Page semi-protected

COVID-19 pandemic in Canada

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
The results of panic buying in Halifax, Nova Scotia
Quebec police stop vehicles on the Macdonald-Cartier Bridge
An empty Yonge–Dundas Square in Toronto
Mass-vaccination site at the Olympic Stadium in Montreal, Quebec
A sign encouraging social distancing in Nanaimo, British Columbia
The COVID Alert app developed by Shopify and Health Canada
(clockwise from top)
  • The results of panic buying in Halifax, Nova Scotia
  • Quebec police stop vehicles on the Macdonald-Cartier Bridge
  • Mass-vaccination site at the Olympic Stadium in Montreal, Quebec
  • The COVID Alert app developed by Shopify and Health Canada
  • A sign encouraging social distancing in Nanaimo, British Columbia
  • An empty Yonge–Dundas Square in Toronto
DiseaseCOVID-19
Virus strainSARS-CoV-2
LocationCanada
First outbreakWuhan, Hubei, China
Index caseToronto, Ontario
Arrival dateJanuary 25, 2020[1]
(1 year, 7 months, 3 weeks and 5 days)
Confirmed cases1,559,410[2]
Active cases42,322[2]
Recovered1,489,783[2]
Deaths
27,305[2]
Fatality rate1.75%
Vaccinations
  • 28,036,964 (73.77%) (people with at least one dose)
  • 25,768,558 (67.80%) (fully vaccinated people)
Government website
canada.ca/coronavirus, health-infobase.canada.ca/covid-19/vaccination-coverage/

The COVID-19 pandemic in Canada is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Most cases over the course of the pandemic have been in Ontario, Quebec and Alberta. Confirmed cases have been reported in all of Canada's provinces and territories.[3]

The virus was confirmed to have reached Canada on January 27, 2020, after an individual who had returned to Toronto from Wuhan, Hubei, China, tested positive. The first case of community transmission in Canada was confirmed in British Columbia on March 5.[4] In March 2020, as cases of community transmission were confirmed, all of Canada's provinces and territories declared states of emergency. Provinces and territories have, to varying degrees, implemented school and daycare closures, prohibitions on gatherings, closures of non-essential businesses and restrictions on entry. Canada severely restricted its border access, barring travellers from all countries with some exceptions. The federal Minister of Health invoked the Quarantine Act, introduced following the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak.[5] For the first time in its legislative history, the act has been used, legally requiring all travellers (excluding essential workers) returning to the country to self-isolate for 14 days, until rules were changed to accommodate fully vaccinated travellers.

By mid to late summer of 2020, the country saw a steady decline in active cases until the beginning of late summer. Through autumn, the country saw a resurgence of cases in all provinces and territories.[6] On September 23, 2020, Prime Minister Trudeau declared that Canada was experiencing a second wave of the virus.[7] New restrictions and reactions from provincial governments were put in place once again as cases increased, including variations of regional lockdowns. In late November, there was the disbandment of the Atlantic Bubble, a travel-restricted area of the country (formed of the four Atlantic provinces: New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador) which had been established in July 2020. The federal government passed legislation to approve further modified economic aid for businesses and individuals.[8]

Nation-wide cases, hospitalizations and deaths spiked preceding and following the Christmas and holiday season in December 2020 and January 2021. Alarmed by hospital capacity issues, fatalities and new cases, heavy restrictions (such as lockdowns and curfews) were put in place in affected areas (primarily Ontario, Quebec, and Alberta) and across the country. These lockdowns resulted in active cases beginning to steadily decline, reaching a plateau in active cases in mid-February 2021. During a third wave of the virus, cases began rising across most provinces west of Atlantic Canada in mid-March,[9] prompting further lockdowns and restrictions in the most populous provinces like Ontario and Quebec.[9][10] Due to a relatively low volume of cases in the Atlantic provinces, plans to reopen the special travel restricted area known as the Atlantic Bubble,[11] however, in late April, the third wave had spread to the Atlantic provinces as well. In response, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia reinstated travel bans toward the rest of the country.

Following Health Canada's approval of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, and later the mRNA-1273 vaccine developed by Moderna, mass vaccinations began nationwide on December 14, 2020.[12][13] On February 26, 2021, Health Canada approved the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine for use[14] and on March 5, 2021, they additionally approved the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine for a total of four approved vaccines in the nation.[15] However, most provinces discontinued first doses of Oxford-AstraZeneca by May 12, 2021,[16] while the administration of the Janssen vaccine was determined unnecessary.[17] Canada became one of the most vaccinated countries in the world, with a continually high uptake of the vaccine.[18] Despite high general uptake of the vaccine, cases began to surge particularly amongst the unvaccinated population in provinces like Alberta who had removed virtually all pandemic restrictions.

Near the end of summer 2021, cases began to surge across the country and notably in the provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Quebec and Ontario, particularly amongst the unvaccinated population. During this fourth wave of the virus, return to pandemic restrictions such as mask mandates were reinstated in provinces like British Columbia and Alberta.[19] Due to the surge in cases largely being a "pandemic of the unvaccinated",[20] vaccine passports were adopted in British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador.[21][22] Federally, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau promises to instate requirements for vaccination in order to partake in air travel, trains and other federally regulated travel industry. Additionally, the mandate would include any federally regulated workers.[23]

Background and epidemiology

Further information: Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada

On January 12, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, reported to the WHO on December 31, 2019.[24][25]

The case fatality ratio for COVID-19 has been much lower than SARS of 2003,[26][27] but the transmission has been significantly greater, with a significant total death toll.[28][26]


COVID-19 pandemic in Canada by province and territory, 17 September 2021 0125 UTC (
  • v
  • t
)
Province Population Tests Per k Cases Per m Recov. Deaths Per m Active Ref.
British Columbia British Columbia 5,174,724 3,742,264 723.2 177,186 34,241 169,083 1,877 364.7 5,844 [29]
Alberta Alberta 4,444,277 5,315,772 1196.2 275,538 62,002 254,327 2,505 563.7 18,706 [30]
Saskatchewan Saskatchewan 1,179,906 1,078,107 913.7 60,589 51,347 55,895 630 533.9 4,064 [31]
Manitoba Manitoba 1,382,904 959,512 693.8 59,526 43,041 57,724 1,203 869.8 599 [32]
Ontario Ontario 14,789,778 17,634,733 1192.3 577,253 39,030 561,492 9,632 651.3 6,129 [33][34]
Quebec Quebec 8,585,523 11,222,771 1307.2 400,625 46,663 382,703 11,315 1317.9 6,607 [35][36]
New Brunswick New Brunswick 783,721 429,881 548.5 3,180 4,058 2,795 48 61.2 336 [37]
Prince Edward Island Prince Edward Island 160,536 185,066 1152.8 267 1,663 233 0 0 34 [38]
Nova Scotia Nova Scotia 982,326 1,164,759 1185.7 6,294 6,407 6,027 94 95.7 173 [39]
Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador 520,286 283,985 545.8 1,551 2,981 1,488 7 13.5 49 [40]
Yukon Yukon 42,596 16,318 383.1 713 16,739 686 9 211.3 22 [41]
Northwest Territories Northwest Territories 44,991 31,087 691 720 16,003 503 1 22.2 216 [42]
Nunavut Nunavut 39,536 31,592 799.1 659 16,668 654 4 101.8 1 [43]
 Repatriated travellers N/A N/A N/A 13 N/A 13 0 N/A 0 [44][45][46]
Canada Canada 38,131,104 42,095,847 1104 1,564,114 41,019 1,493,623 27,325 716.6 42,780


Preparations

On January 1, 2020, the WHO set up the IMST (Incident Management Support Team) across all three levels of the organization: headquarters, regional headquarters and country-level, putting the organization on an emergency footing for dealing with the outbreak.[47]

On January 7, when it appeared that there was a health crisis emerging in Wuhan, Public Health Canada advised travellers to China to avoid contact with animals, noting that they were very carefully monitoring the situation. Still there was no evidence of what caused the illness, or how it spread.[48]

On January 14, a person in Thailand was the first patient outside of China who was confirmed to have COVID-19.[47]

On January 15, the federal government activated its Emergency Operations Centre.[49]

On January 17, the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) indicated plans were in progress "to implement signage" in the Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver airports to raise awareness of the virus. An additional health screening question added to the electronic kiosks for passengers arriving from central China. The agency noted the overall risk to Canadians was low, and there were no direct flights from Wuhan to Canada. The CBSA said it would not be, at that time, implementing extra screening measures, but would "monitor the situation closely".[50][51]

On January 23, the federal Minister of Health, Patty Hajdu, said they were monitoring five or six people for signs of the virus.[52][53] That same day, the chief public health officer of Canada, Theresa Tam, was a member of the WHO committee that broadcast that it was too early to declare a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. The following day, in Wuhan, China, construction began on a new hospital to treat COVID-19 patients. The hospital took only 10 days to build and was widely reported around the world.[54]

Initially, Canada faced a shortage of personal protective equipment, as the Trudeau government had cut PPE funding in the previous years.[55][56]

