Thynnidae
Thynnidae | |
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Male Agriomyia sp. feeding on nectar | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Hymenoptera |
Superfamily: | Thynnoidea |
Family: | Thynnidae |
Subfamilies | |
|
The Thynnidae (also known as thynnid wasps or flower wasps) are a family of large, solitary wasps whose larvae are almost universally parasitoids of various beetle larvae, especially those in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. Until recently, the constituents of this family were classified in the family Tiphiidae, but multiple studies have independently confirmed that thynnids are a separate lineage.[1][2][3]
Description[]
Most species are small, but they can be up to 30 mm long. The females of some subfamilies (all Diamminae, , and ) are wingless, and hunt ground-dwelling (fossorial) beetle larvae, or (in one species) mole crickets. The prey is paralysed with the female's sting, and an egg is laid on it so the wasp larva has a ready supply of food. In species where both sexes are winged, males are similar in size to the females, but are much more slender. The males of species with wingless females, however, are often much larger than the females and have wings; the adults mate in the air, with the female carried by the male's genitalia. Adults feed on nectar, and are minor pollinators. As some of the ground-dwelling scarab species attacked by thynnids are pests, some of these wasps are considered beneficial as biological control agents.[citation needed]
Taxonomy[]
Thynnidae genera are classified as:[1][4][5][3]
Subfamily: []
- Guérin-Ménéville, 1838
- Genise, 1985
- Genise, 1985
- Guérin-Méneville, 1838
- Pate, 1947
- Cameron, 1904
- Berg, 1898
Subfamily: Diamminae[]
- Diamma Westwood, 1835
Subfamily: []
- Methocha Latreille, 1804
- Smith, 1869
Subfamily: []
- Boni Bartalucci, 2007
- Turner, 1912
- Illiger, 1807
- Saussure, 1892
- Myzinum Latreille, 1803
- Cameron, 1902
Subfamily: []
- Klug, 1840
- Ashmead, 1903
- Agriomyia Guérin-Ménéville, 1838
- Guérin-Méneville, 1838
- Genise, 1991
- Kimsey, 2007
- Brown, 1996
- Turner, 1910
- Turner, 1910
- Turner, 1910
- Genise,, 1991
- Turner, 1910
- Guérin-Ménéville, 1842
- Brown, 1996
- Turner, 1910
- Brown, 2010
- Turner, 1910
- Turner, 1910
- Kimsey, 2001
- Westwood, 1844
- Guérin-Ménéville, 1838
- Turner, 1910
- Turner, 1910
- Turner, 1910
- Genise, 1991
- Kimsey, 1991
- Ashmead, 1903
- Turner, 1910
- Kimsey, 2003
- Brown, 2010
- Ashmead, 1903
- Carnimeo & Noll, 2018
- Ashmead, 1899
- Turner, 1910
- Turner, 1910
- Guérin-Ménéville, 1842
- Turner, 1908
- Kimsey, 1991
- Rohwer, 1910
- Salter, 1954
- Guérin, 1838
- Carnimeo & Noll, 2018
- Turner, 1908
- Turner, 1910
- Ashmead, 1903
- Ashmead, 1903
- Carnimeo & Noll, 2018
- Guérin-Ménéville, 1838
- Brown, 2008
- Klug, 1810
- Ashmead, 1903
- Kimsey, 1996
- Guérin-Ménéville, 1842
- Brown, 1995
- Turner, 1910
- Guérin-Ménéville, 1838
- Rohwer, 1910
- Fabricius, 1775
- Ashmead, 1903
- Kimsey, 1991
- Saussure, 1867
References[]
- ^ Jump up to: a b Pilgrim, E.; von Dohlen, C.; Pitts, J. (2008). "Molecular phylogenetics of Vespoidea indicate paraphyly of the superfamily and novel relationships of its component families and subfamilies". Zoologica Scripta. 37 (5): 539–560. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00340.x.
- ^ Johnson, B.R.; et al. (2013). "Phylogenomics Resolves Evolutionary Relationships among Ants, Bees, and Wasps". Current Biology. 23 (20): 2058–2062. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.050. PMID 24094856.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Debevec, Andrew H.; Cardinal, Sophie; Danforth, Bryan N. (2012). "Identifying the sister group to the bees: a molecular phylogeny of Aculeata with an emphasis on the superfamily Apoidea" (PDF). Zoologica Scripta. 41 (5): 527–535. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00549.x.
- ^ Brown, G. (2001). "Status of the Ariphron generic group (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae): A critical review". Australian Journal of Entomology. 40 (1): 23–40. doi:10.1046/j.1440-6055.2001.00207.x.
- ^ Waldren, George. "Family Thynnidae". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2018-05-16.
External links[]
- Myzinum maculata Fabricius, a thynnid wasp on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
- Media related to Thynnidae at Wikimedia Commons
- Apocrita families
- Insects used as insect pest control agents
- Thynnidae