Boutros Boutros-Ghali

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This article is about the Egyptian diplomat. For his grandfather, the former Prime Minister of Egypt, see Boutros Ghali.

Boutros Boutros-Ghali
Ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ Ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ-Ⲅⲁⲗⲓ
بطرس بطرس غالي
Naelachohanboutrosghali-2.jpg
Boutros-Ghali at Naela Chohan's art exhibition for the 2002 International Women's Day at UNESCO in Paris, March 2002
6th Secretary-General of the United Nations
In office
1 January 1992 – 31 December 1996
Preceded byJavier Pérez de Cuéllar
Succeeded byKofi Annan
1st Secretary-General of La Francophonie
In office
16 November 1997 – 31 December 2002
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byAbdou Diouf
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Acting
In office
17 September 1978 – 17 February 1979
Prime Minister
Preceded byMuhammad Ibrahim Kamel
Succeeded byMustafa Khalil
In office
17 November 1977 – 15 December 1977
Prime MinisterMamdouh Salem
Preceded byIsmail Fahmi
Succeeded byMuhammad Ibrahim Kamel
Personal details
Born(1922-11-14)14 November 1922
Cairo, Kingdom of Egypt
Died16 February 2016(2016-02-16) (aged 93)
Cairo, Egypt
Political party
Alma mater
Signature

Boutros Boutros-Ghali (/ˈbuːtrɒs ˈɡɑːli/; Coptic: Ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ Ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ-Ⲅⲁⲗⲓ, Arabic: بطرس بطرس غالي Buṭrus Buṭrus Ghālī, Egyptian Arabic: [ˈbotɾos ˈɣæːli]; 14 November 1922 – 16 February 2016) was an Egyptian politician and diplomat who was the sixth Secretary-General of the United Nations (UN) from January 1992 to December 1996. An academic and former Vice Foreign Minister of Egypt, Boutros-Ghali oversaw the UN over a period coinciding with several world crises, including the breakup of Yugoslavia and the Rwandan genocide. He went on to serve as the first Secretary-General of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie from 16 November 1997 to 31 December 2002.

Early life and education[]

Boutros Boutros-Ghali was born in Cairo, Egypt, on 14 November 1922 into a Coptic Christian family.[1] His father Yusuf Butros Ghali was the son of Boutros Ghali Bey then Pasha (also his namesake), who was Prime Minister of Egypt from 1908 until he was assassinated in 1910.[2][3] His mother Safela Mikhail Sharubim was daughter of Mikhail Sharubim (1861–1920), a prominent public servant and historian.[4]

Boutros-Ghali graduated from Cairo University in 1946.[5] He received a PhD in international law from the Faculty of Law of Paris (University of Paris) and diploma in international relations from the Sciences Po in 1949. During 1949–1979, he was appointed Professor of International Law and International Relations at Cairo University. He became President of the Centre of Political and Strategic Studies in 1975 and President of the African Society of Political Studies in 1980. He was a Fulbright Research Scholar at Columbia University from 1954 to 1955, Director of the Centre of Research at The Hague Academy of International Law from 1963 to 1964, and Visiting Professor at the Faculty of Law at the Faculty of Law of Paris from 1967 to 1968. In 1986 he received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Law at Uppsala University, Sweden.[6] He was also the Honorary Rector of the Graduate Institute of Peace Studies, a branch of Kyunghee University Seoul.[citation needed]

Political career[]

Boutros Boutros-Ghali and Moshe Dayan at the Council of Europe in Strasbourg (October 1979)

Boutros Boutros-Ghali's political career developed during the presidency of Anwar El Sadat. He was a member of the Central Committee of the Arab Socialist Union from 1974 to 1977. He served as Egypt's Minister of State for Foreign Affairs from 1977 until early 1991. He then became Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs for several months before moving to the UN. As Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, he played a part in the peace agreements between President Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin.[7]

According to investigative journalist Linda Melvern, Boutros-Ghali approved a secret $26 million arms sale to the government of Rwanda in 1990 when he was Foreign Minister, the weapons stockpiled by the Hutu regime as part of the fairly public, long-term preparations for the subsequent genocide. He was serving as UN Secretary-General when the killings occurred four years later.[8]

