Barbary Crusade
| Mahdian Crusade | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Crusades | |||||||||
 The French army disembarking in Africa, led by the duke of Bourbon, holding a shield bearing the royal arms of France (15th century miniature) | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
|
Kingdom of France Republic of Genoa |
Hafsids Zayyanid Kingdom Emirate of Béjaïa | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Louis II of Bourbon Giacomo Fregoso |
Ahmad II | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
|
6,000 knights and soldiers 60 ships | 40,000 men | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| 274 | Unknown | ||||||||
The Barbary Crusade, also called the Mahdia Crusade, was a Franco-Genoese military expedition in 1390 that led to the siege of Mahdia, then a stronghold of the Barbary pirates in Hafsidi Ifriqiya (geographically corresponding to modern Tunisia). Froissart's Chronicles is the chief account of what was one of the last crusades.
Background[]
During the lulls of the Hundred Years War knights looked for opportunities for glory and honor.[1] As Genoese ambassadors approached the French king Charles VI to subscribe to a crusade, they eagerly supported the plan to fight Muslim pirates from North Africa. These pirates had their main base at Mahdia on the Barbary coast. Genoa was ready to supply ships, supplies, 12,000 archers and 8,000 foot soldiers, if France would provide the knights.[1] The proposal by the doge Antoniotto Adorno was presented as a crusade. As such it would give prestige to its participants, a moratorium on their debts, immunity from lawsuits, and papal indulgence.[2] The French force also included some English participants and consisted of 1,500 knights under the leadership of Louis II, Duke of Bourbon.
Siege of Mahdia[]
A relief army reportedly 40,000 men strong was brought up by Hafsid Sultan Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II supported by the kings of Bejaia and Tlemcen (Bejaia sent it out of obligation, while Tlemcen feared that the loss of Mahdia would result in a Domino effect) camped nearby, avoided pitched battle, but started to harass the crusaders. The Crusaders had to build a wall around their camp and fortify it. The Berbers sent out a negotiating party asking why the French would attack them, they had only troubled the Genoese, a natural affair among neighbors. In answer they were told that they were unbelievers who had "crucified and put to death the son of God called Jesus Christ." The Berbers laughed saying it was the Jews not they who had done that.[2] Negotiations broke off.
In a subsequent encounter with the large relief army the Crusaders killed many but eventually had to retreat exhausted and tired. The duration of the siege not only frustrated them, but their logistical systems started to weaken. When a final assault on the city was repelled they were ready to settle for a treaty. On the opposing side the Berbers realized that they could not overcome the heavier armed invaders. Both sides looked for a way to end the hostilities.
Lifting the siege[]
The siege was lifted with the conclusion of a treaty negotiated through the Genoese party. The treaty stipulated a ten-year armistice. By mid-October the Crusaders had returned to Genoa. Losses due to the fighting and disease amounted to 274 knights and squires.[2]
Aftermath[]
Both sides celebrated victory. The Berbers had repelled the invaders, and the Genoese could conduct trade with less interference. The French knights had no tangible goals but had participated for action and glory. They failed to learn any lessons from a "chivalric adventure with religious overlay".[2] Their mistakes of unfamiliarity with the environment, lack of heavy siege equipment, underestimation of the enemy, and internal quarrels were repeated six years later on a grander scale in their fatal last crusade at Nicopolis.[1][2]
Notable participants[]
- Louis II, Duke of Bourbon
- Philip of Artois, Count of Eu
- Admiral Jean de Vienne
- Enguerrand VII, Lord of Coucy
- John of Nevers
- John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset
- Geoffrey Boucicaut
- Jean d'Harcourt VII
- Henry Scrope, 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham
- Gadifer de la Salle
- Jean de Béthencourt
References[]
- ^ a b c Rainer Lanz. "Ritterideal und Kriegsrealität im Spätmittelalter. Das Herzogtum Burgund und Frankreich" (PDF) (in German). Dissertation, University Zurich pp. 171–187. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-30.accessed 07-10-08
- ^ a b c d e Barbara Tuchman. A Distant Mirror. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1978 pp. 462–77.
Further reading[]
- Brachthäuser, Urs. Der Kreuzzug gegen Mahdiya 1390. Konstruktionen eines Ereignisses im spätmittelalterlichen Mediterraneum. Mittelmeerstudien, 14. Leiden: Brill, 2017.
- Hazard, Harry W. "Moslem North Africa, 1049–1394", pp. 457–485. In Harry W. Hazard, ed., A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1975.
- Mirot, Léon. "Une expédition française en Tunisie au XIVe siècle: le siège de Mahdia, 1390". Revue des études historiques, 47 (1931), 357–406.
External links[]
Media related to Mahdian Crusade at Wikimedia Commons
- Barbary Crusade
- Conflicts in 1390
- Sieges
- Battles involving France
- Battles involving the Republic of Genoa
- Battles of the Crusades
- 13th century in the Hafsid Kingdom
- Military history of Tunisia
- 14th century in Tunisia
- 1390
- History of Mahdia