Timeline of outbreak in Canada

Main article: Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
COVID-19 cases in Canada  (
  • v
  • t
)
     Deaths        Recoveries        Active cases
20202021
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSep
Last 15 days
Date
# of cases
# of deaths
2021-09-01
​
​
​
 1,503,035(+0.26%) 26,962(+0.11%)
2021-09-02
​
​
​
 1,507,065(+0.27%) 26,991(+0.11%)
2021-09-03
​
​
​
 1,511,225(+0.28%) 27,006(+0.06%)
2021-09-04
​
​
​
 1,515,395(+0.28%) 27,016(+0.04%)
2021-09-05
​
​
​
 1,519,265(+0.26%) 27,021(+0.02%)
2021-09-06
​
​
​
 1,522,339(+0.2%) 27,024(+0.01%)
2021-09-07
​
​
​
 1,525,669(+0.22%) 27,067(+0.16%)
2021-09-08
​
​
​
 1,529,305(+0.24%) 27,107(+0.15%)
2021-09-09
​
​
​
 1,533,488(+0.27%) 27,134(+0.1%)
2021-09-10
​
​
​
 1,538,125(+0.3%) 27,170(+0.13%)
2021-09-11
​
​
​
 1,542,956(+0.31%) 27,189(+0.07%)
2021-09-12
​
​
​
 1,547,180(+0.27%) 27,198(+0.03%)
2021-09-13
​
​
​
 1,551,135(+0.26%) 27,238(+0.15%)
2021-09-14
​
​
​
 1,555,154(+0.26%) 27,263(+0.09%)
2021-09-15
​
​
​
 1,559,410(+0.27%) 27,305(+0.15%)
Source: CTV News

* On 17 July 2020, the large number of recoveries is due to a revision of the algorithm used in Quebec to determine whether a patient who is neither deceased nor currently hospitalized may be considered recovered.[57]

Vaccination

This section is an excerpt from COVID-19 vaccination in Canada.[]
Percentage of the population vaccinated with at least one dose as of August 25, 2021

Health Canada is responsible for approval and regulation of vaccines (and other pharmaceuticals), while the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) is responsible for public health, emergency preparedness and response, and infectious and chronic disease control and prevention. Vaccines are authorized by Health Canada, purchased by the Government of Canada and distributed by PHAC to individual provinces and territories in tranches based on various factors such as population size and prioritized peoples. The National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) has also issued recommendations on how vaccines should be distributed.

The National Research Council Canada (NRC) has made investments in the domestic development of vaccine candidates, including candidates by the University of Saskatchewan and Variation Biotechnologies. In May 2020, the NRC announced a planned agreement to conduct clinical trials of a vaccine candidate by Chinese company CanSino Biologics, and plans to manufacture it at its facilities in Montreal once authorized. However, the deal collapsed due to strained Canada–China relations, and the federal government later announced commitments to purchase vaccines being produced by AstraZeneca, Moderna, and Pfizer.
COVID-19 vaccinations in Canada by province and territory, September 13, 2021 (
  • v
  • t
)
Province Population People who have at least one dose People fully vaccinated Total population with at least one dose (%) Total population fully vaccinated (%) Ref
British Columbia British Columbia 5,174,724 3,985,906 3,632,547 77.03% 70.2% [58]
Alberta Alberta 4,444,277 2,979,886 2,676,327 67.05% 60.22% [58]
Saskatchewan Saskatchewan 1,179,906 793,195 709,525 67.23% 60.13% [58]
Manitoba Manitoba 1,382,904 1,004,335 941,188 72.63% 68.06% [58]
Ontario Ontario 14,789,778 11,016,595 10,195,431 74.49% 68.94% [58]
Quebec Quebec 8,585,523 6,650,266 6,151,271 77.46% 71.65% [58]
New Brunswick New Brunswick 783,721 595,900 535,575 75.75% 67.84% [58]
Prince Edward Island Prince Edward Island 160,536 129,343 116,871 80.57% 72.8% [58]
Nova Scotia Nova Scotia 982,326 765,734 706,246 77.95% 71.9% [58]
Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador 520,286 421,223 375,926 80.96% 72.25% [58]
Yukon Yukon 42,596 33,504 32,190 78.66% 75.57% [58]
Northwest Territories Northwest Territories 44,991 35,184 32,930 78.2% 73.19% [58]
Nunavut Nunavut 39,536 23,849 21,074 60.32% 53.3% [58]
Canada Canada 38,131,139 28,264,207 25,897,113 74.12% 67.92% [58]


Variants of concern

On 26 December 2020, Ontario announced that two cases of the B.1.1.7 variant had been found in Durham.[59] On January 8, 2021, the Public Health Agency of Canada announced that the first case of the South African variant B.1.351 had been found in Alberta.[60] On February 8, CTV reported that the first case of the P.1 variant out of Brazil had been detected in Toronto.[61] On April 21, the B.C. Ministry of Health announced that they had seen cases of B.1.617 as early as April 4.[62] On May 14, Canada added B.1.617 (including what is now known as Delta) to its variants of concern. On 31 May 2021, WHO announced that the variant B.1.1.7 was being renamed Alpha, P.1 Gamma, B.1.617.2 Delta and B.1.351 Beta.

Early evidence out of Alberta[63] suggests that the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines will continue to be effective against death or hospitalization from the Alpha and Gamma variants. A study in Ontario found that the Pfizer vaccine was 95% effective to prevent hospitalization or death from the Alpha, Beta and Gamma variants 7 days after the second dose.[64] Moderna was 94% effective against Alpha 7 days after the 2nd dose. Moderna appeared to be highly effective against Delta.

A preprint study from epidemiologists at the University of Toronto, David Fisman and Ashleigh Tuite, found that the Delta variant had a 120% greater risk of hospitalization, 287% greater risk of ICU admission and 137% greater risk of death compared to non-variant of concern strains of SARS-COV-2.[65]

Number of cases of variants (as of 31 August 2021)
Alpha Gamma Delta Beta
229,377[66] 21,334[66] 38,156[66] 2,400[66]

Government response

Federal

Public health

The federal government activated its Emergency Operations Centre on January 15.[49] The federal government's pandemic response is based on two primary documents: the Canadian Pandemic Influenza Preparedness planning guidelines, which outlines risks and measures to address a viral disease,[67] and the Federal/Provincial/Territorial Public Health Response Plan for Biological Events, which includes identifying, tracking, and ensuring rapid access to medical care.[68] As of February 27, the response plan was at level 3 (escalated).[69]

On March 18, the federal Minister of Health, Patty Hajdu, announced that the federal government had signed an interim order to speed up access to COVID-19 test kits that would allow provincial labs to increase testing. The test kits are made by Switzerland-based Roche Molecular Systems and Thermo Fisher Scientific.[70] According to Health Canada, "an Interim Order is one of the fastest mechanisms available to the Government of Canada to help make health products available to address larger-scale public health emergencies. This Interim Order provides the Minister with the flexibility to consider the urgent circumstances relating to the need for the medical device, authorizations granted by foreign regulatory authorities, or possible new uses for medical devices that are approved in Canada."[71]

Social distancing at Shoppers Drug Mart in Toronto with limited number of shoppers allowed inside the store.

On March 19, 2020, the federal government announced that it had added to Trudeau's March 11 announcement of $275 million in funding for an additional 49 projects to bring the total to 96 research projects that will focus on developing and implementing measures to detect, manage, and reduce the transmission of COVID-19.[72][73]

On March 20, as part of the announcement on Canada's industrial strategy (see below), Trudeau stated that the National Research Council would work with small- and medium-sized companies on health research to fight the virus.[74]

On March 23, Theresa Tam began appearing in public service announcements on radio and television, urging personal hygiene, social distancing, and against unnecessary travel.[75]

On April 6, Tam began to suggest that the use of non-medical face masks in public could be an "additional measure" of protection. She stated to "protect others around you in situations where physical distancing is difficult to maintain", but that this is not proven to protect the wearer and is considered complementary to all existing health guidance issued thus far.[76]

In response to backlogs in COVID-19 testing, especially provinces like Ontario, Health Canada approved new rapid testing for the virus.[77]

Long-term care homes

Main article: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term care facilities
"Thank You Heroes" sign at a long-term care home in Markham, Ontario

Long-term care homes have been impacted heavily by the pandemic. On April 13, Tam reported that at least half of COVID-19 deaths in Canada were linked to long-term care homes (with the exact number varying by province), and that "these deaths will continue to increase, even as the epidemic growth rate slows down.[78][79] Tam cited factors such as outside visitors, communal living spaces, and staff being transferred among multiple facilities as particular vulnerabilities.[80][81] The pandemic has exacerbated pre-existing staffing issues at some facilities, including underpaid staff and being understaffed in general.[82][78][83] On April 28, Tam stated that as many as 79 percent of Canada's COVID-19 fatalities occurred in long-term care homes.[84]

Health Canada issued recommendations for long-term care homes. They encouraged them to restrict outside visitors and volunteers, restrict employees from being transferred between multiple facilities, provide personal protective equipment, enforce physical distancing during meals, screen staff and essential visitors. On April 15, Trudeau announced that the federal government planned to provide additional pay to long-term care workers.[85][86]

Canadian Armed Forces

Main article: Operation LASER

In April 2020, the Department of National Defence gave the provinces the option to get Canadian Armed Forces assistance in combating the pandemic in long-term care facilities. Quebec was the first to act, with military personnel arriving on April 17.[87] Ontario responded next, with Premier Doug Ford requesting military aid on April 22.[88]

