1991 in paleontology
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Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1991.
Plants[]
Angiosperms[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen et comb nov |
valid |
Middle Eocene |
Clarno Formation |
Arthropods[]
Insects[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sp nov |
Valid |
MacKay |
A ponerin ant |
|||||
Sp nov |
Valid |
Nel |
Vallesian |
A damselfly |
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Mollusca[]
Newly named bivalves[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Similodonta wahli[6] |
Sp nov |
Valid |
Isakar |
Late Ordovician |
|
Archosauromorphs[]
- Sankar Chatterjee's discovery of a possible Triassic bird, Protoavis, if genuine, would push avian origins back almost 70 million years. The find ignites controversy over the connection between dinosaurs and birds.
Newly named dinosaurs[]
Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.[7]
Name | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Valid taxon |
Jose Bonaparte |
Late Cretaceous (Santonian) |
An alvarezsaurid. |
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Valid taxon |
Salgado and Jose Bonaparte |
Early Cretaceous (Barremian) |
A dicraeosaurid. with Spines on its Neck |
||||
Valid taxon |
Bolotsky & Kurzanov |
Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) |
A lambeosaurine hadrosaurid. |
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Valid taxon |
Calvo and Bonaparte |
Late Cretaceous (Santonian) |
An alvarezsaurid. |
||||
Becklespinax[12] |
Junior synonym |
George Olshevsky. |
Early Cretaceous (Valanginian) |
A junior objective synonym of Altispinax; new genus for "Acrocanthosaurus" altispinax Paul (1988). |
|||
Valid taxon |
Telles-Antunes & Sigogneau-Russell |
Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) |
A troodontid. |
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Janenschia[14] |
Valid taxon |
Wild |
Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian) |
A non-titanosauriform macronarian; new genus for "Gigantosaurus" robustus E. Fraas (1908). |
|||
Valid taxon |
George Olshevsky |
Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) |
Xiashaximiao Formation |
A sauropod of uncertain affinities. |
|||
"Rioarribasaurus"[15] |
Junior synonym |
Hunt & S.G. Lucas |
Late Triassic (late Norian-Rhaetian) |
A junior synonym of Coelophysis. |
|||
"Seismosaurus"[16] |
Junior synonym |
Gillette |
|||||
Valid taxon |
Le Loeuff and Buffetaut |
||||||
Valid taxon |
Telles-Antunes & Sigogneau-Russell |
Late Cretaceous |
An ornithischian of unknown affinities. |
||||
Tochisaurus[18] |
Valid taxon |
Kurzanov and Osmolska |
Cretaceous |
||||
"Ultrasauros"[12] |
Junior synonym |
George Olshevsky |
Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) |
Junior synonym of Supersaurus; replacement name for Ultrasaurus Jensen 1985 (preoccupied). |
|||
Valid taxon |
George Olshevsky |
Early Cretaceous (late Valanginian) |
|
An ornithomimosaur; new genus for "Megalosaurus" oweni Lydekker (1889). |
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Valid taxon |
Jose Bonaparte |
A Noasaur. |
Newly named birds[]
Name | Status | Novelty | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Fringillidae, Carduelinae. |
||||||
Valid |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
A Fringillidae, Carduelinae, this is the type species of the new genus. |
||||||
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Fringillidae, Carduelinae. |
||||||
Apteribis brevis [20] |
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
||||||
Asiahesperornis bazhanovi [21] |
Valid |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
|
Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian, |
A Hesperornithiformes Fürbringer, 1888, Hesperornithidae Marsh, 1872. |
|||
Branta hylobadistes [20] |
Valid |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
An Anatidae. |
|||||
Chelychelynechen quassus [20] |
Valid |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
An Anatidae, a moa-nalo, this is the type species of the genus. |
|||||
Chloridops regiskongi [19] |
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Fringillidae, Carduelinae. |
|||||
Chloridops wahi [19] |
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Fringillidae, Carduelinae. |
|||||
Circus dossenus [20] |
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
An Accipitridae. |
|||||
Ciridops tenax [19] |
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Fringillidae, Carduelinae. |
|||||
Corvus impluviatus [19] |
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Corvidae. |
|||||
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Corvidae. |
||||||
Dendroscansor decurvirostris [22] |
Valid |
Gen. nov et Sp. nov. |
|
|
An Acanthisittidae. |
|||
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Strigidae. |
||||||
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Strigidae. |
||||||
Valid |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
A Strigidae, the type species of the new genus. |
