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Borders of India

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

India shares borders with several sovereign countries; it shares land borders with China, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Myanmar.[1] Bangladesh and Pakistan share both land borders as well as maritime borders, while Sri Lanka shares only a maritime border. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar and Indonesia.

Land borders of India[]

India shares land borders with seven sovereign nations. The state's Ministry of Home Affairs also recognizes a 106 kilometres (66 mi) land border with an eighth nation, Afghanistan, as part of its claim of the Kashmir region (see Durand Line).[2]

Land Border Country Length (m) and (mi) Force Comments
Bangladesh Bangladesh 4,096 kilometres (2,545 mi) Border Security Force Most India–Bangladesh enclaves exchanged in 2015.
Bhutan Bhutan 578 kilometres (359 mi)[3] Sashastra Seema Bal Open border
China China 3,488 kilometres (2,167 mi) Indo-Tibetan Border Police and Special Frontier Force Also see McMahon Line.
Myanmar Myanmar 1,458 kilometres (906 mi) Assam Rifles and Indian Army Also see India-Myanmar barrier
Nepal Nepal 1,752 kilometres (1,089 mi)[4] Sashastra Seema Bal Open border.
Pakistan Pakistan 3,310 kilometres (2,060 mi) Border Security Force Also see Radcliffe Line, Operation Meghdoot and Sir Creek.
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 0.1 kilometres (0.062 mi) Border Security Force Also see Ram Setu.

Maritime borders of India[]

See also: Exclusive economic zone of India

Maritime borders of India are the maritime boundary recognized by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea entails boundaries of territorial waters, contiguous zones, and exclusive economic zones. India, with its claim of a 12-nautical-mile (22 km; 14 mi) territorial maritime zone and 200-nautical-mile (370 km; 230 mi) exclusive economic zone, has a more than 7,000-kilometre (4,300 mi) maritime border shared with seven nations.

Maritime Border Country Length (km) and (mi) Force Comments
Bangladesh Bangladesh Indian Navy New Moore Island
Indonesia Indonesia Indian Navy Indira Point
Myanmar Myanmar Indian Navy Landfall Island
Pakistan Pakistan Indian Navy Sir Creek
Thailand Thailand Indian Navy Similan Islands
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka >400 kilometres (250 mi)[5] Indian Navy Katchatheevu
Maldives Maldives Indian Navy Maliku Kandu

Border ceremonies[]

India co-hosts the joint ceremonies with the neighbouring nations at the following border crossings. the most attended and emotionally-charged among these is the one at Wagha-Attari Border near Amritsar-Lahore.

India-Pakistan border[]

At the following border crossing sites the beating retreat flag ceremonies are jointly held by the military of both nations every day at 6 pm, which are open to public as tourist attractions.[6][7] No special permit or ticket is needed. From north to south, the ceremony sites are as follows:

  • Hussainiwala-Ganda Singh Wala border ceremony near Firozepur in Punjab.[6][7]
  • Sadiqui-Sulemanki border ceremony near Fazilka in Punjab.[8][9][10]
  • Munabao-Khokhrapar border ceremony in Barmer district in Rajasthan.[6][7]

India-China border[]

India and China have five Border Personnel Meeting point (BPM points) where they hold the flag meeting to discuss the military matters as well as the ceremonial BPMs for cultural exchange to improve bilateral relations by celebrating New Year's Day (January 1),[11] India's Republic Day (January 26), Harvest Festival (April 14),[12] May 15 PLA Day and Indian Independence Day (August 15).[13] These meetings include the playing of each country's national anthem and saluting of their respective flags, and ceremonial addresses by representative of both armies.[12] On Indian side only Indian citizens are allowed to visit only 2 passes out of these several BPM passes/sites, Bum La Pass and Nathu La, only on Wednesdays, Thursdays, Saturdays, and Sundays, only after obtaining Inner Line Permit (ILP) one day in advance.[14]

These BPM passes and border posts where these meetings are held, from east to west, are as follows:

  • DBO
  • Spanggur Gap (Chushul)
  • Nathu La: The pass is used for pilgrims to monasteries in Sikkim such as Rumtek, one of the holiest shrines in Buddhism. For Hindus, the pass reduces the journey time to Lake Manasarovar from fifteen days to two days.[15]
  • Bum La Pass (Tawang): on Sundays and during cultural ceremonies.
  • Kaho, India (north of Kibithu in Walong sector).