Secretary-General of the United Nations (1992–1996)[]

1991 selection[]

Main article: United Nations Secretary-General selection, 1991

Boutros-Ghali ran for Secretary-General of the United Nations in the 1991 selection. The top post in the UN was opening up as Javier Pérez de Cuéllar of Peru reached the end of his second term, and Africa was next in the rotation. Boutros-Ghali tied Bernard Chidzero of Zimbabwe in the first two rounds of polling, edged ahead by one vote in round 3, and fell behind by one vote in round 4. After several countries withdrew their support for Chidzero, fed by fears that the United States was trying to eliminate both of the leading candidates, Boutros-Ghali won a clear victory in round 5.[9]

Tenure[]

Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Klaus Schwab and Flavio Cotti - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting, Davos 1995.

Boutros-Ghali's term in office remains controversial. In 1992, he submitted An Agenda for Peace, a suggestion for how the UN could respond to violent conflict. He set three goals: for the UN to be more active in promoting democracy, for the UN to conduct preventative diplomacy to avert crises, and to expand the UN's role as peacekeeper. Although the goals were consistent with those of American President George H. W. Bush, he nevertheless clashed repeatedly with the United States, especially with his efforts to involve the UN more deeply in the civil wars in Somalia 1992 and in Rwanda in 1994. The United States refused to send peace enforcement units under UN leadership.[10][11] Boutros-Ghali was criticised for the UN's failure to act during the 1994 Rwandan genocide, which officially left over one million people dead[citation needed], and he appeared unable to muster support in the UN for intervention in the continuing Angolan Civil War. One of the hardest tasks during his term was dealing with the crisis of the Yugoslav Wars after the disintegration of the former Yugoslavia. The UN peacekeeping force was ineffective in Bosnia, forcing the intervention by NATO in December 1995. His reputation became entangled in the larger controversies over the effectiveness of the UN and the role of the United States in the UN.

Some Somalis believed he was responsible for an escalation of the Somalia crisis by undertaking a personal vendetta against Mohamed Farrah Aidid and his Habr Gidr clan, favouring their rivals, the Darod the clan of the former dictator Mohamed Siad Barre. It was believed that he demanded the 12 July 1993 US helicopter attack on a meeting of Habr Gidr clan leaders, who were meeting to discuss a peace initiative put forward by the leader of the UN Mission in Mogadishu, retired U.S. Admiral Jonathan Howe. It is generally believed that the majority of the clan elders were eager to arrange a peace and to rein in the provocative activities of their clan leader, Mohamed Farrah Aidid, but, after this attack on a peaceful meeting, the clan was resolved on fighting the Americans and the UN, leading to the Battle of Mogadishu on 3–4 October 1993.[12]

Second term vetoed[]

Main article: United Nations Secretary-General selection, 1996

Boutros-Ghali ran unopposed for the customary second term in 1996, despite efforts by the United States to unseat him. U.S. ambassador Madeleine Albright asked Boutros-Ghali to resign and offered to establish a foundation for him to run, an offer that other Western diplomats called "ludicrous."[13] American diplomatic pressure also had no effect, as other members of the Security Council remained unwavering in their support for Boutros-Ghali. He won 14 of the 15 votes in the Security Council, but the sole negative vote was a U.S. veto.[14][15] After four deadlocked meetings of the Security Council, France offered a compromise in which Boutros-Ghali would be appointed to a short term of two years, but the United States rejected the French offer. Finally, Boutros-Ghali suspended his candidacy, becoming the only Secretary-General ever to be denied a second term by a veto.

Later life[]

Boutros Boutros-Ghali with Naela Chohan, Paris 2002.

