Birds of North American boreal forests

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The boreal forest or taiga of the North American continent stretches through a majority of Canada and most of central Alaska, extending spottily into the beginning of the Rocky Mountain range in Northern Montana and into New England and the Adirondack Mountains of New York. This habitat extends as far north as the tree line (replaced by the High Arctic tundra) and discontinues in to the south. The "taiga", as it is called there, of Eurasia occupies a similar range on those continents. Throughout the Northern Hemisphere, the boreal forest covers 2.3 million square miles, a larger area than the remaining Brazilian Amazon rain forest. Although it is largely forest, the boreal forests include a network of lakes, river valleys, wetlands, peat lands and semi-open tundra.

Black Spruce boreal forest, Copper River, Alaska.

Only 8% of the Canadian boreal forest is protected and over 30% has already been designated for logging, energy and other development, much of it within the last decade. The U.S. is the leading importer of Canadian wood products as well as oil and gas, having purchased 20 billion dollars (approximately 80% of Canada's timber exports) worth of Canadian forest products in 2001. Presently trees being logged in the Boreal are primarily pulped and turned into disposable products such as toilet tissue, junk mail, and catalogs. Decisions will be made in the next several years regarding the remaining lands and where development will take place.

Historically, this wilderness has long remained vast and little-known to birding and naturalist groups, who have placed their attentions southwards. Although, the wintering grounds of many North American migratory birds also requires attention, now it has become apparent that our attention must be focused north on the Boreal breeding grounds of many of these birds. It is estimated that about 60% of the American bird population found North of the Mexican border nests in the boreal forest. About half of North America's breeding species (over 300) make their home there. The following is a list of the North American birds reliant on the boreal forests.

Birds almost totally dependent on the boreal forests[]

The following is a list (taxonomically organized) of the breeding species of which at least 70% of their North American population rely upon the boreal forest for nesting. If the boreal forests were cleared, these species would almost surely perish or be endangered.

Red-necked grebe
  • Surf scoter, Melanitta perspicillata
  • White-winged scoter, Melanitta deglandi
  • Black scoter, Melanitta americana
  • Bufflehead, Bucephala albeola
  • Common goldeneye, Bucephala clangula
  • Spruce grouse, Falcipennis canadensis
  • Common loon, Gavia immer
  • Horned grebe, Podiceps auritus
  • Red-necked grebe, Podiceps grisegena
  • Whooping crane, Grus americana
  • Greater yellowlegs, Tringa melanoleuca
Greater yellowlegs
Bonaparte's gull
Boreal owl
Canada jay
Cape May warbler

Birds that are very dependent on the boreal forests[]

These are birds that more than half of the North American populations nest in the boreal forest. Many of these birds need mature forests or isolated, non-populated wetlands that now have been largely cleared outside of the boreal forests.

Hooded merganser
Northern goshawk
Red-necked phalarope
Blackburnian warbler

Birds that are partially dependent on the boreal forests[]

Although less than half of the following birds' North American populations nest in the boreal forests, a major portion of their species is reliant on this habitat. Many of these birds are more often aquatic and woodland generalist than species more dependent on the taiga.

Mallard
  • Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos
  • Northern shoveler, Anas clypeata
  • Northern pintail, Anas acuta
  • Canvasback, Aythya valisineria
  • Harlequin duck, Histrionicus histrionicus
  • Common eider, Somateria mollissima
  • Long-tailed duck, Clangula hyemalis
  • Red-breasted merganser, Mergus serrator
  • Willow ptarmigan, Lagopus lagopus
  • Rock ptarmigan, Lagopus muta
  • Arctic loon, Gavia arctica
  • Red-throated loon, Gavia stellata
American bittern
Dunlin
Long-eared owl
  • Long-eared owl, Asio otus
  • Northern saw-whet owl, Aegolius acadicus
  • Belted kingfisher, Ceryle alcyon
  • Hairy woodpecker, Picoides villosus
  • Northern flicker, Colaptes auratus
  • Pileated woodpecker, Dryocopus pileatus
  • Western wood-pewee, Contopus sordidulus
  • Eastern phoebe, Sayornis phoebe
  • Eastern kingbird, Tyrannus tyrannus
  • Warbling vireo, Vireo gilvus
  • Red-eyed vireo, Vireo olivaceus
  • Blue jay, Cyanocitta cristata
  • Black-billed magpie, Pica hudsonia
  • American crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos
  • Common raven, Corvus corax
  • Horned lark, Eremophila alpestris
  • Tree swallow, Tachycineta bicolor
  • Bank swallow, Riparia riparia
Red-breasted nuthatch
Varied thrush
Chipping sparrow
  • Rose-breasted grosbeak, Pheucticus ludovicianus
  • Common grackle, Quiscalus quiscula
  • Purple finch Haemorhous purpureus
  • Pine siskin, Spinus pinus
  • Hoary redpoll, Acanthis hornemanni
  • Evening grosbeak, Hesperiphona vespertina

Birds that are minimally dependent on boreal forests[]

These are birds usually at their fringe of their ranges in the boreal forest or that occur less frequently as breeders in the boreal forest because their ideal habitat is not included in the taiga.

  • Ross's goose, Chen rossii
  • Wood duck, Aix sponsa
  • Gadwall, Anas strepera
Blue-winged teal
  • Blue-winged teal Anas discors
  • Cinnamon teal, Anas cyanoptera
  • Redhead, Aythya americana
  • Ruddy duck, Oxyura jamaicensis
  • Yellow-billed loon, Gavia adamsii
  • Pied-billed grebe Podilymbus podiceps
  • Eared grebe, Podiceps nigricollis
  • Western grebe, Aechmophorus occidentalis
  • Great blue heron, Ardea herodias
  • Green heron, Butorides virescens
  • Black-crowned night-heron, Nycticorax nycticorax
  • Turkey vulture, Cathartes aura
  • Tundra swan, Cygnus columbianus
  • Cooper's hawk, Accipiter cooperii
  • American kestrel, Falco sparverius
American kestrel
Red phalarope
Downy woodpecker
American dipper
Brewer's blackbird

See also[]

External links[]

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