Travel and entry restrictions

An almost empty SkyTrain in Vancouver on a Saturday afternoon

On March 14, Canada recommended against any international travel and advised those returning from outside of Canada, except for essential workers (such as flight crew), to self-isolate for 14 days.[89] The Quarantine Act was invoked by Hajdu on March 26, making self-isolation a legal mandate for travellers (excluding essential workers) returning to the country. It also prohibits those who are symptomatic from using public transit as transport to their place of self-isolation, and prohibiting self-isolation in settings where they may come in contact with those who are vulnerable (people with pre-existing conditions and the elderly).[90]

Since March 16, only Canadian citizens and their immediate families, permanent residents, and U.S. citizens can enter the country. The only exceptions are flight crews, diplomats, and trade and commerce. Travellers showing COVID-19 symptoms are not allowed to board flights into Canada, regardless of their citizenship.[91][92] International flights to Canada from outside the Caribbean, Mexico, and the U.S. were instructed to land at either Calgary International Airport, Montréal–Trudeau International Airport, Toronto Pearson International Airport, or Vancouver International Airport.[91][92]

Since March 20, Canada and the United States have temporarily restricted all non-essential travel across their border while maintaining supply chains between both countries.[93][94] On April 16, Trudeau stated that the Canada/U.S. border restrictions would remain in place "for a significant amount of time".[95] The next day, Canada and the United States had agreed to extend their entry restrictions, which were to expire on April 21, for an additional 30 days beyond that date.[96] Border restrictions were extended until September 21, 2020.[97]

Since March 30, individuals showing COVID-19 symptoms must be refused boarding on domestic flights (10 seats or more) and passenger trains. However, it excluded buses and intercity passenger rail services.[98] Since April 20, all travellers were required to wear face masks while departing and arriving on air travel, including during security screenings. Those who did not comply were prevented from proceeding.[99]

As the border with the United States continued to be closed to non-essential travel, the Canadian government announced plans in October to allow family members to reunite under compassionate terms.[100] Within the country, the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador established the Atlantic Bubble, restricting travel from other provinces but allowing free movement amongst residents of the member provinces.[101] Suspending the Atlantic Bubble was necessary in November 2020 due to the second wave.

On January 6, 2021, the federal government announced that all incoming travellers must present proof of a negative COVID-19 PCR test conducted within 72 hours of their departure time to board flights into Canada.[102]

On January 29, 2021, due to concerns surrounding SARS-Cov2 variants, Trudeau announced a series of new travel restrictions. Travellers arriving in Canada will be required to receive a COVID-19 PCR test on arrival and must quarantine at an "approved hotel" at their own expense. At the same time, they awaited test results or recovery and were subject to "increased surveillance" during the remainder of the mandatory 14-day isolation period. On February 12, an announcement of a third PCR test would be required at the end of the 14-day isolation period. The new rules for international travel will go into effect on February 22.[103]

Foreign flights are only allowed to land in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto, or Vancouver. In addition, all flights to the Caribbean and Mexico have been suspended until April 30.[104][105]

Governmental cancellations

A First Ministers' meeting scheduled for March 12 and 13 was cancelled after Trudeau and his wife Sophie Grégoire entered self-isolation.[106] The Canadian House of Commons was suspended between March 14 and April 20, immediately after passing the new North American free trade deal. The federal budget, previously scheduled for March 20, was also suspended.[107]

Bank of Canada rate changes

In March 2020, the Bank of Canada twice lowered its overnight rate target by 50 basis points—first to 1.25 percent on March 4, and then to 0.75 percent on March 13. It cited the "negative shocks to Canada's economy arising from the COVID-19 pandemic and the recent sharp drop in oil prices" in explaining the move.[108][109]

On March 27, the Bank lowered the rate a third time to 0.25 percent, citing "serious consequences for Canadians and for the economy" due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[110] The Bank also launched a program to "alleviate strains in the short-term funding markets" and another program to acquire Government of Canada securities at a minimum of $5 billion per week.[111]

Federal aid

Main article: Federal aid during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada

On March 18, the federal government announced an $82-billion response package with a variety of measures.[112] On March 25, the COVID-19 Emergency Response Act received royal assent from Governor General Julie Payette.[113]

The measures in this first package included:

  • Canada Child Benefit (CCB): Payments for the 2019–20-year were increased by $300 per child.[114]
  • Goods and Services Tax (GST) credit: The maximum annual GST credit payment amount for the 2019–20 year was doubled.[115]
  • Canada Emergency Response Benefit (CERB): This new benefit provided a taxable benefit of $2,000 a month for up to four months for those who had lost their job, were sick, quarantined, or taking care of someone sick with COVID-19, as well as working parents staying home to take care of their kids.
  • Canada Student Loans: A six-month moratorium was placed on repayment.
  • Temporary business wage subsidy: Eligible small employers received a three-month 10 percent wage subsidy.
  • Tax flexibility: The income tax filing deadline was also extended from April 30, 2020, to June 1, 2020. Tax payments were deferred to September 2020.

The CERB launched on April 6.[116] On April 15, Trudeau announced an extension to the CERB to workers making up to $1,000 per month and that the government planned to work with the provinces to implement salary top-ups for essential workers who make less than $2,500 per month.[117]

The Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy (CEWS) was announced on April 1, an expanded version of the temporary business wage subsidy. The Parliament reconvened on April 11 to pass the COVID-19 Emergency Response Act, No. 2 on division. It implemented the CEWS, allowing eligible companies to receive a 75 percent subsidy on each of their employees' wages (up to their first $58,700) for 12 weeks retroactive to March 15.[118]

Trudeau introduced new financial aid programs on April 10, including the Canada Emergency Business Account (CEBA), which offers loans, interest-free until the end of 2022, of up to $40,000 for small- and medium-sized businesses.[119][120] The CEBA was expanded on April 16 to make more businesses eligible.[how?]

Trudeau announced the Canada Emergency Student Benefit (CESB) on April 22.[121]

On April 30, Parliamentary Budget Officer Yves Giroux issued a report projecting the federal deficit for the fiscal year 2020 could be in excess of $252 billion, based on nearly $146 billion in spending on federal aid measures.[122]

On October 12, 2020, the federal government rolled out a new income support program after the ending of CERB, the Canada Recovery Benefit (CRB).[123] Another program, the Canada Recovery Caregiving Benefit (CRCB), supports Canadians working but have to take a break to care for dependents (a child below 12 years of age or a disabled family member). The benefit only applies if schools and care centres are closed or the dependent fell sick or contracted COVID-19.[124]

Oversight
See also: WE Charity controversy

On July 3, 2020, the Ethics Commissioner announced an investigation into Trudeau and the government's decision to have WE Charity administer the summer student grant program.[125][126] WE Charity was criticized for its close ties to the Trudeau family. On the same day, the Minister of Diversity and Inclusion and Youth, Bardish Chagger, announced that WE Charity would no longer administer the Canada Student Service Grant program.[127]

Industrial strategy

On March 20, 2020, the government announced a plan to ramp up production of medical equipment, switching assembly lines to produce ventilators, masks, and other personal protective gear. Companies will be able to access funds through the government's Strategic Innovation Fund. The PM stated that Canadian medical supply firms Thornhill Medical, Medicom and Spartan Bioscience were looking to expand production. To address shortages and supply-chain disruption, Canada passed emergency legislation that waived patent protection, giving the government, companies or organizations that it selects the right to produce patented products without permission from the patent holder.[128] According to Innovation, Science and Industry minister Navdeep Bains, "the country's entire industrial policy will be refocused to prioritize the fight against COVID-19".[129][130]

Virtual care

During the COVID-19 pandemic, 34% of people consulted their doctors over the phone.[131][132] In May 2020, Justin Trudeau announced an investment of $240.5 million to support the growth of virtual care and mental health tools in Canada.[133]

States of emergency

Restrictions imposed by provincial and territorial governments
Province or territory State of Emergency [a] Gatherings banned Border status [b] Mask mandate [c] Vaccine passport Sources
Start date End date Start date Status
Alberta Alberta March 17, 2020 Ongoing No restrictions Open September 4, 2021 Ongoing Planned [134][135][136][137]
British Columbia British Columbia March 18, 2020 July 1, 2021 No restrictions Open August 25, 2021 Ongoing Yes [138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145][135]
Manitoba Manitoba March 20, 2020 Ongoing Over 50[d] Screened[e] August 28, 2021 Ongoing Yes [146][147][148][135][149]
New Brunswick New Brunswick March 19, 2020 July 31, 2021 No restrictions Open[f] October 9, 2020 Expired No [150][135]
Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador March 18, 2020 Ongoing Over 20 Screened[f] August 24, 2020 Expired[g] Planned [151][152][153][135][154][155]
Northwest Territories Northwest Territories March 18, 2020 Ongoing All gatherings Restricted May 3, 2021 Ongoing No [156][157][135]
Nova Scotia Nova Scotia March 22, 2020 Ongoing Over 25 Screened[f] July 31, 2020 Ongoing Planned [158][159][160][135][161][162]
Nunavut Nunavut March 18, 2020 Ongoing All gatherings Restricted[h] June 14, 2021 Ongoing No [163][135]
Ontario Ontario March 17, 2020 Ongoing Over 100[i] Open[j] October 3, 2020 Ongoing Planned [k][165][166][167][168][169][170][135][l][m][n]
Prince Edward Island Prince Edward Island March 16, 2020 Ongoing Over 50 Screened[f] November 20, 2020 Expired[g] No [173][135][174]
Quebec Quebec March 12, 2020 Ongoing Over 20[o] Regional restrictions[p] July 18, 2020 Ongoing Yes [q][177][178][179][180][135][181][182][183]
Saskatchewan Saskatchewan March 18, 2020 July 11, 2021 No restrictions Open November 19, 2020 Expired No [184][185][186][135][187]
Yukon Yukon March 18, 2020 Ongoing Over 10 Screened December 1, 2020 Ongoing No [188][189][135][190]
  1. ^ The start date refers to the first declaration of a state of emergency, while the end date refers to the final expiry date for all declarations.
  2. ^ Refers to status of internal borders only. Although the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees broad mobility rights to Canadian citizens, during a state of emergency provincial and territorial governments can effectively restrict or deny entry due to primarily their lawful authority to, at their discretion, refuse any person permission to use their roads:
    Open: No restrictions on entry from other Canadian provinces and territories.
    Screened: Health checks and/or self-isolation mandatory for persons entering from other Canadian provinces and territories.
    Restricted: Entry prohibited for non-residents without a valid reason to enter the province or territory.
    Regional: Entry restricted to (a) specific region(s) of the province or territory.
  3. ^ Face masks are compulsory for ages 2 and up, except in British Columbia (ages 12 and up for both madates), Québec (ages 10 and up as of August 24, 2020; previously ages 12 and up), and Newfoundland and Labrador (ages 5 and up).