Boutros Boutros-Ghali's wife, Leia Maria Boutros-Ghali, born Leia Nadler, was raised in an Egyptian Jewish family in Alexandria and converted to Catholicism as a young woman.[5][16]

From 1997 to 2002, Boutros-Ghali was Secretary-General of La Francophonie, an organisation of French-speaking nations. From 2003 to 2006, he served as the chairman of the board of the South Centre,[17] an intergovernmental research organisation of developing countries. Boutros-Ghali played a "significant role"[18] in creating Egypt's National Council for Human Rights, and served as its president until 2012.[19][20]

Boutros-Ghali supported the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly and was one of the initial signatories of the Campaign's appeal in 2007. In a message to the Campaign, he stressed the necessity to establish democratic participation of citizens at the global level.[21] From 2009 to 2015 he also participated as jury member for the Conflict Prevention Prize, awarded every year by the Fondation Chirac.[22]

Death[]

Boutros-Ghali died aged 93 in a Cairo hospital, after having been admitted for a broken pelvis or leg, on 16 February 2016.[23][24][25][26] A military funeral was held for him with prayers led by Coptic Pope Tawadros II. He is buried at Petrine Church in Abbassia, Cairo.[27]

Honorary degrees[]

Stamp of Turkmenistan, 1996: President Saparmyrat Niyazov and Boutros Boutros-Ghali.

Awards and recognition[]

  • The World Affairs Council Christian A. Herter memorial award, Boston (March 1993)
  • The Arthur A. Houghton Jr. Star Crystal Award for Excellence de l'Institut afro- américain, New York (November 1993)
  • Member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques
  • Honorary membership of the Order of Canada
  • Honorary membership of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Moscow (April 1994)
  • Honorary foreign membership of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow (April 1994)
  • Honorary foreign membership of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, (April 1994)
  • Fellow of Berkeley College, Yale University (March 1995)
  • The recipient of the Onassis Award for International Understanding and Social Achievement (July 1995)

Honours[]

Egyptian national honours[]

Ribbon bar Honour
EGY Order of the Nile - Grand Cordon BAR.png Grand Collar of the Order of the Nile
EGY Order of the Republic - Grand Cordon BAR.png Grand Cordon of the Order of the Arab Republic of Egypt
EGY Order of Merit - Grand Cross BAR.png Grand Cross of the Order of Merit

Foreign honors[]

Ribbon bar Country Honour
ARG Order of the Liberator San Martin - Grand Cross BAR.png  Argentina Grand Cross of the Order of the Liberator General San Martín
Grand Crest Ordre de Leopold.png  Belgium Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold
BRA Order of the Southern Cross - Grand Cross BAR.png  Brazil Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross
CAN Order of Canada Companion ribbon.svg  Canada Companion of the Order of Canada[29]
CAR Ordre de la Reconnaissance Centrafricaine GC ribbon  Central African Republic Grand Cross of the Order of Central African recognition
CHL Order of Merit of Chile - Grand Cross BAR.svg  Chile Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit
Order of Boyacá - Extraordinary Grand Cross (Colombia) - ribbon bar.png  Colombia Grand Cross of the Order of Boyaca
Order of the Elephant Ribbon bar.svg  Denmark Knight of the Order of the Elephant
Ribbon bar of Orden Nacional de San Lorenzo.png  Ecuador Grand Cross of the National Order of San Lorenzo
National Order of José Matias Delgado (El Salvador) - ribbon bar.gif  El Salvador Grand Cross with Silver Star of the Order of José Matías Delgado
Legion Honneur GC ribbon.svg  France Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour[30]
GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 9 Sond des Grosskreuzes  Germany Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
GRE Order Redeemer 1Class.png  Greece Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer
Cordone di gran Croce di Gran Cordone OMRI BAR.svg  Italy Knight Grand Cross with Collar Order of Merit of the Italian Republic[31]
Cote d'Ivoire Ordre du merite ivoirien GC ribbon.svg  Ivory Coast Grand Cross of the Order of Ivory Merit
JPN Daikun'i kikkasho BAR.svg  Japan Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum
LUX Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg - Grand Cross BAR.png  Luxembourg Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Mali Ordre national du Mali GC ribbon.svg  Mali Grand Cross of the National Order of Mali
MEX Order of the Aztec Eagle 1Class BAR  Mexico Grand Cross of the Order of the Aztec Eagle
Most Refulgent Order of the Star of Nepal.PNG    Nepal Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Nepal
PER Order of the Sun of Peru - Grand Cross BAR.png  Peru Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun of Peru
PRT Order of Prince Henry - Grand Cross BAR.png  Portugal Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry
Ordre de la Pléiade (Francophonie).gif  Quebec Grand Cross of the Order of La Pléiade
Star of Romania Ribbon.PNG  Romania Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania
SEN Order of the Lion - Grand Cross BAR  Senegal Grand Cross of the National Order of the Lion
Grand Order of Mugunghwa (South Korea) - ribbon bar.gif  South Korea Grand Cross of the Grand Order of Mugunghwa
MaltaBali  Sovereign Military Order of Malta Grand Cross of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Order of the Polar Star (after 1975) - Commander Grand Cross.svg  Sweden Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star