India-Bangladesh border[]

Petrapole-Benapole Border Ceremony, a similar but much friendlier ceremony than Indo-Pak Attari-Wagah ceremony, is held daily jointly by India's BSF and Border Guards Bangladesh at India-Bangladesh border from 4.30 to 5 pm. It is open to civilians without any ticket or special permit.[16][17] The Petrapole-Benapole joint retreat ceremony results in lowering of national flags of India and Bangladesh.[18]

Designated crossings with ICP & LCS[]

The map of ICP and LCS.

Integrated Check Posts (ICP)[]

India has 7 functional ICPs, and plans are underway to upgrade 13 more LCS to ICP, including 7 at borders taking total of border ICP to 14, at the cost of ₹3,000 crore (US$420 million) (c. Oct 2017).[19][20] Designated Integrated Check Posts (ICP), with both customs and immigration facilities are:[21]

India–Bangladesh border[]

  • Assam
    • Karimganj-Golapganj uppozilla in Sylhet District of Bangladesh via Sutarkandi integrated checkpost crossing on NH37(India) and Sheola post (Sylhet division, Bangladesh), plan announced c. Oct 2017.[19]
  • Meghalaya
    • Shillong-Sylhet via Dawki ICP integrated checkpost crossing (Jaintia Hills, India) and Tambil post (Bangladesh). Dawki ICP foundation stone laid in January 2017 and will become operation in 2018.[22]
  • Mizoram
    • Kawrpuichhuah / Kawarpuchiah / Kawripuichhuah near Tlabung in Lunglei district, opened in Oct 2017.[19][23][24]
  • Tripura
    • Agartala-Dhaka via Agartala integrated checkpost (India) and Akhaura checkpost crossing, already functional (c. 2017).[20]
    • "Belonia, India - Parshuram, Bangladesh road and rail crossing checkposts" in South Tripura district which connect the railway from Santirbazar in India to Feni in Bangladesh.
  • West Bengal (clockwise from Kolkatta to north)

India–Bhutan border[]

India–Myanmar border[]

  • Moreh ICP, already operational.[27]
  • Zochawchhuah (Lawngtlai district in India) - Zorinpui (Myanmar) at Indo-Myanmar border on Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project has already been operational since Oct 2017.[27][24] The 22 km long Lunglei–Tlabung–Kawrpuichhuah road was upgraded in 2014-15 in a World Bank-funded project to enhance India-Bangladesh border connectivity.[28] Survey for the Rail line from Sairang to Hmawngbuchhuah (1 km north of Zochawchhuah) was completed in August 2017 and it will be constructed in future phase.[29]

India–Nepal border[]

  • Banbasa in Champawat district of Uttarakhand, in-principle approval in 2019.[25]
  • Bhitthamore/Bhittamore in Sitamarhi district of Bihar, in-principle approval in 2019.[25][30]
  • Jogbani, Bihar[26]
  • Panitanki, Darjeeling district of West Bengal,[26] in-principal approval in 2019.[25]
  • Raxaul, Bihar[26]
  • Sonauli, Uttar Pradesh[citation needed]
  • Rupaidiha, Uttar Pradesh[26]
  • Taulihawa-Siddharthnagar, Uttar Pradesh[26]

India–Pakistan border[]

See also: Transport between India and Pakistan
  • Attari at Wagah in Punjab, already operational (2017) (see Samjhauta Express).
  • Kartarpur Corridor, a border crossing for Indian citizens, only, to be able to visit Gurdwara Darbar Sahib, from Dera Baba Nanak, visa-free.
  • Munabao in Barmer district in Rajasthan (see Thar Express)