    British Columbia and Manitoba implemented mask mandates for two periods. The first provincial mask mandate was effective from December 13, 2020 to June 30, 2021 in Alberta, from November 19, 2020 to June 30, 2021 in British Columbia, and from November 2, 2020 to August 6, 2021 in Manitoba.

    For all ages, limited medical exemptions may apply. Some cities implemented local mandates earlier:
    July 7, 2020: Toronto and Ottawa (in Ontario)
    July 31, 2020: Banff (in Alberta)
    August 1, 2020: Calgary and Edmonton (in Alberta)
    September 25, 2020: Winnipeg (in Manitoba)
  4. ^ Public indoor gatherings are restricted to 50 people. Outdoor gatherings are restricted to 1,500 people, but for venues with capacity limits, they are restricted to the greater of: 150 people or 50% capacity.
  5. ^ Travellers from outside of the province are required to isolate for 14 days.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Effective July 3, the Atlantic Provinces have formed a travel bubble that allows travel between the four provinces of the Atlantic region. Visitors outside of this bubble must continue to follow all public health orders.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b The mask mandate expired on July 10, 2021 in PEI and on August 10, 2021 in Newfoundland and Labrador, but the state of emergency continues.
  8. ^ Nunavut is not accessible from the rest of Canada by road. Its entry restrictions are therefore effectively enforced with respect to prospective non-resident air travellers by federal transportation officers serving at airports from which flights depart for the territory. Returning Nunavummiut and others permitted to enter the territory are required to isolate at designated hotels in the city of departure for fourteen days prior to boarding a flight.
  9. ^ Outdoor gatherings are limited to 100 people, though they can be larger if distanced and of a religious nature. Indoor gatherings are limited to 25 people. Indoor religious services, including weddings and funerals, can operate at 25% capacity.
  10. ^ From April 19 to June 16, 2021, entry into the province via land borders was prohibited for non-essential travel.[164]
  11. ^ On July 16, 2021, Ontario entered Step 3 of reopening. Almost all businesses can reopen, with limited restrictions.

    Ontario implemented its first SAHO on March 24, 2020. To date, a total of three SAHOs were imposed, with province-wide SAHOs and lockdowns totalling 165 days. Most activities in Ontario were closed for even longer.
  12. ^ Effective July 27, daycares can open if they have 15 people (staff and children) per group.[171]
  13. ^ Stage 3 is effective July 17 in most regions, July 24 in a few other regions, July 31 in Peel and Toronto, and August 12 in Windsor-Essex.
  14. ^ Dancing is prohibited but if the dancers are hired by the bar they are allowed to dance.[172]
  15. ^ Outdoor gatherings are limited to 20 people on private properties and balconies, though religious gatherings and peaceful protests can be larger if distanced. Indoor gatherings are limited to 10 people at home, and a limit of three households applies. Indoor religious services, including weddings and funerals, can operate at 25% capacity.
  16. ^ Essential travel only in Nunavik and James Bay Territory
  17. ^ Summary of reopening for Quebec:
    April 1, 2021: Dark Red zones, with special emergency measures, are introduced in several regions: most of Capitale-Nationale, most of Outaouais, and the city of Lévis, Quebec.
    May 24, 2021: All of Quebec is at Red zone or better.
    June 28, 2021: All of Quebec is at Green zone.

    Québec implemented a curfew from January 9 to May 27, 2021 for Dark Red, Red and Orange zones.[175][176]

On March 12, Quebec declared a public health emergency, requiring international travellers to self-isolate for 14 days and banning gatherings of 250 people. Extending the ban to all gatherings outside workplaces and retail.[191]

On March 16, Prince Edward Island declared a public health emergency. Alberta and Ontario declared emergencies on March 17, followed by British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Saskatchewan, and Yukon on March 18. New Brunswick, Manitoba, and Nova Scotia declared emergencies on March 19, March 20, and March 22 respectively.[192]

These emergencies allowed provinces to ban gatherings and require international travellers to self-isolate. On March 25, mandatory self-isolation was imposed federally, making it a legal requirement for all provinces that had not done so already.[193]

New Brunswick, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Prince Edward Island and have all restricted entry through interprovincial borders, prohibiting the entry of non-residents without a valid reason. Quebec has additionally restricted travel into 9 of its 18 regions and parts of 3 other regions. The borders of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador are being screened, while also requiring travellers to self-isolate for 14 days upon entering the province.[194]

Schools and universities

Let's Work Together Stop the Spread sign at a school in the GTA.

Public schools (under Provincial control) across the country quickly followed suit and closed.[195]

Schools in the Toronto District School Board were closed under a 2-week class-free quarantine beginning on the week after the regularly scheduled March Break. Virtual learning was implemented in the week following the quarantine and extended until the beginning of the next school year, giving students the option of going in-person with restrictions or continuing virtual learning. March Break was pushed back to the week of April 11.

Laurentian University in Greater Sudbury was the first to voluntarily suspended classes and moved to online instruction on March 12.[196] This was quickly followed by many other universities across the country.

Business closures

Playground in Port Moody, British Columbia, closed off with caution tape. A sign indicates the playground is closed because of COVID-19.

Bars, restaurants, cinemas, and other businesses have been ordered closed by provinces, territories, and municipalities across the country. Initially, some jurisdictions allowed restaurants or bars to stay open with reduced capacity and social distancing. Takeout and delivery orders are largely still permitted.[194] Jurisdictions have differed on daycare closures. In particular, British Columbia and Saskatchewan have faced criticism for allowing daycares to remain open while closing schools, bars, and restaurants.[197]

Ontario, Quebec, and Saskatchewan have mandated the closure of all businesses not deemed essential by the provinces. Essential businesses include grocery stores, takeout and delivery restaurants, pharmacies, transportation, manufacturing, food production, energy, and healthcare.[198][199][200]

Liquor and cannabis stores remained mainly open across the country, with governments reversing their closure orders due to alcohol withdrawal syndrome[201][202] concerns.

Aid programs

Alberta, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Manitoba all offered one-time payments that aimed to bridge the gap before implementating the federal Canada Emergency Response Benefit. Quebec's Temporary Aid for Workers Program provides up to four weeks of payments for those who do not qualify for federal assistance. Prince Edward Island also provides payments to those who have kept their jobs but work reduced hours.[203]

Many provinces and territories have increased payments for those already receiving income supports.

Courts

Courts across the country instituted measures to reduce public contact while maintaining access to the courts.[204] The Supreme Court of Canada has closed the building to public tours while maintaining the ability to file documents for cases electronically. It has also adjourned appeals which were to be heard in March, to dates in June.[205] Other courts have prioritized the cases that will be heard, giving priority to ongoing criminal trials and trials in family and child protection matters while adjourning most pending cases to later dates.

First Nations

On March 19, the Pimicikamak Cree Nation in northern Manitoba restricted entry to essential travellers, and Chief David Monias said the Sayisi Dene and others are doing the same.