||||||
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Strigidae. |
||||||
Hemignathus upupirostris [19] |
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Fringillidae, Carduelinae, transferred to the genus Akialoa Olson et James, 1995 by Olson et James, 1995.[23] |
|||||
Horusornis vianeyliaudae [24] |
Valid |
Gen. nov et Sp. nov. |
Late Eocene |
Phosphorites du Quercy MP 17 |
An Accipitriformes, Horusornithidae Mourer-Chauviré, 1991, this is the type species of the new genus. |
|||
Orthiospiza howarthi [19] |
Valid |
Gen. nov et Sp. nov. |
A Fringillidae, Carduelinae, this is the type species of the new genus. |
|||||
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
|
Late Miocene |
MN 13 |
A Phasianidae, transferred to the genus Plioperdix Kretzoi, 1955 as Plioperdix hungarica Comb. nov. by Nikita V. Zelenkov & Andrey V. Panteleyev.[26] |
|||
Valid |
Subsp. nov. |
|
Late Miocene |
A member of the family Phasianidae. Originally described as a subspecies of Pavo aesculapi; Zelenkov (2016) transferred it to the genus Syrmaticus and raised it to the rank of a separate species Syrmaticus phasianoides.[27] |
||||
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
|
Late Pliocene |
|
A Phalacrocoracidae. |
|||
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
|
Late Early Miocene |
|
A Phoenicopteridae. |
|||
Valid |
Subsp. nov. |
|
Late Miocene |
A member of the family Rallidae. Originally described as a subspecies of Porzana estramosi; Zelenkov (2017) transferred it to the genus Zapornia and raised it to the rank of a separate species Zapornia veterior.[30] |
||||
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Rallidae. |
||||||
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Rallidae. |
||||||
Porzana ralphorum [20] |
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Rallidae. |
|||||
Porzana severnsi [20] |
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Rallidae. |
|||||
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Rallidae. |
||||||
Protoavis texensis [31] |
Valid |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
|
- |
A Protoaviformes Chatterjee, 1991, Protoaviformes Chatterjee, 1991, the type and only species of the genus, no longer considered a bird. |
|||
Pseudodontornis tshulensis [32] |
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
|
Late Paleocene |
Landenian |
A Lambrecht, 1933. |
||
Pseudoseisuropsis nehuen [33] |
Valid |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
|
Early Pleistocene |
|
A Furnariidae, , this is the type species of the new genus. |
||
Ptaiochen pau [20] |
Valid |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
An Anatidae, a moa-nalo, this is the type species of the genus. |
|||||
Pterodroma jugabilis [20] |
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
||||||
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
|
Late Miocene |
MN 13 |
A member of the family Rallidae. Originally described as a species of ; Zelenkov (2017) transferred this species to the genus Rallus.[30] |
|||
Telespiza persecutrix [19] |
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Fringillidae, Carduelinae. |
|||||
Telespiza ypsilon [19] |
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Fringillidae, Carduelinae. |
|||||
Thambetochen xanion [20] |
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
||||||
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
|
Late Miocene |
MN 13 |
A Tytonidae. |
|||
Valid |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
A Fringillidae, Carduelinae. |
||||||
Valid |
Sp. nov. |
A Fringillidae, Carduelinae. |
||||||
Valid |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
A Fringillidae, Carduelinae. |
||||||
Valid |
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
A Fringillidae, Carduelinae, the type species of the new genus. |
Genera no longer considered to be birds[]
- Protoavis. The avian status of Protoavis has since been almost universally rejected by paleontologists.
Pterosaurs[]
New taxa[]
|
|
Synapsids[]
Non-mammalian[]
Name | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Valid |
|
Lower Permian |
Formerly assigned as an diapsid, was restudied an classified as a varanopid synapsid.[35] |
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Valid |
|
Upper Permian |
A sphenacodontid synapsid. |
References[]
- ^ Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.
- ^ Manchester, S.R. (1994). "Fruits and Seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon". Palaeontographica Americana. 58: 30–31.
- ^ Brown, R. W. (1940). "New species and changes of name in some American fossil floras. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences". 30 (8): 344–356. JSTOR 24529454. Cite journal requires
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(help) - ^ MacKay, W. P. (1991). "Anochetus brevidentatus, new species, a second fossil Odontomachiti ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)". Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 99: 138–140.
