susumaniinae stick insect species |
Raphidioptera[]
Family | Genus | Species | Authors | Year | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
† |
Archibald & Makarkin, 2021 |
2021 |
A raphidiid snakefly |
Vertebrates[]
Five species of fish have been identified from the formation, four of which are known from skeletal elements, while the fifth is only known from isolated scales.[104] Of the five species, two are unique to the formation, Hiodon woodruffi and Libotonius pearsoni were both described by paleoichthyologist Mark V. H. Wilson in 1978 and 1979 respectively. The other three species, "Amia" hesperia, , and Eosalmo driftwoodensis, were first described from Okanagan Highlands formations in British Columbia and subsequently also identified from Ferry County fossils. The first notation of fish fossils in the Republic area was by Joseph Umpleby in his 1910 visit to the area, who collected fish near the Tom Thumb Mine, and sent them to the National Museum of Natural History. After examining the fossils, Charles R. Eastman listed the specimens as belonging to the extinct species Amyzon brevipinne in his Fossil fishes in the collection of the United States National Museum.[105] Research tapered off until a series of fish were collected in the Toroda Creek Graben northwest of Republic by R. C. Pearson during his compilation of the Geologic map of the quadrangle, Ferry and Okanogan Counties, Washington. The fossils were tentatively identified by paleoichthyologist David Dunkle as members of the genera Amyzon, , and an undefined salmonid.[106] Pearson sent almost all of the specimens collected to the Smithsonian, but the fossils were never accessioned into the collections there and are now considered lost. He did retain one fossil from the initial collection which was later donated to the USGS collections. The largest single work on the fish of the Okanagan Highlands was published by Mark Wilson in 1977 and covered fossils collected from the known British Columbian Okanagan Highlands fossil sites of the time.[107] While not covering the Washington State fossils, Wilson named two of the species that are currently recognized from the Klondike Mountain Formation Amyzon aggregatum and Eosalmo driftwoodensis. Additionally scales attributed to the genus Amia were discussed and the genus Libotonius was named from fossils in the Allenby Formation.[108][109] In the late 1960s a collection of fish from near the Tom Thumb Mine in Republic was compiled by resident R. Woodward. During the summers of 1976 and 1977 the University of Alberta conducted field collecting in both the Republic and Toroda Creek areas, along with the donation of the Woodward collection, yielded a number of fossil catostomids, along with a single percopsid, a salmonid, a hiodontid, and an Amia scale. The hiodontids were subsequently described as the species Eohiodon woodruffi in 1978 based on differences between the Tom thumb Tuff fossils and those found in British Columbian sites.[106] A year later the percopsid fossils were also described as Libotonius pearsoni, extending the range of the genus south from the Allenby Formation.[108]
Bird fossils are limited to mostly isolated feathers that are preserved in the finer grained strata of the lake bed, though one partial bird skeleton has also been recovered.
Family | Genus | Species | Authors | Year | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
†"Amia" hesperia |
, 1977 |
1977 |
A bowfin, known from isolated scales |
![]() "Amia" hesperia scale | ||
Wilson, 1977 |
1977 |
A sucker |
![]() | |||
Unidentified[110] |
(Wilson, 1977) |
1977 |
A sucker, originally identified as Amyzon aggregatum |
|||
Salmonidae |
†Eosalmo driftwoodensis[111] |
Wilson, 1977 |
1999 |
A Salmon |
![]() Eosalmo driftwoodensis | |
Hiodontidae |
Hiodon |
Wilson, 1978 |
1978 |
|||
†Libotoniidae |
†Libotonius pearsoni[108] |
Wilson, 1979 |
1979 |
A sand roller relative. |
![]() Libotonius pearsoni | |
incertae sedis (Aves) |
Unidentified |
"Unnamed"[112] |
2019 |
indeterminate feathers and a skeleton |
![]() Unidentified feather |
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- ^ Cheney, ES; Rasmussen, MG (1996). "Regional geology of the Republic area". Washington Geology. 24 (2): 3–7.
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- Klondike Mountain Formation
- Ypresian Stage
- Geology of the Rocky Mountains
- Paleogene geology of Washington (state)
- Paleontology in Washington (state)