1994 in paleontology
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Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1994.
Plants[]
Conifers[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Type locality | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
Fossil Yew Genus, type species D. torreyoides |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
Fossil Yew species |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
Fossil nutmeg yew species |
Angiosperms[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A Kiwi species |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A dogwood species |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A dogwood species |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A vitaceous species |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A vitaceous species |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A vitaceous species |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A moonseed species |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A custard apple relative |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A custard apple relative |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A cannabaceous species |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A moonseed species |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Sp nov |
jr synonym |
(Manchester) Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A lardizabalaceous species; |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A torchwood family species |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A moonseed species |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A chinkapin species |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A cannabaceous species |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A pentaphylacaceous species |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
An icacinaceous relative. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A dogwood species |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A hazelnut relative, Type species C. hancockii |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A moonseed relative. |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A moonseed species. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
|||
Comb nov |
jr synonym |
(Hollick) Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
|||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A rubiaceous species. |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A moonseed species. |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Magallón-Puebl |
|
|
Youngest Eucommia sp. in North America. |
|||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A witch-hazel relative, type species F. endressii |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A Hydrangea species. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
An icacinaceous species. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
An icacinaceous relative. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A hazelnut relative, type species K. parvum |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
|||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
|||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
|||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
|||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
|||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A Magnolia species |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A Magnolia species |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A Magnolia species |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A Tupelo relative |
||
sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A sabiaceous species. |
||
sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A sabiaceous species. |
||
sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A sabiaceous species. |
||
sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A sabiaceous species. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A Tupelo relative |
||
Comb nov |
valid |
(Scott) Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
|||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A soapberry species. |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A soapberry species. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A ginseng genus, type species P. oregonensis |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A Platycarya relative species. |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A vitaceous species |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Gen et comb nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
|
||||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A platanaceous Infructescence species. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
An cherry/plum species. |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
An cherry/plum species. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
![]() Pteronepelys wehrii | |
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
An icacinaceous species. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A Sumac species |
||
Comb nov |
valid |
(Becker) Manchester |
Late Eocene |
|
|
A sabiaceous species. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A willow relative |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A magnolia vine species. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A Symplocaceae species. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A platanaceous Infructescence genus. |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A tapisciaceous species |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A moonseed species |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A moonseed species |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A moonseed genus. |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A moonseed species |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A cannabaceous species |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Gen et sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A seed of uncertain placement. |
||
Sp nov |
valid |
Manchester |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
|
A vitaceous species |
Arthropods[]
Insects[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sp nov |
Valid |
Baroni Urbani & De Andrade |
|
first fossil Acanthognathus species |
||||
Sp nov |
Valid |
Nel & Brisac |
Turolian |
|
|
An Aeshna dragonfly |
![]() | |
Sp nov |
Valid |
Nel & Martínez-Delclòs |
Vallesian |
|
An Aeshna dragonfly |
![]() | ||
Sp nov |
Valid |
Nel & Escuillé |
Turolian |
|
|
An dragonfly |
![]() | |
Sp nov |
Valid |
De Andrade |
|
A ponerin ant |
||||
Sp nov |
Valid |
De Andrade |
|
A ponerin ant |
||||
Sp nov |
Valid |
De Andrade |
|
A ponerin ant |
||||
Sp nov |
Valid |
De Andrade |
|
A ponerin ant |
