Anadyr (town)

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Anadyr

Анадырь
Town[1]
Centre: Trinity Cathedral.
Centre: Trinity Cathedral.
Flag of Anadyr
Flag
Coat of arms of Anadyr
Coat of arms
Location of Anadyr
Anadyr is located in Russia
Anadyr
Anadyr
Location of Anadyr
Coordinates: 64°44′N 177°31′E / 64.733°N 177.517°E / 64.733; 177.517Coordinates: 64°44′N 177°31′E / 64.733°N 177.517°E / 64.733; 177.517
CountryRussia
Federal subjectChukotka Autonomous Okrug[1]
Founded1889[2]
Town status since1965[2]
Government
 • BodyCouncil of Deputies[3]
 • Head[3]Andrey Shchegolkov[4]
Area
 • Total20 km2 (8 sq mi)
Elevation
35 m (115 ft)
Population
 • Total13,045
 • Estimate 
(2018)[7]
15,604 (+19.6%)
 • Density650/km2 (1,700/sq mi)
Administrative status
 • Subordinated toTown of okrug significance of Anadyr[1]
 • Capital ofChukotka Autonomous Okrug[1], Anadyrsky District[1]
Municipal status
 • Urban okrugAnadyr Urban Okrug[8]
 • Capital ofAnadyr Urban Okrug[8], Anadyrsky Municipal District[9]
Time zoneUTC+12 (MSK+9 Edit this on Wikidata[10])
Postal code(s)[11]
689000, 689700
Dialing code(s)+7 42722
OKTMO ID77701000001
Websiteweb.archive.org/web/20140203061459/http://www.adm.anadyr.ru/

Anadyr (Russian: Ана́дырь, tr. Anadyr, IPA: [ɐˈnadɨrʲ] (About this soundlisten); Chukchi: Кагыргын, Kagyrgyn, [kɑɣərˈɣən]) is a port town and the administrative center of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia, located at the mouth of the Anadyr River at the tip of a peninsula that protrudes into Anadyrsky Liman. Anadyr is the easternmost town in Russia; more easterly settlements, such as Provideniya and Uelen, do not have town status. It was previously known as Novo–Mariinsk (until 1923).[2]

History[]

Early history[]

Although the town itself has only been in existence for just over a century, the origins of the name Anadyr are much older. The name initially derives from the Yukaghir word "any-an" meaning "river". When Semyon Dezhnev met Yukaghir people in the area, the indigenous name was corrupted to form "Onandyr", later Anadyrsk, the name of the ostrog (fort) upstream of the present-day settlement, from which the current name is derived.[12] The ostrog was the only Russian settlement east of the Kolyma River on the Chukotka Peninsula for most of the 18th century,[13] though this original settlement was situated further up the Anadyr River, nearer to Markovo than the site of the current town.[13]

Pyotr Baranov (brother of Alexander Andreyevich Baranov) established a trading post near the present town site in the early 19th century. The Chukchi settled around it and formed the village of Vyon in 1830.[12]

The present settlement was founded in 1889 as Novo–Mariinsk[2] by L. F. Grinevetsky, who sailed into the Anadyrsky Liman on July 9, 1889.[12] The town's first building was completed twelve days later and as it was the name-day of Tsaritsa Maria Feodorovna the town was named Mariinsk. Since this was not the first time that a town had been named Mariinsk in Russia, the name was swiftly changed to Novo–Mariinsk.[12]

Early 20th century[]

The Kamchatka Revkom sent the first Bolsheviks—Mikhail Mandrikov and Avgust Berzin—to Anadyr to set up an underground organization to undermine and eventually overthrow the resident White Army forces stationed in the town.[14] These two, along with a small group of other Russian immigrants and a handful of Chuvans, established the First Revolutionary Committee of Chukotka.[14] Their presence initially went undetected, although it did arouse suspicion. However, just before they were about to be discovered by the resident White Army troops, they launched an attack against them on the night of December 16, 1919.[14] They intended to free the local indigenous people from their debts to the Russian incomers and dismantle of the capitalist infrastructure that had been established in the town.[14] The attempts at seizing the property of the merchant class in Anadyr was successful, but they were unable to seize control of the armory and ammunition supplies within the town.[14] The merchants used this opportunity to reassert themselves, and by January 30, 1920, they surrounded the Revkom offices and attacked. One of the leaders, Vasily Titov, was killed and a number of others were wounded. Mikhail Mandrikov himself surrendered.[14] Although the survivors were initially imprisoned, the merchants decided to eliminate them permanently. Under the pretense of transferring them to another site, they led them out of the town and executed them out on the tundra.[14] The merchants' and White Army's success had been aided by the fact that a number of the Revkom members had been out the town visiting the village of Markovo. When these people returned, they were ambushed and all survivors eventually killed.[15]