As of March 19, the Council of the Haida Nation said it was discouraging all non-resident travel to the islands "for the time being."[206]

On March 27, Wasauksing First Nation declared a state of emergency with Gimaa (chief) Wally Tabobondung announcing the creation of a response team and the state of emergency via YouTube video. In an update posted on May 16, the chief and council announced they had installed cameras with facial and licence plate recognition technology at local checkpoints to identify outsiders entering the territory. Cottagers leasing property on the territory had been barred from entering until June 6. As of June 6, anyone entering the Wasauksing must have a tag issued by the band government and provide information for a centralized registry. Re-opening has been occurring in phases. As of an update posted on June 21, the state of emergency had been extended an additional 90 days.[207]

On October 1, in anticipation of the "Second Wave," Tk’emlups te Secwepemc Secwépemc First Nation instituted a mandatory face mask policy in indoor spaces where physical distancing was not possible, including hallways, staircases, and shared vehicles.[208]

As of October 8, the infection rate in Indigenous communities had been one-third of the infection rate in non-Indigenous communities, according to an update from Indigenous Services Minister Marc Miller. Miller praised Indigenous leadership and with Indigenous Services Canada's Chief Medical Officer Dr. Tim Wong, encouraging Indigenous people to remain vigilant and safe.[209]

First Nations communities are prioritized amongst others in the first phase of vaccinations against the virus.[210]

Economic impact

Main article: Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
See also: List of events affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in Canada
Panic buying: empty toilet paper shelves on 12 March 2020 at an Atlantic Superstore in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

The COVID-19 pandemic had a deep impact on the Canadian economy, leading it into a recession. The governments' social distancing rules had the effect of limiting economic activity in the country. Companies started considering mass-layoffs of workers, which was largely prevented by the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy. But despite these efforts, Canada's unemployment rate was 13.5% in May 2020, the highest it has been since 1976.[211]

Many large-scale events that planned to take place in 2020 in Canada were cancelled or delayed. This includes all major sporting and artistic events.[212] Canada's tourism and air travel sectors were hit especially hard due to travel restrictions.[213] Some farmers feared a labour shortfall and bankruptcy.[214]

COVID-19 affected consumer behaviours. In the early stages of the pandemic, Canadian grocery stores were the site of large-scale panic buying which lead to many empty shelves. By the end of March, most stores were closed to walk-in customers with the exception of grocery stores and pharmacies, which implemented strong social distancing rules in their premises. These rules were also implemented in other Canadian businesses as they began to re-open in the following months.

Pandemic by province or territory

Alberta

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta

The province of Alberta has the third-most cases of COVID-19 in Canada, behind only Ontario and Quebec.

Jason Kenney, the Premier of Alberta, working closely with the Emergency Management Cabinet Committee, followed the recommendations of Alberta's Chief Medical Officer of Health, Dr. Deena Hinshaw, in response to the "rapidly evolving global threat". A state of public health emergency was declared on March 17. Alberta's public health laboratory greatly increased tests for COVID-19, reaching 1,000 a day by March 8, and 3,000 a day by March 26.[215] Hinshaw said that by March 20, "World-wide, Alberta has been conducting among the highest number of tests per capita."[216] As of September 16, 2021, 5,315,772 tests have been conducted in Alberta.[217] On June 12, the entire province of Alberta moved to Stage 2 of the government's economic relaunch plan.[218]

The peak of the first wave was reached on April 30, 2020, when the number of active cases of COVID-19 in the province reached 3,022.[219] By October 19, 2020, during the second wave, the number of active cases reached 3,138.[219] This began a series of new record high case numbers in Alberta, peaking on December 14, 2020 at 20,500 active cases.[220] An attempt to lift restrictions after cases subsided in early-2021 was interrupted in March by a third wave, fuelled by variants of concern. This led to a rollback of the reopening process until the first vaccine dose was sufficiently distributed among residents. On July 1, Alberta lifted almost all remaining public health orders. In late-July 2021, amid evidence of a fourth wave in Alberta, the province faced criticism for plans to treat COVID-19 as an endemic illness by scaling back testing, contact tracing, and self-isolation requirements.[221]

British Columbia

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia
Deserted exterior of Canada Place in Vancouver.

On January 28, 2020, British Columbia became the second province to confirm a case of COVID-19 in Canada.[222] The first case of infection involved a patient who had recently returned from Wuhan, Hubei, China.[223] The first case of community transmission in Canada was confirmed in British Columbia on March 5, 2020.[224]

British Columbians have taken numerous emergency measures in an effort to reduce the spread of the virus, such as social distancing and self-isolation. On March 23, British Columbian Premier John Horgan announced the details of the province-wide emergency relief plan, which includes income support, tax relief and direct funding in order to mitigate economic effects of the pandemic.[225]

Manitoba

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Manitoba

Manitoba officially reported its first cases on March 12, 2020. A state of emergency was declared on March 20, and implemented its first lockdown on April 1—ordering the closure of all non-essential businesses. In comparison to other provinces, case counts remained relatively low in Manitoba throughout the spring and summer months, and the province began lifting some of its health orders on May 4. Some isolated outbreaks occurred in communal Hutterite colonies and in the Brandon, Manitoba area in late-July and August respectively.

By September 2020, the province had begun to develop a harsher second wave, which led to restrictions being reimplemented in parts of the province (including the city of Winnipeg), and by November 12, all of Manitoba being placed under the highest, "Critical" (red) level of the province's tier-based response system, which reintroduced strong restrictions on gatherings and non-essential activities similar to the first wave.

While some restrictions were eased in early-2021 while remaining under the Critical tier, strong restrictions on gatherings, retail capacity, and specific non-essential sectors of businesses were reintroduced in May 2021 due to a harsher third wave of COVID-19 fuelled by variants of SARS-CoV-2. The province's healthcare system was overwhelmed, which required it to send some of its COVID-19 intensive care patients to neighbouring provinces, and seek federal aid.[226] By June 2021, the province had begun to lift some of its restrictions due to vaccination progress.

New Brunswick

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in New Brunswick

The province of New Brunswick has the eighth-most cases (out of ten provinces and three territories) of COVID-19 in Canada. As of May 27, 2021, New Brunswick has reported 2,172 cases, with the first one reported on March 11,2020. There have been 1,991 recoveries and 43 deaths.[227] 329,398 tests have been completed as of May 27.[227]

In New Brunswick's first case, the person had returned to southeastern New Brunswick from France, and self-isolated at home.[228] The second case was a close contact.[228]

On July 3, New Brunswick joined three other provinces to form the Atlantic Bubble, which allowed free travel amongst the member provinces but restricted access to travellers from outside provinces. However, this was suspended in November.

Newfoundland and Labrador

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Newfoundland and Labrador

As of July 5, 2021, there have been 1400 cases and seven deaths confirmed in Newfoundland and Labrador.

The province announced its first presumptive case on March 14, 2020, and declared a public health emergency on March 18. Health orders, including the closure of non-essential businesses, and mandatory self-isolation for all travellers entering the province (even from within Canada) were enacted over the days that followed. After the initial outbreaks, the number of cases in Newfoundland remained relatively low, with several stretches of days with no cases over early-to-mid-2020. The province began a gradual lifting of restrictions on a five-stage scale on May 11, 2020.

Cases continued to remain relatively low and stable over the summer months of 2020, although several clusters (including the first case involving a school student) emerged in November and December. In February 2021, the province began to experience a major surge in new cases and community transmission, including its largest single-day increases to-date. On February 12, 2021, a second lockdown was declared after samples from these cases tested positive for the highly-transmissible SARS-CoV2 variant B.1.1.7. The province began to emerge from the second lockdown on February 27, returning to its prior state ("Alert Level 2") with modifications on March 27.

Northwest Territories

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in the Northwest Territories
Border Checkpoint on the Dempster Highway

As of July 5, 2021, there have been 128 confirmed cases in the Canadian territory of the Northwest Territories with 28 cases recovered. 11,789 tests have been conducted, with 11,758 negative results.[229]

On March 21, 2020, the Northwest Territories reported its first case of COVID-19; the individual had travelled to British Columbia and Alberta before returning home to Yellowknife.[230]

Nova Scotia

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Nova Scotia
On March 15, 2020, three presumptive cases in Nova Scotia were announced. All three were travel-related.[231] The province is amongst four provinces in the Atlantic Bubble, along with New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland & Labrador which have reported a significantly smaller portion of cases during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada.

Nunavut

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Nunavut
COVID sign at one of the local stores in Cambridge Bay

Until November 6, 2020, Nunavut remained the only province or territory in Canada, and the only place in North America, that had not yet recorded a confirmed case of COVID-19,[232][233] with two early presumptive cases later ruled to be false positives,[234][235] and clusters of cases at mines in September and October involving employees flown in from outside of the territory.[236][237][238][239]

On November 6, 2020, Nunavut recorded its first confirmed case of COVID-19 in-territory.[240] By mid-November, evidence of community transmission began to emerge, prompting the territory to reimplement restrictions in the affected communities. Nunavut's Chief Medical Officer Michael Patterson announced on November 16 that a territory-wide lockdown would take effect on November 18, reinstating the closure of schools and all non-essential businesses for at least two weeks.[241]

Ontario

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario
See also: COVID-19 pandemic in the Regional Municipality of Peel and COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto
Social distancing markers at Whole Foods Market in Toronto.