||||
Sp nov |
Valid |
De Andrade |
|
A ponerin ant |
||||
Sp nov |
Valid |
De Andrade |
|
A ponerin ant |
||||
|
Sp nov |
Valid |
Nel & Brisac |
Turolian[8] |
|
|
A Calopteryx damselfly |
![]() |
Gen et comb nov. |
Valid |
Bolton |
Santonian |
|
A Sphecomyrminae ant. |
|||
Sp nov |
Valid |
Nel, Albouy, Caussanel, & Jamet |
|
An earwig |
![]() | |||
Sp nov. |
Valid |
De Andrade |
Burdigalian |
Dominican Amber |
|
A myrmicin ant |
||
Sp nov. |
Valid |
De Andrade |
Burdigalian |
Dominican Amber |
|
A myrmicin ant |
||
[12] |
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Nel & Henrotay |
|
A Mesochrysopid lacewing, type species P. bascharagensis |
![]() | ||
Comb. nov |
Valid |
Piton |
Piacenzian |
Lake Chambon |
|
A Lestid damselfly, |
![]() |
Molluscs[]
Bivalves[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fordilla germanica[14] |
sp nov |
Valid |
Elicki |
Early Cambrian |
Zwetau Formation |
|
early Cambrian bivalve species |
Fishes[]
Newly named bony fishes[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et sp. nov |
valid |
Schwimmer, Stewart & Williams |
late Santonian to mid-Campanian |
|
A latimeriid coelacanth.[16] |
Archosauromorphs[]
- Aff. Rebbachisaurus gastroliths documented.[17]
- The "Talkeetna Mountains Hadrosaur" specimen was discovered in a quarry being excavated for road material.[18] The quarry is near the Glenn Highway, approximately 150 miles northeast of Anchorage.[19] That fall, excavation began, and was resumed in the summer of 1996.[18]
Newly named pseudosuchians[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Galtonia[20] |
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Hunt & Lucas |
Late Triassic (late Carnian) |
|
A relative of Revueltosaurus. |
||
Pekinosaurus[20] |
Gen et sp nov |
Junior synonym |
Hunt & Lucas |
Late Triassic (late Carnian) |
|
A junior synonym of Revueltosaurus. |
Newly named basal dinosauromorphs[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen et comb nov |
Valid |
Sereno & Arcucci |
Middle Triassic (Ladinian) |
A basal dinosauriform; |
|
Newly named dinosaurs[]
Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.[22]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
![]() Afrovenator abakensis | ||||||
Gen et comb nov |
Valid |
Chatterjee & Creisler |
|
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Russell & Dong |
|
|||||
“Amphicoelicaudia” |
Cheng |
|
described as Huabeisaurus allocotus in 2000 |
![]() Huabeisaurus allocotus | ||||
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Currie, Godfrey, & |
Turonian - Coniacian |
![]() Caenagnathasia martinsoni | ||||
Cryolophosaurus[27] |
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Hammer & Hickerson |
|
![]() Cryolophosaurus | |||
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Chure |
|
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Zhao & Currie |
|
![]() Monolophosaurus jiangi | ||||
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Kirkland & Carpenter |
|
![]() Mymoorapelta maysi | ||||
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Perez-Moreno, Sanz, Buscalioni, |
|
|||||
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Martin, Buffetaut, & Suteethorn |
Valanginian - Hauterivian |
|
||||
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Russell & Dong |
|
![]() Sinornithoides youngi | ||||
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Currie & Zhao |
|
![]() Sinraptor dongi | ||||
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
|
![]() Timimus hermani | |||||
“Tonouchisaurus” |
|
|||||||
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
|
|
Birds[]
Name | Status | Novelty | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Valid |
Gen et sp nov. |
Late Paleocene |
|
A Strigidae. Type species B. orbisantiqui |
||||
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
Cave deposits |
|
A Strigidae. |
||||
Falco duboisi [39] |
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
|
Cave deposits |
A Falconidae. |
|||
Mascarenachen [39] |
jr synonym |
Gen et sp nov. |
|
An Anatidae, type species M. kervazoi; |
||||
Mascarenotus grucheti [40] |
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
Mourer-Chauviré, , , & |
A Strigidae. |
||||
Valid |
Gen et sp nov. |
|
Middle Eocene |
|
A Messelasturidae, Type species M. gratulator. |
|||
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
|
peat swamp |
|
A Phalacrocoracidae. |
|||
Valid |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Santonian-Coniacian |
Rio Colorado Formation |
An Avisauridae, Type species N. volans. |
||||
Nycticorax borbonensis [39] |
jr synonym |
Sp. nov. |
|
An Ardeidae, junior synonym of Nycticorax duboisi. |
||||
Valid |
Gen et sp nov. |
|
|
A , type species O. genghisi. |
||||
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
Late Paleocene |
|
|||||
Puffinus spelaeus [46] |
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
Holdaway & Worthy |
Late Quaternary |
South Island, cave deposits |
|
||
Stephanoaetus mahery [47] |
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
Holocene. (Subrecent) |
An Accipitridae. |
||||
Valid |
Gen et sp nov. |
|
|
|
A Rallidae, type species W. lii |
Plesiosaurs[]
- Plesiosaur gastroliths documented.[49]
New taxa[]
Name | Status | Authors | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Valid |
Chatterjee Creisler |
Pterosaurs[]
New taxa[]
Name | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Valid |
Frey Martill |
Early Cretaceous (late Aptian/early Albian) |
|
A pteranodontoid pterosaur. |
||||
Valid |
Padian, K., Horner de Ricqlès, A.J. |
Late Cretaceous (Judithian) |
|
An azhdarchid from Montana. |
||||
"Wyomingopteryx" |
nomen nudum |
Bakker |
Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian) |
|
||||
Valid |
Cai, Z. Wei, F. |
Late Cretaceous (early Campanian) |
|
A Chinese azhdarchid. |
Other diapsids[]
New taxa[]
Name | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lucianosaurus[20] | Valid Non-Dinosaurian Taxon |
|
|
Late Triassic (Norian) |
Bull Canyon Formation |
|
|
Tecovasaurus[20] | Valid Non-Dinosaurian Taxon |
|
|
Late Triassic (late Carnian) |
|
Footnotes[]
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References[]
- Calvo, J.O. (1994). Gastroliths in sauropod dinosaurs. Gaia, 10: 205–208.
- Martin, James E.; 1994; Gastric residues in marine reptiles from the Late Cretaceous Pierre Shale in South Dakota; their bearing on extinction; Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology; 14(3, Suppl.) pp. 36; University of Oklahoma
- Pasch, A. D., K. C. May. 2001. Taphonomy and paleoenvironment of hadrosaur (Dinosauria) from the Matanuska Formation (Turonian) in South-Central Alaska. In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Ed.s Tanke, D. H., Carpenter, K., Skrepnick, M. W. Indiana University Press. Pages 219–236.
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