- ^ Nel, Nel (1991). "Description de quelques Sieblosiidae fossiles nouveaux (Odonata, Zygoptera, Lestoidea). Nouvelle Revue d'Entomologie (N.S.)". 8: 367–375. Cite journal requires
|journal=
(help) - ^ Hints, L.; Oraspõld, A.; Kaljo, D. (2000). "Stratotype of the Porkuni Stage with comments on the Röa Member (Uppermost Ordovician, Estonia)". Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology. 49 (3): 177–199. doi:10.3176/geol.2000.3.02. S2CID 240195751.
- ^ Olshevsky, George. "Dinogeorge's Dinosaur Genera List". Retrieved 2008-08-07.
- ^ a b Bonaparte, J.F. 1991. Los vertebrados fosiles de la Formacion Rio Colorado de Neuquen y cercanias, Cretacico Superior, Argentina. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Revidadia" Paleontologia 4 (3): pp. 17-23.
- ^ Salgado, L. and J.F. Bonaparte. 1991. Un Nuevo sauropodo Dicraeosauridae, Amargasaurus gen. et sp. nov., de la Formacion La Amarga, Neocomiano de la Provincia del Nuequen, Argentina. Ameghiniana 28: pp. 333-346.
- ^ Bolotsky, Yu. L. and S.K. Kurzanov. 1991. The hadrosaurs of the Amur region. In: Geology of the Pacific Border: pp.94-103.
- ^ Calvo, J.O. and J.F. Bonaparte, J.F. 1991. Andesaurus delgadoi gen. et sp. nov. (Saurischia-Sauropoda), dinosaurio Titanosauridae de la Formación Río Limay (Albiano-Cenomaniano), Neuquén, Argentina. Ameghiniana 28: pp. 303-310.
- ^ a b c d Olshevsky, G. 1991. A Revision of the Parainfraclass Archosauria Cope, 1869, Excluding the Advanced Crocodylia. Mesozoic Meanderings 2 (1st printing): iv + 196 pages.
- ^ a b Telles-Antunes, M. and D. Sigogneau-Russell, 1991. Nouvelles donnees sur les Dinosaures du Cretae superieur du Portugal. Compte rendu hebdomadaire des séances de l’Académie des Sciences Paris, tomo 313, seire 2: pp. 113-119.
- ^ Wild, R. 1991. Janenschia n. g. robusta (E.Frass 1908) pro Tornieria robusta (E. Fraas 1908) (Reptilia, Saurischia, Sauropodomorpha). Stuttgarteer Beiträge zur Naturkude Serie B (Geologie und Paleontologie) 173: pp. 1-4.
- ^ Hunt, A.P. and S.G. Lucas. 1991. Rioarribasaurus, a new name for a Late Triassic dinosaur from New Mexico (USA). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 6 (3/4): pp. 191-198.
- ^ Gillette. D.D. 1991. Seismosaurus halli, gen. et sp. nov., a new sauropod dinosaur from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous) of New Mexico, USA. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 11 (4): pp. 417-433.
- ^ Le Loeuff, J. and E. Buffetaut. 1991. Tarascosaurus salluvicus, new genus new species, a theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of southern France. Geobios 24 (5): pp. 585-594.
- ^ Kurzanov, S.M. and H. Osmolska. 1991. Tochisaurus nemegtensis gen. et sp. n., a new troodontid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from Mongolia. Acta Palaeont. Polonica. 36 (1): pp. 69-76.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Helen F. James; Storrs L. Olson (1991). "Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds From the Hawaiian Islands: Part II. Passeriformes" (PDF). Ornithological Monographs. 46 (46): 1–88. doi:10.2307/40166713. JSTOR 40166713.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Storrs L. Olson; Helen F. James (1991). "Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds From the Hawaiian Islands: Part I. Non-Passeriformes" (PDF). Ornithological Monographs. 45 (45): 1–88. doi:10.2307/40166794. JSTOR 40166794.
- ^ Lev A. Nessov; B. V. Prizemlin (1991). "Krupnyye evolyutsionno prodvinutyye neletayushchiye morskiye ptitsy odryada gesperornisoobraznykh pozdnego senona Turgayskogo proliva: pervyye nakhodki gruppy v SSSR [Large, Evolutionarily Advanced, Flightless Marine Birds of the Order Hesperornithiformes from the Late Senonian of the Turgai Strait: The first Finds of this Group in the USSR.] [in Russian, with English summary]". Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta, Akademiya Nauk SSSR. 239: 85–107.
