Trigonalidae

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Trigonalidae
Temporal range: Triassic-Present
Trigonalid - Orthogonalys pulchella (Cresson) (15646350670).jpg
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Superfamily: Trigonaloidea
Family: Trigonalidae
Cresson, 1887[1]
Genera
  • See text
Synonyms

Trigonalyidae Krieger, 1894 (unjustified emendation)

Trigonalidae (sometimes incorrectly spelled "Trigonalyidae")[2][3] is one of the more unusual families of hymenopteran insects, of indeterminate affinity within the suborder Apocrita (though sometimes believed to be related to the Evanioidea), and presently placed in a unique superfamily, Trigonaloidea, and the only extant taxon in the superfamily. The other putative related taxon is an extinct family named Maimetshidae,[4] though this group is sometimes included in Megalyridae making Trigonalidae the only member of Trigonaloidea. Trigonalidae are divided into 2 subfamilies; and . These wasps are extremely rare, but surprisingly diverse, with over 90 species in over 30 genera, and are known from all parts of the world.[5] It is possibly the sister group to all Aculeata.

What little is known about the biology of these insects indicates a remarkably improbable life history: in nearly all known species, females lay thousands of minute eggs, "clamping" them to the edges of, or injecting them inside leaves. The egg must then be consumed by a caterpillar. Once inside the caterpillar, the trigonalid egg either hatches and attacks any other parasitoid larvae (including its siblings) in the caterpillar, or it waits until the caterpillar is killed and fed to a vespid larva, which it then attacks. If the caterpillar is neither attacked by another parasitoid nor fed to a vespid, the trigonalid larva fails to develop. Therefore, they are parasitoids or hyperparasitoids, but in a manner virtually unique among the insects, in that the eggs must be swallowed by a host, and even more unusual in that there may be an intermediate host. A few species are known exceptions, which directly parasitise sawflies.[6]

Genera[]

Taeniogonalos gundlachii in the northern United States

There are roughly 30 genera within Trigonalidae including:[4][7][8]

References[]

  1. ^ Synopsis of the families and genera of the Hymenoptera of America, north of Mexico, together with a catalogue of the described species, and bibliography. ET Cresson, Transactions of the American Entomological Society …, 1887
  2. ^ Aguiar, Alexandre P.; Deans, Andrew R.; Engel, Michael S.; Forshage, Mattias; Huber, John T.; et al. (30 August 2013). "Order Hymenoptera. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013)". Zootaxa. 3703 (1): 51. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.12. PMID 26146682.
  3. ^ Trigonalidae Website
  4. ^ a b "Trigonaloidea". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  5. ^ Carmean, David; Kimsey, Lynn (1998-01-01). "Phylogenetic revision of the parasitoid wasp family Trigonalidae (Hymenoptera)". Systematic Entomology. 23 (1): 35–76. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3113.1998.00042.x. ISSN 1365-3113.
  6. ^ A., Triplehorn, Charles (2005). Borror and DeLong's introduction to the study of insects. Johnson, Norman F., Borror, Donald J. (Donald Joyce), 1907-1988. (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thompson Brooks/Cole. ISBN 9780030968358. OCLC 55793895.
  7. ^ "Trigonalidae". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  8. ^ Genera Insectorum. P. Wytsman. pp. 14 to 42. Retrieved 19 June 2021.


Stub icon

This Apocrita-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .

  • v
  • t
Retrieved from ""