Bethylidae
| Bethylidae Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| |
| |
| gilbertae | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Superfamily: | Chrysidoidea |
| Family: | Bethylidae Forster, 1856 |
| Subgroups | |
|
See text | |
The Bethylidae are a family of aculeate wasps in the superfamily Chrysidoidea. As a family, their biology ranges between parasitoid wasps and hunting wasps.
Overview[]
Like most of the Chrysidoidea, the Bethylidae are stinging Hymenoptera and most are parasitoids. Some of them, however, have developed their parasitoidal biology along predatory lines and they sting and malaxate their victims into paralysis. Then they hide the prey and lay their eggs on them.
According to Azevedo et al. (2018) eight subfamilies of the Bethylidae are recognized:[1]
- †
- †
- †
Genera[]
According to Azevedo et. al. (2018) there are 96 genera belong to the family Bethylidae. Some are listed here:
- Ramos & Azevedo g
- Benoit, 1983 g
- Kieffer, 1905 g
- Kieffer, 1905 g
- Moczar, 1970 g
- Kieffer, 1906 g b
- Kieffer, 1905 g
- Westwood, 1874 g b
- Terayama, 2004 g
- Evans, 1973 g
- Evans, 1964 g
- Förster, 1856 g
- Barbosa & Azevedo g
- Cockerell, 1917 g
- Fouts, 1939 g
- Brues, 1933 g
- Bethylus Latreille, 1802 g b
- Terayama, 1995 g
- Gobbi & Azevedo, 2016 g
- Enderlein, 1912 g
- Evans, 1973 g
- Cephalonomia Westwood, 1833 i c g b
- Evans, 1964 c g
- b (chlorepyris)
- Nagy, 1972 g
- Nagy, 1972 g
- Evans, 1973 g
- Ortega-Blanco & Engel, 2013 g
- Rasnitsyn, 1990 g
- Ashmead, 1893 g b
- Perrichot & Nel, 2008 g
- Epyris Westwood, 1874 g b
- Westwood, 1874 c g
- Kieffer, 1913 g
- Terayama, 2004 g
- Kieffer, 1905 g
- Goniozus Förster, 1856 c g b
- Dahlbom, 1854 g
- Kieffer, 1904 g b
- Richards, 1952 g
- Argaman, 2003 g
- Laelius Ashmead, 1893 g b
- † Azevedo & Azar, 2012 g
- Bridwell, 1919 g
- Ortega-Blanco & Engel, 2013 g
- Kieffer, 1911 g
- Azevedo, 2006 g
- Spinola, 1851 g
- Moczar, 1970 g
- Barbosa & Azevedo, 2014 g
- Kieffer, 1904 g
- Brues, 1933 g
- Gorbatovsky, 1995 g
- Kieffer, 1904 g
- Moczar, 1970 g
- Kieffer, 1905 g
- Pristocera Klug, 1808 g b
- Kieffer, 1905 g b
- Waterston, 1923 g
- Kieffer, 1905 g
- † Brues, 1923 g
- Pseudisobrachium Kieffer, 1904 g b
- Kieffer, 1906 g
- Moczar, 1971 g
- Kieffer, 1904 g
- Sclerodermus Latreille, 1809 g b
- Cameron, 1881 g
- Moczar, 1970 g
- Benoit, 1956 g
- Lanes & Azevedo, 2008 g
- Argaman, 2003 g
Data sources: i = ITIS,[2] c = Catalogue of Life,[3] g = GBIF,[4] b = Bugguide.net[5]
Evolution[]
The oldest known records of the group are from the Barremian aged Lebanese amber.[6][7]
References[]
- ^ Alencar, I.D.; Azevedo, C.O. (2013). "Reclassification of Epyrini (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae): a tribal approach with commentary on their genera". Systematic Entomology. 38 (1): 45–80. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00648.x.
Azevedo, C.O.; Azar, D. (2012). "A new fossil subfamily of Bethylidae (Hymenoptera) from the Early Cretaceous Lebanese amber and its phylogenetic position". Zoologia (Curitiba). 29 (3): 210–8. doi:10.1590/S1984-46702012000300004. - ^ "Bethylidae Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
- ^ "Browse Bethylidae". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
- ^ "Bethylidae". GBIF. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
- ^ "Bethylidae Family Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
- ^ M. S. Engel, J. Ortega-Blanco, and C. O. Ozevedo. 2016. A new bethylid wasp in Lebanese Early Cretaceous amber (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea), with comments on other Mesozoic taxa. American Museum Novitates 3855:1-14
- ^ Azevedo, Celso O.; Azar, Dany (June 2012). "A new fossil subfamily of Bethylidae (Hymenoptera) from the Early Cretaceous Lebanese amber and its phylogenetic position". Zoologia (Curitiba). 29 (3): 210–218. doi:10.1590/s1984-46702012000300004. ISSN 1984-4689.
- Chrysidoidea
- Apocrita families
- Bethylidae