Ontario has had the largest number of confirmed COVID-19 cases among Canada's provinces and territories. Due to having the largest population, only ranks fourth adjusted per capita.[242]

Section 'Timeline' is empty

Prince Edward Island

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Prince Edward Island
As of July 6, 2021, Prince Edward Island has reported 207 confirmed cases of the virus, 206 of which have resolved.[243] As of that date, 28,653 tests have come back negative and 84 are currently under investigation.[243] On March 14, 2020, the first confirmed case in Prince Edward Island was announced, a woman in her 50s who had returned from a trip on a cruise ship on March 7.[244] By March 26, 2020, there were five cases, all of which had been travel related, i.e., been contracted while persons were abroad.[245] To date, there was no re-transmission reported in the island province.[246]

Quebec

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec
See also: COVID-19 pandemic in Montreal

The pandemic first spread to Quebec in late February 2020, with the first confirmed case being a 41-year-old woman from Montreal who had returned from Iran on a flight from Doha, Qatar.[247][248][249]

Quebec declared its first Public Health Emergency in its history on March 14, 2020,[250] which was later renewed and extended multiple times through 2020 and 2021 indefinitely.[251] On March 15, the government enforced the closure of various entertainment and recreational venues, and on March 23, all non-essential businesses were ordered to close. By the end of March, over four and a half thousand cases had been confirmed in all regions of the province. Long-term care homes were particularly hard-hit, with around 80% of deaths in the first wave occurring in centres d'hébergement de soins de longue durée (CHSLDs) and résidences privée pour aînés (RPAs).[252]

As summer approached, the number of daily cases saw a steep decline, leading to the relaxation of some health restrictions.[253][254][255] However, beginning in late summer and autumn 2020, a second wave of the virus began to emerge in Quebec and throughout Canada.[256] In September, certain restrictions, including the prohibition of private gatherings and the closure of indoor dining rooms, were reinstated in the greater areas of Montreal and Quebec City.[257] As autumn progressed into winter, cases continued to rise, with daily case counts periodically breaking provincial records, prompting the Quebec government to tighten restrictions further and expand them to more regions. By early December, Quebec had reached a total of 100,000 cases of COVID-19.[258]

Saskatchewan

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Saskatchewan

Chief Medical Officer Saqib Shahab announced the first presumptive case of in the province on March 12, 2020, a person in their 60s that had recently returned from Egypt.[259] A provincial state of emergency was declared on March 18, and the province began to institute mandatory closures of non-essential facilities and lines of business over the days that followed.[260][261] Saskatchewan reported its first deaths from COVID-19 on March 30.[262] By April 6, the number of new recoveries began to regularly equal or exceed the number of new cases, which also began to steadily drop.[263][264][265][266][267] On April 23, Premier Scott Moe stated that Saskatchewan's caseload was 70% below the national average per-province, and hospitalizations and deaths were 90% below average.[268]

The province's first major outbreak began in late-April, centred upon the remote northwestern community of La Loche. It was traced to an outbreak at the Kearl Oil Sands Project in northern Alberta, with wider community spread attributed to overcrowded living conditions in local First Nations communities.[269] In June and July, a new outbreak emerged in the western and central regions of the province, centred around communal Hutterite colonies. The province hit a new peak of 332 active cases during the spike, which subsided by late-August.[270] In early-October, the number of new cases in Saskatchewan began to rapidly increase in urban communities, with a gospel outreach in Prince Albert being attributed as a superspreader event,[271] and increasing community spread in Saskatoon — particularly at nightclubs.[272]

New restrictions on gatherings were introduced in mid-November, including a prohibition of all group sports activities.[273][274] By early-December, the province reached over 4,000 active cases,[275] and there were increases in deaths tied to long-term care facilities.[276][277] COVID-19-related deaths to-date in Saskatchewan roughly doubled during January 2021.[278] Despite numbers having declined elsewhere in Saskatchewan,[279][280] a third wave attributed to Alpha variant (lineage B.1.1.7) began to emerge in mid-March 2021, centred upon the provincial capital of Regina, as well as nearby Moose Jaw, and southeast Saskatchewan. On March 23, the province ordered the closure of indoor arts, entertainment, restaurant, and event facilities in the Regina area to slow the spread of variants of concern. The province also reinstated a prohibition of private gatherings that had recently been lifted to allow household bubbles,[281] while schools in Regina, Moose Jaw, and southeast Saskatchewan voluntarily suspended in-person classes through at least April 26.[282][283][284]

By late-May, the third wave had begun to subside due to vaccination progress, resulting in the province beginning to lift restrictions on a timeline based on vaccine metrics. On June 1, the province saw its smallest single-day increase in cases (86) since late-February.[285][286] On July 11, 2021, the province sunset almost all remaining public health orders and declared the state of emergency over.[287] However, residents who test positive may still be legally ordered to self-isolate by health officials.[288] The province reported that the "overwhelming" majority of new infections in July were among the unvaccinated. This is exasperated by Saskatchewan's vaccination numbers trailing in comparison to other provinces.[289]

By August, evidence of a fourth wave driven by the unvaccinated began to emerge in the province, with increasing rates of cases in Saskatchewan's northern zones and in Saskatoon, and the province reporting its largest increase in new cases since May on August 12.[290][291][292] By August 22, hospitalizations had reached their highest number since June, and the seven-day average had reached 166.[293] On September 13, Saskatchewan reported a new peak daily increase of 449 cases (with the majority being among the unvaccinated), while surpassing 200 hospitalizations for the first time since April 2021.[294]

Premier Moe repeatedly declined to reinstate public health orders such as mandatory masks,, or require proof of vaccination in order to attend certain locations or events, stating that public health orders were redundant to vaccine availability, and that he did not want to implement "heavy-handed" vaccine passport requirements like other provinces. [295][296][297][298] However, on September 16, citing that the fourth wave was being "driven almost entirely" by the unvaccinated, Premier Moe backtracked on his earlier statements and announced an "interim" mask mandate for indoor public spaces, and a plan for mandating proof of vaccination for certain activities.[299]

Yukon

Main article: COVID-19 pandemic in Yukon

As of November 21, 2020 in the Canadian territory of Yukon has reported 29 confirmed cases of COVID-19, of which 22 have recovered and one has died. 4,509 tests have been completed, with 4,361 confirmed negative and 121 still under investigation.[300]

On March 22, 2020, Premier Sandy Silver and the Chief Medical Officer, Brendan Hanley, announced that Yukon had its first cases of coronavirus, a couple who had attended a convention in the United States and then returned home to Whitehorse. They developed symptoms upon their return and immediately sought medical assistance. They have self-isolated and have meticulously followed all public health directions.[301]

During the pandemic, the territory opened its first public university in the north, Yukon University.[302]

COVID-19 testing

COVID-19 testing can be used to track the prevalence and spread, to diagnose individuals for treatment, to identify infections for isolation and contact tracing, to screen at-risk populations, to clear exposed healthcare workers to return to work, and to identify individuals with potential immunity. The World Health Organization says that jurisdictions should aim to test every suspected case of COVID-19.[303] Since health care is under provincial jurisdiction, almost all testing is conducted by the provinces and territories rather than the federal government. On April 23, Trudeau identified broader testing as key to reopening the country, mentioning the target of 60,000 tests per day set by Dr. Theresa Tam, but warned that up to 120,000 per day may be required.[304] As of late April, approximately 20,000 tests per day were being performed in Canada.[305] Total numbers of tests conducted for the provinces and Canada show that over 800,000 Canadians have been tested as of early May 2020. The displayed chart shows the testing rates per capita in the provinces and territories from March to May 2020.

The COVID-19 testing rates in the provinces and territories of Canada from March to June 2020. The lines are a 7-day moving average. Sources:[306] and Statistics Canada. Table 17-10-0009-01 Population estimates, quarterly

Role of the Government of Canada

Federal approval and regulation of diagnostic tests

Only COVID-19 tests approved by Health Canada can be imported or sold in Canada.[307] Since this is usually a lengthy process, on March 18, the Minister of Health Hajdu issued an interim order to allow expedited access to COVID-19-related medical devices for use by healthcare providers, including diagnostic test kits.[308] The same day, the first commercial tests were approved, RT-PCR tests from Roche and Thermo Fisher.[309] Another 13 diagnostic products have since been approved, all based on Nucleic Acid tests.[309] As of April 30, 21 diagnostic device applications were listed as submitted by Health Canada.[307]

National Microbiology Lab

Canada's National Microbiology Lab in Winnipeg performs diagnostic testing for and research into COVID-19.[310] Samples from suspected cases early in the pandemic were sent by provinces and territories to this national lab for testing, either as the sole test or as a check of an in-province test result.[311] The lab diagnosed the first confirmed case in Canada on January 27, 2020.[312] Since then, provinces and territories have established their own testing capacity but have occasionally sent samples to the national lab for a second test as a check.[313]

Federal facilitation of testing

Provinces have faced COVID-19 testing backlogs due to a shortage of supplies, including the chemical reagents required to complete the tests.[314] In late April, the federal government arranged for a cargo flight from China that delivered the equivalent of about six to nine months of production for one particular raw material for the 20-odd raw materials needed by supplier LuminUltra to supply reagent kits for RT-PCR machines.[315]

Types of COVID-19 tests

Virus-RNA tests

Health Canada identifies nucleic acid-based testing as "the gold standard used in Canada and abroad, for the diagnosis of active COVID-19 infection in patients with symptoms."[316] The predominant type of testing is used in RT-PCR. They use a carefully produced and validated swab to collect a sample from a person's throat, back of the nose, or front of the nose. The swab is put inside a sealed container containing a medium that preserves the virus, which is sent to test-processing centres in the corresponding province or territory. At the centres, highly skilled technicians use large commercial machines from a variety of manufactures to process tens to hundreds batches of samples at a time. The test chemically strips the RNA from the sample then mixes it with a test kit containing chemical reagents designed to detect RNA signatures of SARS-CoV-2. The sample is cycled between a set of temperatures to amplify the chemical RNA signature. This leads to processing times that range from 4 to 24 hours.[317] The actual RT-PCR test is 99 percent accurate. However, false-negative results are estimated to occur 8 to 10 percent of the time due to poor swabbing technique. They may be as high as 30 percent, depending on how long after symptom onset the test was performed.[318][319]

Provinces have faced COVID-19 testing backlogs due to a shortage of the chemical reagents and swabs required to complete the tests.[314]