Land Customs Stations (LCS)[]

India–Bangladesh border[]

Designated Land Customs Stations (LCS) are (no immigration facilities):[31]

  • Assam
    • Mankachar Land Customs Stations (India) - Rowmari post (Natun Bandar, Rongpur division, Bangladesh)
    • Karimganj Steamer and Ferry Station (KSFS) (India) - Zakiganj post (Sylhet division, Bangladesh)
    • Guwahati Steamer Ghat (Dhubri district, India) -
    • Dhubri Steamer Ghat (Dhubri district, India) - Rowmati (Maymansingh division, Bangladesh)
    • Assam non-functional LCS are:
  • West Bengal
  • Meghalaya
    • Baghmara (South Garo Hills, India) - Bijoyour post (Bangladesh)
    • Bholaganj (East Khasi Hills district) - Chatak (Sunamganj division)
    • Borsara Land Customs Stations (West Khasi Hills, India) - Borsara post (Bangladesh)
    • West Garo Hills - Bakshiganj via Mahendraganj crossing on NH12
    • Tura-Nalitabari via Dalu crossing on NH217 (West Garo Hills, India) and Nakugaon post (Bangladesh)
    • Shellabazar (West Khasi Hills district) - Sunamganj(Sylhet division)
    • Gasuapara (South Garo Hills district)- Karoitol (Mymansing division)
    • Meghalaya non-functional LCS are:
      • Ryngku (East Khasi Hills district) - Kalibari (Sonamganj division)
      • Balat (East Khasi Hills district) - Dolura (Sylhet division)
  • Tripura
  • Mizoram
    • Kawarpuchiah integrated checkpost, opened in Oct 2017 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.[33]
    • Non-functional LCS in Mizoram:
      • Demagiri (Lunglei district) - Rangamati (Sylhet division)

India–Pakistan border[]

Border bazaars and haats[]

See also: India-Bangladesh Border Haat

This proposed list of border bazaars and haats is in varying stages of implementation, as suggested by State Governments to the Ministry of External Affairs for setting up Border Haats.[21]

India–Bangladesh[]

India–Bangladesh border Haats areasfollows.

  • Meghalaya[34]
    • Balat in West Khasi Hills district
    • in West Khasi Hills district

India-Bhutan[]

India-Bhutan Border Haat on India-Bhutan border are in operation.

India–Myanmar[]

India–Myanmar border Haats are.[35] [36]

  • Arunachal Pradesh Border Haats
    • Changlang district
      • Pangsau Pass (Nampong), - Pangsau, Kachin State
      • ( Circle) - Langhong, Kachin State
      • (Khimiyang Circle) - Ngaimong, Kachin State
    • Tirap district
      • Wakka/Pongchau-Wakka (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pongchao]]/Lazu - Tirap, Kachin State
  • Manipur Border Haats
    • Ukhrul district
      • Kongkan Thana - Aungci, suggested by State Government
    • Chandel district
      • New Somtal - Thenjen, or Khampat
    • Churachandpur district
      • Behiang - Khenman, or Chikha
  • Nagaland Border Haats
    • Tuensang district
      • - are 32 km from each other
      • Pangsha - Lahe/Hkamti District HQ are 60 km from each other
    • Mon district
      • / - Lahe are 60 km from each other
    • Phek district - Pansat are 10 km from each other
      • - Pansat are 10 km from each other

In popular media[]

Pradeep Damodaran's book "Borderlands: travels across India's boundaries" chronicles all land borders of India.[37] The bollywood director J. P. Dutta has specialised in making Hindi movies with India's border as key element of the theme, his movies are Border (1997 film), Refugee (2000 film), LOC: Kargil, Paltan (film), etc.[38]

See also[]

India related
General
Lists

References[]