Published works[]

As Secretary-General, Boutros-Ghali wrote An Agenda for Peace. He also published other memoirs:

In English[]

  • The Arab League, 1945–1955: Ten Years of Struggle, ed. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, New York, 1954
  • New Dimensions of Arms Regulations and Disarmament in the Post Cold War, ed. United Nations, New York, 1992
  • An Agenda for Development, ed. United Nations, New York, 1995
  • Confronting New Challenges, ed. United Nations, New York, 1995
  • Fifty Years of the United Nations, ed. William Morrow, New York, 1995
  • The 50th Anniversary: Annual Report on the Work of the Organization, ed. United Nations, New York, 1996
  • An Agenda for Democratization, ed. United Nations, New York, 1997
  • Egypt's Road to Jerusalem: A Diplomat's Story of the Struggle for Peace in the Middle East, ed. Random House, New York, 1998
  • Essays on Leadership (with George H. W. Bush, Jimmy Carter, Mikhail Gorbachev, and Desmond Tutu), ed. Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, Washington, 1998
  • Unvanquished: A US-UN Saga, ed. I. B. Tauris, New York, 1999
  • The Papers of United Nations Secretary (with Charles Hill), ed. Yale University Press, New York, 2003
  • The Arab League, 1945–1955: International Conciliation,, ed. Literary Licensing Publisher, London, 2013

In French[]

  • Contribution à l’étude des ententes régionales, ed. Pedone, Paris, 1949
  • Cours de Diplomatie et de Droit Diplomatique et consulaire, ed. Librairie Anglo-égyptienne, Cairo, 1951
  • Le problème du canal de Suez, ed. Société égyptienne du droit international, Cairo, 1957
  • Le principe d’égalité des États et des organisations internationales, ed. Académie de droit international, Leiden, 1961
  • Contribution à une théorie générale des alliances, ed. Pedone, Paris, 1963
  • Le Mouvement afro-asiatique, ed. Presses universitaires de France, Paris, 1969
  • L'organisation de l'Unité africaine, ed. Armand Colin, Paris, 1969
  • Les difficultés institutionnelles du panafricanisme, ed. Institut Universitaire des Hautes études Internationales, Geneva, 1971
  • Les conflits des frontières en Afrique, ed. Techniques et Économiques, Paris, 1972
  • Contribution à une théorie générale des alliances, ed. Pedone, Paris, 1991
  • L'interaction démocratie et développement [eds.], ed. Unesco, Paris, 2002
  • Démocratiser la mondialisation, ed. Rocher, Paris, 2002
  • Émanciper la Francophonie, ed. L'Harmattan, Paris, 2003
  • 60 Ans de conflit israélo-arabe : Témoignages pour l'Histoire (with Shimon Peres), ed. Complexes, Paris, 2006

See also[]

References[]

Citations[]