View of the Anadyr port

The merchants set about reestablishing the status quo, all the while pretending to the Kamchatka Revkom that they themselves were socialists when inquiries came as to the whereabouts of their colleagues, going as far as to set up a fake Anadyr branch of the Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks.[14] Unfortunately for the merchants in Anadyr, members of the first Revkom had already managed to establish branches in Markovo and Ust-Belaya, who were not convinced by the claims coming from Anadyr and, whilst establishing the Second Revolutionary Committee of Chukotka in Markovo[16] pressed the Kamchatka Revkom for assistance.[14] The Kamchatka Revkom responded by sending a party to investigate.[14] A number of those involved in the overthrow of the First Revolutionary Committee either ceased their political activity in the hope of blending into the background, or fled Chukotka for Alaska.[17] However, the merchants fared worse eighteen months later when the Bolsheviks returned and began to reorganize urban life.[12] Struggles continued for some time in the Russian Far East, and it took until early 1923 before communications were sent from Kamchatka by Red Army commanders indicating that all White Army forces in Chukotka had been eliminated.[18]

Monuments to those members of the First Revolutionary Committee were erected in Anadyr on 5 July 1921.[19] It was only in 1969 that an elderly man said he remembered where the bodies had been buried, having seen them being interred in a cemetery in Tavayvaam.[14] Following this tip, the remains were recovered and they were paraded solemnly through Anadyr to the monuments, where they were buried with full honors.[20]

In 1923, Novo–Mariinsk was renamed Anadyr.[2]

WWII and the Cold War[]

During World War II, an airfield was built here for the Alaska-Siberian (ALSIB) air route used to ferry American Lend-Lease aircraft to the Eastern Front.[21]

During the 1960s, Anadyr was home to an R-12 Dvina (SS-4 Sandal) medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) complex, which targeted American military installations in Alaska.[22] The base was located 23 km (14 miles) northeast of Anadyr and was the USSR's only remote missile site.[22]

Anadyr was granted town status in 1965,[2] around which time it had a population of 5,600.[23]

The Hope Sled Dog Race was run between Anadyr and Nome, Alaska for more than a decade.[citation needed].

Modern history[]

It is claimed that the town of Anadyr annexed the neighboring "ethnic village" of Tavayvaam in May 1994, and that this was done by then governor Alexander Nazarov with a view to saving money from the autonomous okrug budget. If the national village had indeed been absorbed into the town of Anadyr then there would have been no obligation for the autonomous okrug to allocate specific funds for the indigenous population there.[24]

Anadyr Child Creativity Palace, with the Lenin statue in front of the building

In 2011, Paul Steinhardt led a group of scientists that landed in Anadyr en route to an expedition into the Koryak Mountains to search for naturally occurring quasicrystals.[25] Three quasicrystals have been found to date from the material gathered on that expedition, including icosahedrite, decagonite, a yet unnamed third natural quasicrystal, which (unlike icosahedrite and decagonite) is unlike anything ever previously synthesized in a laboratory. Steinhardt's team has established that the natural quasicrystals were embedded in meteorite that had hit Earth about 15,000 years ago.

Geography[]

View of Anadyr from helicopter

The town of Anadyr is situated at the tip of a large cape, to the north of which is the mouth of the Anadyr River and to the east the estuarine part of that river, the Anadyrsky Liman, which empties into the Gulf of Anadyr.[26] The town itself is situated on a gentle slope rising up from the sea, on the other side of the Anadyr River are mountains, but to the west, beyond the town are large expanses of flat tundra.[26]

It is on a similar parallel as Fairbanks, Alaska; Skellefteå, Sweden; and Oulu, Finland. Apart from those cities, population at such northerly parallels are normally sparse.