  1. ^ "Neighbouring Countries of India 2020: Map, Capitals, Connected States". www.careerpower.in.
  2. ^ https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf
  3. ^ SSB to strengthen presence on India-Bhutan border, Times of India, 20 Dec 2017.
  4. ^ "doklam: SSB to strengthen presence on India-Bhutan border | India News - Times of India". The Times of India.
  5. ^ "Fishing rights disputes between India and Sri Lanka". Archived from the original on 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2017-12-20.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c d 5 crossing points in India: All you need to know, India Today, 10 OCt 2016.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Beating Retreat Wagah India, CHanging Guards, accessed 8 July 2021.
  8. ^ Sadqi retreat ceremony, nic.in, accessed 8 July 2021.
  9. ^ Second Wagah: India, Pak agree to new ceremony, beating retreat on Punjab border, Hindustan Times, 201 April 2017.
  10. ^ At Sadiqi border, strained Indo-Pak ties dampen spirits, The Tribune, 17 April 2019.
  11. ^ "Indian, Chinese armies decide to improve ties at functional level". News18. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b Yusuf, Jameel (April 14, 2016). "India, China officials meet on Ladakh border, pledge to maintain LAC sanctity". Deccn Chronicle. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  13. ^ "Bonhomie, friendship between Indian and Chinese border personnel at Nathu La". sify.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  14. ^ Envis Team (4 June 2006). "Ecodestination of India-Sikkim Chapter" (PDF). Eco-destinations of India. The Environmental Information System (ENVIS), Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India. p. 45. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2006.
  15. ^ Vinayak, G (28 July 2004). "Nathu La: closed for review". The Rediff Special. Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2006. Retrieved 26 November 2006.
  16. ^ "Retreat Ceremony at Indo–Bangladesh Border". PIB. Press Information Bureau. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  17. ^ Kumar, Satish (14 July 2015). India's National Security: Annual Review 2014. Routledge India. p. 512. ISBN 978-1138927438.
  18. ^ "PETRAPOLE SET TO HAVE A SPECTACULAR RETREAT CEREMONY" (PDF). PRESS RELEASE. BORDER SECURITY FORCE. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g [1], Indian Express, Oct 2017.
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b c "India plans to construct 7 integrated check posts on border with Bangladesh". Dhaka Tribune. October 18, 2017.
  21. ^ Jump up to: a b "Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region, North East India". mdoner.gov.in.
  22. ^ Dawki ICP foundation stone laid.
  23. ^ India opens two border crossing points with Myanmar, Bangladesh, Business Line.
  24. ^ Jump up to: a b "12th Five Year Plan".
  25. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Delhi approves Sutarkandi integrated check post along Indo-Bangla border, North East News, 7 Jan 2019.
  26. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Indo-Nepal and Indo-Bhutan border to have more ICP, Oct 2016.
  27. ^ Jump up to: a b India opens two border crossing points with Myanmar, Bangladesh, Times of India, 1 Oct 2017.
  28. ^ $107 Million World Bank Project to Connect Mizoram with Bangladesh and Myanmar via Roads, World Bank.
  29. ^ India's north east opened up, PowerUpConstruction.Com
  30. ^ "सीतामढ़ी के भिठ्ठामोड़ में भारत-नेपाल सीमा के नो-मेंस लैंड पर बनेगा इंटीग्रेटेड चेकपोस्ट". Hindustan (in Hindi). Retrieved 2021-01-17.
  31. ^ ICP and LCS
  32. ^ "Tripura opens new land customs station along Bangladesh border". bdnews24.com.
  33. ^ "India opens two border crossing points with Myanmar, Bangladesh". @businessline.
  34. ^ Meghalaya border haats, megindustry.gov.in, accessed 28 Aug 2021.
  35. ^ Closer economic ties with neighbours vital, The Hindu, 7 May 2019.
  36. ^ Border haats of India
  37. ^ What will you see if you visit the precise point where India ends and Sri Lanka begins?, Scroll.in, 1 March 2017.
  38. ^ Adrian M. Athique, 2010, A Line in the Sand: The India–Pakistan Border in the Films of J.P. Dutta, Centre for Critical and Cultural Studies, University of Queensland, Pages 472-499.

Further reading[]

External links[]

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