Virus-RNA test reagent kits

LuminUltra Technologies Ltd. of Fredericton is producing reagent test kits to use with automated RT-PCR machines. On April 15, Trudeau announced that the company would be "ramping up production ... to meet the weekly demand in all provinces."[314] The company announced the same day that it would provide "500,000 urgently needed COVID-19 tests per week to the Canadian federal government for use across Canada."[315]

Canadian-made viral RNA test systems

Spartan Bioscience of Ottawa signed contracts with the federal government and the provinces of Alberta, Quebec, and Ontario to supply virus-RNA testing systems that process a single swab sample in 30 to 60 minutes.[320] Together the contracts were for over one million swab test kits, and at least 250 handheld devices.[321][320] On April 13, Health Canada approved this test, but on May 3 the test was recalled due to unreliable results.[322]

Precision Biomonitoring of Guelph signed a Letter of Intent on March 31 with the federal government to co-develop a novel point-of-care test kit for COVID‑19, which is now pending an authorization from Health Canada.[323] Their 1.2 kg battery-operated mobile device performs nine tests per hour and takes 60 minutes to produce a result.[324]

Bio-ID Diagnostics of Edmonton developed a direct 24-hour virus test that can be scaled to 20,000 samples per day. Since it is based on sequencing DNA it avoids false positives, and it detects a low concentration of the virus, substantially reducing false negatives in asymptomatic individuals.[318]

On October 5, Health Canada approved a portable PCR test – the Hyris bCUBE —which was based on technology developed at the University of Guelph and can process tests in 90 minutes.[325][326]

Serological testing for antibodies

These blood tests look for antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 virus and range in complexity from laboratory tests to at-home kits similar to pregnancy tests.[327] Antibodies do not form immediately upon infection, so these tests are not well-suited for detecting a current infection. However, they can potentially identify those who have been infected in the past.[327] Health Canada has been evaluating several antibody tests.[316] Health Canada deemed that "Serological tests are not appropriate for early diagnosis of COVID-19, largely due variability in the time required after infection to develop antibodies."[316] On May 12, 2020, Health Canada announced the first antibody test approved for use, a laboratory test from DiaSorin, an Italian multinational biotechnology company.[328] Health Canada wrote that the trial would "contribute to a better understanding of whether people who have been infected are immune to the virus."[328]

Research and population immunity

Health Canada posts "studies will be required to determine how long the antibodies remain detectable, whether for weeks, months or years" and "the relationship between antibodies and immunity to future viral infection."[316] Nonetheless, many countries are conducting or planning large-scale testing to determine the population's porportion and are potentially now immune. As of April 20, the WHO estimated that the most affected countries had been infected at most 2 to 3 percent of people in affected countries.[329] On April 23, 2020, Trudeau created a COVID-19 Immunity Task Force of researchers, including Dr. Tam, Dr. David Naylor, and Dr. Mona Nemer, to coordinate monitoring of immunity and vulnerability to COVID-19 in the Canadian population.[330] The taskforce will oversee national antibody surveys over the next two years in which will test one million Canadians.[304] Researchers at Sinai Health's Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute in Toronto are developing a robotic system that can process mass numbers of antibody tests.[331]

Canadian-made antibody tests

MedMira of Halifax developed one of the first rapid detection kits for HIV and has now developed a COVID-19 antibody test that takes three minutes from taking the blood drop specimen.[332]

Plantform Corp. of Guelph applied for funding from the National Research Council to develop an antibody test for COVID-19.[333]

Rapid antigen testing

Tests for antigens, proteins that are part of the virus's surface, were first approved by Health Canada on October 6, when it approved and ordered 20.5 million units of one manufactured by Abbott Laboratories as a point-of-care test.[334] They can produce results faster than PCR tests (around 20 minutes)[334] but are generally less accurate than PCR tests. Abbott states that they are designed for preliminary results and not intended "as the sole basis for treatment or other management decisions." Deputy Chief Public Health Officer Howard Njoo stated these tests could be deployed in workplaces and communal living environments.[334]

Canadian-made rapid antigen tests

Sona Nanotech of Halifax was developing point-of-care COVID-19 antigen test kits that provide results in 5–15 minutes with an anticipating cost to be less than $50. If successful, the project will yield 20,000 test kits available per week, with the potential to scale up to 1 million test kits per week.[323][335]

Statistics

National maps

  • Total cases by province/territory

  • Total cases per million inhabitants by province/territory

  • Total deaths by province/territory

  • Total deaths per million inhabitants by province/territory

By age

Confirmed COVID-19 cases in Canada by age
Classification Cases Hospitalizations ICU Deaths Lethality
(‰)
Number % Number % Number % Number %
All 1,420,278 100 74,836 100 14,045 100 26,396 100 24.0
Age ≥80 70,994 5.0 19,890 26.6 1,465 10.4 16,972 64.3 239.1
70–79 60,004 4.2 14,531 19.4 3,248 23.1 5,333 20.2 88.9
60–69 114,188 8.0 13,214 17.7 3,724 26.5 2,514 9.5 22.0
50–59 184,858 13.0 10,903 14.6 2,792 19.9 972 3.7 5.3
40–49 207,729 14.6 6,738 9.0 1,422 10.1 332 1.3 1.6
30–39 232,463 16.4 5,081 6.8 825 5.9 140 0.5 0.6
20–29 270,900 19.1 2,963 4.0 372 2.6 65 0.2 0.2
0–19 273,349 19.2 1,374 1.8 163 1.2 14 0.1 0.1
Source: Public Health Agency of Canada, as of July 11, 2021.[336]

National

Confirmed new cases per day

Confirmed deaths per day

Provincial and territorial

Daily new cases by province and territory (7-day moving average)
Updated September 07, 2021
Western Canada