Administrative and municipal status[]

Anadyr is the administrative center of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Anadyrsky District,[1] even though it is not a part of it.[27] As an administrative division, it is, together with the selo Tavayvaam, incorporated separately as the town of okrug significance of Anadyr—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the town of okrug significance of Anadyr is incorporated as Anadyr Urban Okrug.[8]

Demographics[]

1926[28] 1939[29] 1959[30] 1970[31] 1979[32] 1989[33] 2002[34] 2010[6]
224 3,344 5,859 7,703 12,241 17,094 11,038 13,045

Transportation[]

Aerial view of Ugolny Airport

Anadyr is an important sea port on the Bering Sea and is connected to almost all major Russian Far Eastern seaports. Anadyr's Ugolny Airport serves major and minor cities in the Russian Far East with connections to Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, and Moscow, while Bering Air provides charter flights to Nome, Alaska in the United States. The airport is on the other side of the Anadyrsky Liman, and from January to May, transportation from the airport to Anadyr is by ice road.[12] In the summer there is a ferry which transports passengers across the Anadyr River to the airport,[35] but during spring and autumn when the river ice is melting and full of drifting ice floes, the only means of transportation to the airport is via helicopter.[35]

Although there is a network of roads between Anadyr and Tavayvaam, the town is not connected to any other settlement via road.[36] Construction of the Anadyr Highway was started in 2012, to link the town to Magadan, a distance of 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi).[37]

Climate[]

Anadyr experiences a dry-summer subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification: Dsc) according to the Köppen climate classification. Winters are long and very cold; summers are cool and short. January is the coldest month with an average temperature of −22.6 °C (−8.7 °F). July is the warmest month with an average temperature of 11.6 °C (52.9 °F). Temperatures above 25 °C (77 °F) are rare. The lowest temperature ever recorded was −46.8 °C (−52.2 °F) recorded on January 3, 1913. The highest temperature recorded was 30 °C (86 °F) on July 7, 1956. The weather changes easily with heavy storms often being brought in from the Anadyrsky Liman and the Bering Sea. This coupled with strong southerly winds in the autumn often brings flooding to the area. May is the driest month while January is the wettest.

hideClimate data for Anadyr
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 5.8
(42.4) 		2.7
(36.9) 		3.0
(37.4) 		7.1
(44.8) 		19.3
(66.7) 		26.5
(79.7) 		30.0
(86.0) 		26.6
(79.9) 		19.8
(67.6) 		15.6
(60.1) 		4.6
(40.3) 		4.3
(39.7) 		30.0
(86.0)
Average high °C (°F) −18.9
(−2.0) 		−18.3
(−0.9) 		−15.5
(4.1) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		1.6
(34.9) 		10.7
(51.3) 		15.6
(60.1) 		13.6
(56.5) 		7.7
(45.9) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		−10.1
(13.8) 		−15.7
(3.7) 		−3.4
(25.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) −22.6
(−8.7) 		−22.0
(−7.6) 		−19.3
(−2.7) 		−12.8
(9.0) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		6.3
(43.3) 		11.6
(52.9) 		10.1
(50.2) 		4.7
(40.5) 		−4.6
(23.7) 		−13.3
(8.1) 		−19.3
(−2.7) 		−6.9
(19.6)
Average low °C (°F) −26.2
(−15.2) 		−25.5
(−13.9) 		−22.8
(−9.0) 		−16.4
(2.5) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		3.2
(37.8) 		8.6
(47.5) 		7.3
(45.1) 		2.0
(35.6) 		−7.1
(19.2) 		−16.4
(2.5) 		−22.8
(−9.0) 		−10.0
(14.0)
Record low °C (°F) −46.8
(−52.2) 		−44.7
(−48.5) 		−42.1
(−43.8) 		−39.6
(−39.3) 		−28.2
(−18.8) 		−7.6
(18.3) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		−11.8
(10.8) 		−28.2
(−18.8) 		−38.8
(−37.8) 		−45.2
(−49.4) 		−46.8
(−52.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 45
(1.8) 		40
(1.6) 		33
(1.3) 		23
(0.9) 		13
(0.5) 		18
(0.7) 		34
(1.3) 		43
(1.7) 		31
(1.2) 		26
(1.0) 		34
(1.3) 		42
(1.7) 		382
(15.0)
Average rainy days 0.2 0.2 0.2 1 9 15 17 19 17 6 2 1 88
Average snowy days 18 18 15 17 16 2 0.1 0.3 5 19 19 18 147
Average relative humidity (%) 82 81 81 82 84 78 79 81 80 84 84 82 82
Mean monthly sunshine hours 29 101 197 249 245 279 257 186 138 105 47 15 1,848
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[38]
Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[39]