  1. ^ Boutros Boutros-Ghali Biography, Encyclopedia of World Biography
  2. ^ Reid, Donald M. (1982). "Political Assassination in Egypt, 1910–1954". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 15 (4): 625–651. doi:10.2307/217848. JSTOR 217848.
  3. ^ Goldschmidt 1993, pp.183,188
  4. ^ Goldschmidt 1993 p.183
  5. ^ a b Goshko, John M. (16 February 2016). "Boutros Boutros-Ghali, U.N. secretary general who clashed with U.S., dies at 93". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  6. ^ "Honorary doctorates – Uppsala University, Sweden". www.uu.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  7. ^ "Boutros Boutros-Ghali: The world is his oyster". Weekly Ahram. 18 January 2006. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
  8. ^ Melvern, Linda (2000). A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda's Genocide. London: Zed. ISBN 1-85649-830-1.Washington Monthly Review
  9. ^ Lewis, Paul (23 November 1991). "How U.N. Nominee Won: 4 Switched". The New York Times.
  10. ^ For more on this subject, see: Cox, supra, note 11, pp. 10-11, 21, 27-28 and 41-42; Findlay, supra, note 17, pp. 15-16; A/48/173, 25 May 1993, paras. 39-44; A/47/386, 31 Aug. 1992, paras. 39-43.
  11. ^ Bruce W. Jentleson and Thomas G. Paterson, eds. Encyclopedia of US foreign relations. (1997) 1:167.
  12. ^ Bowden, Mark (1999). Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War. New York: New American Library. pp. 83–84. ISBN 0-451-20514-6.
  13. ^ Crossette, Barbara (5 December 1996). "U.N. Leader Halts Bid for New Term but Does Not Quit". The New York Times.
  14. ^ Goshko, John M. (19 November 1996). "U.S. Sides Against Second Term for U.N. Chief in Informal Vote". The Washington Post.
  15. ^ Crossette, Barbara (20 November 1996). "Round One in the U.N. Fight: A U.S. Veto of Boutros-Ghali". The New York Times.
  16. ^ "At Home With: Boutros Boutros-Ghali".
  17. ^ "South Centre website". Southcentre.org. 8 June 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
  18. ^ "Egypt: NCHR Mourns Death of Boutros Ghali". allAfrica.
  19. ^ "Boutros Boutros-Ghali: Make diplomacy, not war". Al Jazeera.
  20. ^ "Who's who in Egypt's reshuffled Human Rights Council". Ahram Online.
  21. ^ "MESSAGE FROM DR. BOUTROS BOUTROS GHALI" (PDF). International campaign for the establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly.
  22. ^ "The jury for the Conflict Prevention Prize awarded by the Fondation Chirac". Fondationchirac.eu. 30 May 2012. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
  23. ^ "Boutros Boutros-Ghali, former UN head, dies at 93". BBC News. 16 February 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  24. ^ "Boutros Boutros-Ghali: Make diplomacy, not war". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  25. ^ "Former U.N. Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali dies - CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  26. ^ "Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Former U.N. Secretary General, Dies at 93". Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  27. ^ "Boutros-Ghali to be buried at family's Italian-style church – Egypt Independent". Egypt Independent. 17 February 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  28. ^ Nevéus, Torgny (2000). Honoris Causa. Promotioner, hedersdoktorer och hedersmedlemmar vid Uppsala universitet 1800-2000. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Skrifter rörande Uppsala universitet, C. Organisation och Historia, 67 (Second Edition). Uppsala: Uppsala University. p. 51. ISBN 91-554-4766-X.
  29. ^ "Order of Canada". archive.gg.ca. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  30. ^ "Mitterrand décore Boutros-Ghali". L'Humanité (in French). 27 October 1994. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  31. ^ "Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana". www.quirinale.it. Retrieved 12 August 2019.

Further reading[]

  • Burgess, Stephen Franklin. The United Nations under Boutros Boutros-Ghali, 1992-1997 (Gale Biographical Index Series, 2001).
  • Goldschmidt, Arthur (1993). "The Butrus Ghali Family". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 30: 183–188. doi:10.2307/40000236. ISSN 0065-9991. JSTOR 40000236.
  • Rushton, Simon. "The UN Secretary-General and norm entrepreneurship: Boutros Boutros-Ghali and democracy promotion." Global governance// 14 (2008): 95+.

External links[]

Political offices
Preceded by Minister of Foreign Affairs
Acting
1977 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Foreign Affairs
Acting
1978–1979 		Succeeded by
Positions in intergovernmental organisations
Preceded by United NationsSecretary General of the United Nations
1992–1996 		Succeeded by
Preceded byas Secretary General of the Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique Secretary General of La Francophonie
1997–2002 		Succeeded by
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