- ^ Philip R. Millener; Trevor H. Worthy (1991). "Contribution to New Zealand's Late Quaternary Avifauna. II: Dendroscansor decurvirostris, a New Genus and Species of Wren (Aves: Acantisittidae)". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 21 (2): 179–200. doi:10.1080/03036758.1991.10431406.
- ^ Storrs L. Olson; Helen R. James (1995). "Nomenclature of the Hawaiian Akialoas and Nukupuus (Aves: Drepanidini)" (PDF). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 108 (3): 373–387.
- ^ Cécile Mourer-Chauviré (1991). "Les Horusornithidae Nov. Fam., Accipitriformes (Aves) A Articulation Intertarsienne Hyperflexible de l'Éocène du Quercy". Géobios, Mémoire Spécial. 24 (supplement 1): 183–192. doi:10.1016/s0016-6995(66)80023-2.
- ^ a b c d e Dénes Jánossy (1991). "Late Miocene Bird Remains from Polgárdi (W-Hungary)". Aquila. 98: 13–35.
- ^ Nikita V. Zelenkov; Andrey V. Panteleyev (2014). "Three bird taxa (Aves: Anatidae, Phasianidae, Scolopacidae) from the Late Miocene of the Sea of Azov (Southwestern Russia)". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. in press (3): 515–527. doi:10.1007/s12542-014-0238-0. S2CID 85276099.
- ^ Nikita V. Zelenkov (2016). "Revision of non-passeriform birds from Polgárdi (Hungary, Late Miocene): 2. Galliformes". Paleontological Journal. 50 (6): 623–634. doi:10.1134/S0031030116060162. S2CID 90727042.
- ^ Thomas Schlüter (1991). "Systematik, Palökologie und Biostratonomie von Phalacrocorax kuehneanus nov. spec., einem Fossilen Kormoran (Aves: Phalacrocoracidae) aus Mutmasslich Oberpliozänen Phosporiten N-Tansanias". Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe A: Geologie und Paläontologie. 134: 279–309.
- ^ Jacques Cheneval; Léonard Ginsburg; Cécile Mourer-Chauviré; Benjavun Ratanasthien (1991). "The Miocene Avifauna of the Li Mae Long Locality, Thailand: Systematics and Palaeoecology". Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences. 6 (2): 117–126. Bibcode:1991JAESc...6..117C. doi:10.1016/0743-9547(91)90103-5.
- ^ a b N. V. Zelenkov (2017). "Revision of non-passeriform birds from Polgárdi (Hungary, Upper Miocene): 3. Neoaves". Paleontological Journal. 51 (2): 203–213. doi:10.1134/S0031030117020162. S2CID 90314539.
- ^ Sankar Chatterjee (1991). "Cranial Anatomy and Relationships of A New Triassic Bird from Texas". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B. 332 (1265): 277–342. Bibcode:1991RSPTB.332..277C. doi:10.1098/rstb.1991.0056.
- ^ Aleksandr O. Averianov; Andrei V. Panteleyev; Olga R. Potapova; Lev A. Nessov (1991). "Lozhnozubyye ptitsy (Aves: Pelecaniformes: Odontopterygia) pozdnego paleotsena i eotsena zapadnoy okrainy drevney Azii. [Bony-toothed Birds (Aves: Pelecaniformes: Odontopterygia) of the Late Paleocene and Eocene of the Western Margin of Ancient Asia.] [in Russian, with English summ.]". Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta, Akademiya Nauk SSSR. 239: 3–12.
- ^ Jorge I. Noriega (1991). "Un Nuevo Género de Furnariidae (Aves: Passeriformes) del Pleistoceno Inferior-Medio de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina". Ameghiniana. 28: 317–323.
- ^ Laurin, M. (1991). "The osteology of a Lower permian eosuchian from Texas and a review of diapsid phylogeny". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 101: 59–95. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1991.tb00886.x.
- ^ Reisz, R.R.; Laurin, M.; Marjanovic, D. (2010). "Apsisaurus witteri from the Lower Permian of Texas: yet another small varanopid synapsis, not a diapsid". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (5): 1628–1631. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.501441. S2CID 129835335.
- ^ Hook, R.W.; Hotton, N. (1991). "A New Sphenacodontid Pelycosaur (Synapsida) from the Wichita Group, Lower Permian of North-Central Texas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 11 (1): 37–44. doi:10.1080/02724634.1991.10011374.
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