Politics[]

Results of Russian legislative elections[]

Parties \ Year 2003 2007 2011
Communist Party 4.61% 3.73% 4.39%
Patriots of Russia
(including former Party of Peace and Unity) 		0.57% 0.53% 0.60%
A Just Russia
(including former Rodina or Motherland-National Patriotic Union
Russian Party of Life
People's Party of the Russian Federation
and Russian Ecological Party "The Greens") 		9.98% 3.85% 5.01%
Yabloko
(including former Union of People for Education and Research, "Партия СЛОН") 		3.30% 1.08% 1.66%
Right Cause
(including former Citizens' Force
Democratic Party of Russia
and Union of Rightist Forces) 		3.03% 1.54% 0.70%
United Russia
(including former Agrarian Party of Russia) 		55.55% 76.37% 72.44%
Liberal Democratic Party 11.67% 12.19% 12.97%
Other minor parties 9.93% xx% xx%

Notable people[]

  • Valery Tokarev, cosmonaut
  • Roman Abramovich, oil oligarch, owner of Chelsea FC and the former Governor of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
  • Diomid Dzyuban, former bishop of Anadyr

International relations[]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Twin towns and sister cities[]

Anadyr is twinned with:

References[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Law #33-OZ
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Энциклопедия Города России. Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. p. 20. ISBN 5-7107-7399-9.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b Charter of Anadyr, Article 24
  4. ^ Official website of Anadyr Urban Okrug. Mayor's Autobiography Archived February 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
  5. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. "Регионы России. Основные социально-экономические показатели городов. 2012". Дальневосточный федеральный округ. Города Чукотского автономного округа.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  7. ^ http://habstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/habstat/resources/62f1a600408e9886a05deb4d45abe5e4/Численность+населения+Чукотского+автономного+округа+по+муниципальным+образованиям+на+1+января+2018+года.doc; archive date: 31 August 2019; archive URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20190831171236/http://habstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/habstat/resources/62f1a600408e9886a05deb4d45abe5e4/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC+%D0%BD%D0%B0+1+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+2018+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.doc.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b c Law #40-OZ
  9. ^ Law #148-OZ
  10. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  11. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Petit Futé, Chukotka, pp. 77ff
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b Armstrong, p. 53
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Gray, pp. 88–90
  15. ^ Zhikarev, pp. 60–61
  16. ^ Zhikarev, p. 63
  17. ^ Dikov, p. 148
  18. ^ Dikov, p. 156
  19. ^ Dikov, p.151-152
  20. ^ Krusdanov, p. 111
  21. ^ Lebedev, Igor Aviation Lend-Lease to Russia Nova Publishers (1997) pp.44–49
  22. ^ Jump up to: a b Evaluations of Soviet Surface-to-Surface Missile Deployment, November 1965, Guided Missile and Astronautics Intelligence Committee, Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, DC.
  23. ^ Armstrong, p. 187
  24. ^ Gray, p. 135
  25. ^ "Quasicrystal quest: The unreal rock that nature made".
  26. ^ Jump up to: a b Gray, p. 122
  27. ^ Directive #517-rp
  28. ^ Список населённых мест Дальневосточного края. По материалам Всесоюзной переписи населения 17 декабря 1926 года и Приполярной переписи 1926—27 года. — Хабаровск; Благовещенск, 1929.
  29. ^ РГАЭ, ф. 1562, оп. 336, д. 1470, л. 20.
  30. ^ Перепись населения СССР 1959 года Archived July 19, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ Перепись населения СССР 1970 года Archived March 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  32. ^ Перепись населения СССР 1979 года Archived March 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  33. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  34. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  35. ^ Jump up to: a b Gray, p. 126
  36. ^ Gray, p. 118
  37. ^ Project to build road from Kolyma to Anadyr drawn up
  38. ^ "Weather and Climate- The Climate of Anadyr" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved May 13, 2015.
  39. ^ "Anadyr Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 13, 2015.
  40. ^ (PDF). August 12, 2011 https://web.archive.org/web/20110812094031/http://bethel.govoffice.com/vertical/Sites/%7B86032ACB-92B0-4505-919A-3F45B84FECD9%7D/uploads/%7BEFEDEA86-3466-4370-A7D0-E88B43BA40CF%7D.PDF. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 12, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2018. Missing or empty |title= (help)

Sources[]

  • Дума Чукотского автономного округа. Закон №33-ОЗ от 30 июня 1998 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Чукотского автономного округа», в ред. Закона №55-ОЗ от 9 июня 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Чукотского автономного округа "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Чукотского автономного округа"». Вступил в силу по истечении десяти дней со дня его официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Ведомости", №7 (28), 14 мая 1999 г. (Duma of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Law #33-OZ of June 30, 1998 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, as amended by the Law #55-OZ of June 9, 2012 On Amending the Law of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug". Effective as of after ten days from the day of the official publication.).
  • Правительство Чукотского автономного округа. Распоряжение №517-рп от 30 декабря 2008 г. «Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных и территориальных образований Чукотского автономного округа», в ред. Распоряжения №323-рп от 27 июня 2011 г. «О внесении изменений в Распоряжение Правительства Чукотского автономного округа от 30 декабря 2008 года №517-рп». Опубликован: База данных "Консультант-плюс". (Government of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Directive #517-rp of December 30, 2008 On the Adoption of the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial and Territorial Formations of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, as amended by the Directive #323-rp of June 27, 2011 On Amending the Government of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Directive No. 517-rp of December 30, 2008. ).
  • Дума Чукотского автономного округа. Закон №40-ОЗ от 29 ноября 2004 г. «О статусе и границах муниципального образования город Анадырь Чукотского автономного округа». Вступил в силу через десять дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Ведомости", №31/1 (178/1), 10 декабря 2004 г. (Duma of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Law #40-OZ of November 29, 2004 On the Status and Borders of the Municipal Formation of the Town of Anadyr of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Effective as of the day ten days after the official publication date.).
  • Дума Чукотского автономного округа. Закон №148-ОЗ от 24 ноября 2008 г. «О статусе, границах и административных центрах муниципальных образований на территории Анадырского муниципального района Чукотского автономного округа», в ред. Закона №24-ОЗ от 1 апреля 2011 г. «О внесении изменений в Приложение 2 к Закону Чукотского автономного округа "О статусе, границах и административных центрах муниципальных образований на территории Анадырского муниципального района Чукотского автономного округа"». Вступил в силу через десять дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Ведомости", №46/1 (373/1), 28 ноября 2008 г. (Duma of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. Law #148-OZ of November 24, 2008 On the Status, Borders, and Administrative Centers of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Anadyrsky Municipal District of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, as amended by the Law #24-OZ of April 1, 2011 On Amending Appendix 2 of the Law of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug "On the Status, Borders, and Administrative Centers of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Anadyrsky Municipal District of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug". Effective as of the day which is ten days after the official publication date.).
  • Совет депутатов городского округа Анадырь. Решение №175 от 8 декабря 2010 г. «Об утверждении новой редакции устава городского округа Анадырь», в ред. Решения №360 от 30 мая 2013 г. «О внесении изменений в Устав городского округа Анадырь». Вступил в силу после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Ведомости", №51(481), 31 декабря 2010 г. (Council of Deputies of the Urban Okrug of Anadyr. Decision #175 of December 8, 2010 On the Adoption of the New Edition of the Charter of the Urban Okrug of Anadyr, as amended by the Decision #360 of May 30, 2013 On Amending the Charter of the Urban Okrug of Anadyr. Effective as of after the official publication.).
  • T. Armstrong. Russian Settlement in the North (1965) Cambridge University Press.
  • Н. Н. Диков (N. N. Dikov). "История Чукотки с древнейших времен до наших дней" (The History of Chukotka from Ancient Times to the Present Day) (1989) Moscow
  • P. A. Gray. The Predicament of Chukotka's Indigenous People: Post-Soviet Activism in the Russian Far North (2005) Cambridge University Press
  • Н. А. Жикарев (N. A. Zhikarev). "Очерки Истории Северо-Восточной РСФСР" (Sketches of the history of Northeast RSFSR) (1961) Magadan
  • А. И. Крусданов (A. I. Krusdanov). "Советы на северо-востоке СССР (1962–1982): Сборник документов и материалов, часть 3" (The Soviets of the Northeast USSR (1962–1982): Collection of Documents and Materials, Part 3) (1986) Magadan

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