  British Columbia   Alberta   Saskatchewan

  Manitoba

Central Canada

  Ontario   Quebec


Atlantic Canada

  New Brunswick   Prince Edward Island   Nova Scotia

  Newfoundland and Labrador

Northern Canada

  Yukon   Northwest Territories   Nunavut

See also

References

  1. ^ Marchand-Senécal, Xavier; Kozak, Rob; Mubareka, Samira; Salt, Natasha; Gubbay, Jonathan B; Eshaghi, Alireza; Allen, Vanessa; Li, Yan; Bastien, Natalie; Gilmour, Matthew; Ozaldin, Omar; Leis, Jerome A (March 9, 2020). "Diagnosis and Management of First Case of COVID-19 in Canada: Lessons applied from SARS". Clinical Infectious Diseases. ciaa227 (16): 2207–2210. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa227. PMC 7108147. PMID 32147731.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Outbreak update". Government of Canada. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
  3. ^ "Tracking every case of COVID-19 in Canada". Coronavirus. March 13, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
  4. ^ Slaughter, Graham (March 5, 2020). "Canada confirms first 'community case' of COVID-19: Here's what that means". CTVNews. Archived from the original on March 8, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
  5. ^ McQuigge, Michelle (March 25, 2020). "The Quarantine Act explained, as isolation becomes mandatory for some". Coronavirus. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
  6. ^ Kestler-D'Amours, Jillian (November 15, 2020). "COVID-19 counts continue to rise as Canada approaches 300,000 cases". Coronavirus. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
  7. ^ "Justin Trudeau's address to the nation: 'The second wave is underway' [Full transcript] - Macleans.ca". Maclean's.
  8. ^ "CERB ends for millions of Canadians, new EI program takes its place - NEWS 1130". citynews1130.com.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b Lowrie, Morgan (March 22, 2021). "Cases of COVID-19 variants on the rise in Canada, fuelling concerns over third wave". Coronavirus.
  10. ^ Ross, Selena (March 31, 2021). "Three Quebec cities to go into special lockdown, with four regions reversed to red zones". Montreal.
  11. ^ https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-pandemic-briefing-april-13-1.5985182
  12. ^ Aiello, Rachel (December 10, 2020). "What we know about where Canada's first COVID-19 vaccines are going". Coronavirus.
  13. ^ https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-approves-moderna-vaccine-1.5852848
  14. ^ "Canada approves AstraZeneca's COVID-19 vaccine". Global News. Retrieved March 10, 2021.
  15. ^ https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/johnson-johnson-covid19-vaccine-approved-1.5937900
  16. ^ Thompson, Nicole (May 12, 2021). "More provinces are limiting the use of the AstraZeneca vaccine". Coronavirus. CTV News. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
  17. ^ Tasker, John Paul (June 29, 2021). "Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine is in limbo with no additional Canadian shipments planned". CBC News. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
  18. ^ "To avoid 15,000 daily COVID-19 cases next month, Canada urged to increase vaccination rates, uphold public health measures" – via The Globe and Mail.
  19. ^ "'We're in big trouble': Doctors worry Canada's 4th wave of COVID-19 could be biggest yet | Globalnews.ca". Global News.
  20. ^ "90% of Canada's COVID-19 cases are among unvaccinated, feds say - National | Globalnews.ca". Global News.
  21. ^ https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/covid-nl-sept-7-2021-1.6166699
  22. ^ Austen, Ian (September 3, 2021). "Vaccine Passports Roll Out, and So Do Unruly Anti-Vaccine Protests" – via NYTimes.com.
  23. ^ Secretariat, Treasury Board of Canada (August 13, 2021). "Government of Canada to require vaccination of federal workforce and federally regulated transportation sector". www.canada.ca.
  24. ^ "Novel Coronavirus Information Center". Elsevier Connect. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  25. ^ Reynolds, Matt (March 4, 2020). "What is coronavirus and how close is it to becoming a pandemic?". Wired UK. ISSN 1357-0978. Archived from the original on March 5, 2020. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
  26. ^ Jump up to: a b "Crunching the numbers for coronavirus". Imperial News. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  27. ^ "High consequence infectious diseases (HCID); Guidance and information about high consequence infectious diseases and their management in England". Government of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on March 3, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
  28. ^ "World Federation Of Societies of Anaesthesiologists – Coronavirus". wfsahq.org. Archived from the original on March 12, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  29. ^ "BC COVID-19 Data". BC Centre for Disease Control. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  30. ^ "COVID-19 info for Albertans". Government of Alberta. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  31. ^ "Cases and Risk of COVID-19 in Saskatchewan". Government of Saskatchewan. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  32. ^ "COVID-19". Government of Manitoba. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  33. ^ "COVID-19 (Coronavirus) in Ontario". Government of Ontario. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  34. ^ "How Ontario is responding to COVID-19". Government of Ontario. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
  35. ^ "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Quebec". Government of Quebec. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  36. ^ "Données COVID-19 au Québec". Institut national de santé publique. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
  37. ^ "New Brunswick COVID-19 Dashboard". ArcGIS. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  38. ^ "COVID-19". Government of Prince Edward Island. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  39. ^ "Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) cases in Nova Scotia". Government of Nova Scotia. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  40. ^ "COVID-19 Newfoundland and Labrador - HUB". Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  41. ^ "Case and vaccine counts: COVID-19". Government of Yukon. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
  42. ^ Government of the Northwest Territories, Government of the Northwest Territories (January 8, 2021). "COVID-19 NWT Dashboard". Government of Northwest Territories. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  43. ^ "COVID-19 (Novel Coronavirus)". Government of Nunavut. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  44. ^ "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Outbreak update". Government of Canada. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  45. ^ "COVID-19 Updates: Canada". Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  46. ^ "Tracking every case of COVID-19 in Canada". CTV News. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
  47. ^ Jump up to: a b "Archived: WHO Timeline - COVID-19". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
  48. ^ Favaro, Avis. "Canadian health authority warns travellers over mysterious illness sickening dozens in China". CTV News. Archived from the original on August 22, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
  49. ^ Jump up to: a b "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Outbreak update". Public Health Agency of Canada. March 15, 2020. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  50. ^ "Canada to screen central China travelers for virus at 3 airports". Globalnews.ca. Corus Entertainment. January 17, 2020. Archived from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
  51. ^ "China reports 4 more cases of new strain of coronavirus". CBC News. January 18, 2020. Archived from the original on January 18, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  52. ^ "Coronavirus 2019-nCoV – Professionnels de la santé – MSSS". Government of Quebec (in French). January 28, 2020. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
  53. ^ "Several people in Canada being monitored for signs of coronavirus: Health minister". CTV News. January 23, 2020. Archived from the original on January 24, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2020.
  54. ^ "The coronavirus hospital built in days". BBC News. February 2, 2020. Archived from the original on August 22, 2020. Retrieved June 21, 2020.
  55. ^ "Trudeau vows Canada's PPE stockpile policies will be overhauled to prevent waste - National | Globalnews.ca". Global News.
  56. ^ "Canada cut number of stockpile storage locations for critical medical supplies by one third in past two years" – via The Globe and Mail.
  57. ^ Rowe, Daniel (July 17, 2020). "Quebec COVID-19 recovery rate skyrockets after new system implemented". CTV News. Archived from the original on July 17, 2020. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  58. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "COVID-19 Tracker Canada - Vaccination Tracker". covid19tracker.ca.
  59. ^ "Ontario Confirms First cases of covid-19 UK variant". CBC. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
  60. ^ "Alberta Covid-19 Cases January 8". Global News. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
  61. ^ "Third variant detected in Canada prompting concern from health experts". CTV News. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
  62. ^ "Double Mutanat Covid-19 Confirmed cases in BC". Global News. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
  63. ^ "Vaccine outcomes". Government of Alberta. Retrieved July 13, 2021.
  64. ^ Nasreen, Sharifa; He, Siyi; Chung, Hannah; Brown, Kevin A.; Gubbay, Jonathan B.; Buchan, Sarah A.; Wilson, Sarah E.; Sundaram, Maria E.; Fell, Deshayne B.; Chen, Branson; Calzavara, Andrew; Austin, Peter C.; Schwartz, Kevin L.; Tadrous, Mina; Wilson, Kumanan; Kwong, Jeffrey C.; Investigators, on behalf of the Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN) Provincial Collaborative Network (PCN) (July 3, 2021). "Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against variants of concern, Canada". medRxiv: 2021.06.28.21259420. doi:10.1101/2021.06.28.21259420. S2CID 235722149 – via www.medrxiv.org.
  65. ^ Fisman, David; Tuite, Ashleigh (July 12, 2021). "Progressive Increase in Virulence of Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Ontario, Canada". medrxiv. doi:10.1101/2021.07.05.21260050. S2CID 235756602. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
  66. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Tracking variants of the novel coronavirus in Canada". Ctvnews.ca. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
  67. ^ "Table of Contents: Canadian Pandemic Influenza Preparedness: Planning Guidance for the Health Sector". Canada.ca. December 8, 2006. Archived from the original on March 10, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  68. ^ "Federal/Provincial/Territorial Public Health Response Plan for Biological Events". Canada.ca. April 4, 2018. Archived from the original on March 6, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  69. ^ "Canada's COVID-19 plans could include closing schools, cancelling events, but we're 'not there yet' - National". Globalnews.ca. February 27, 2020. Archived from the original on February 28, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  70. ^ Boynton, Sean (March 18, 2020). "Coronavirus: Health minister signs order for faster access to COVID-19 test kits". Global News. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  71. ^ "Health Canada expedites access to COVID-19 diagnostic laboratory test kits and other medical devices". Health Canada news release. March 18, 2020. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  72. ^ "Trudeau announces $1B coronavirus response fund for provinces, territories". Global News. Archived from the original on March 12, 2020. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
  73. ^ "Government of Canada funds 49 additional COVID-19 research projects". Government of Canada news release. March 19, 2020. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  74. ^ Fife, Robert (March 20, 2020). "Ottawa announces COVID-19 funds for industry to produce medical equipment". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  75. ^ "Feds launch ad campaign urging social distancing, hygiene during COVID-19 crisis". CTV News. Bell Media. March 22, 2020. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020.
  76. ^ "Coronavirus: Wearing non-medical masks will help others but not you, Tam says". Global News. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  77. ^ "Health Canada approves first antigen rapid test for coronavirus". Global News.
  78. ^ Jump up to: a b "Coronavirus: Ontario Nurses' Association calls work conditions in care homes 'unfathomable'". Global News. Archived from the original on April 21, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  79. ^ "Nearly half of Canada's COVID-19 deaths linked to long-term care facilities: Tam". Global News. Archived from the original on April 13, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  80. ^ Aiello, Rachel (April 16, 2020). "COVID-19 impact on seniors' homes 'far more severe' than feared: PM". CTV News. Archived from the original on April 20, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  81. ^ Aiello, Rachel (April 13, 2020). "Nearly half of known COVID-19 deaths in Canada linked to long-term care homes: Tam". CTV News. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  82. ^ "'Recipe for disaster': Why advocates say long-term care homes need more than new national guidelines". CTV News. April 14, 2020. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  83. ^ Bilefsky, Dan (April 17, 2020). "How Can It Happen Here? The Shocking Deaths in Canada's Long-Term Care Homes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  84. ^ Weeks, Carly (April 28, 2020). "Long-term care home staff, residents struggling with restrictive COVID-19 policies". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on April 30, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
  85. ^ "Long-term care homes with the most coronavirus deaths in Canada". Global News. Archived from the original on April 21, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  86. ^ "Trudeau looks to support long-term care workers, boost wages for essential workers". Global News. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  87. ^ "Feds to deploy over 100 soldiers to Quebec's long-term care homes". Daily Hive. April 17, 2020.
  88. ^ Pugliese, David (April 22, 2020). "Canadian military asked to provide medical personnel to help Ontario long-term care homes". Ottawa Citizen.
  89. ^ "Pandemic COVID-19 all countries: avoid non-essential travel outside Canada". Government of Canada website. March 14, 2020. Archived from the original on March 14, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  90. ^ Dunham, Jackie (March 25, 2020). "Travellers returning home must enter mandatory self-isolation: health minister". CTV News. Archived from the original on March 25, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
  91. ^ Jump up to: a b Harris, Kathleen (March 16, 2020). "Canada to bar entry to travellers who are not citizens, permanent residents or Americans". CBC News. Archived from the original on July 19, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  92. ^ Jump up to: a b Aiello, Rachel (March 16, 2020). "Canada restricting who can enter the country due to COVID-19: PM Trudeau". CTV News. Archived from the original on March 16, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  93. ^ Dickson, Jane (March 18, 2020). "Canada-U.S. border to close except for essential supply chains". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  94. ^ "Canada-U.S. border closing to non-essential travel at midnight, irregular migrants to be turned away". toronto.citynews.ca. March 20, 2020. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  95. ^ Ljunggren, David (April 16, 2020). "Canada to keep border restrictions with U.S. for a 'significant' time, Trudeau says". Financial. Archived from the original on April 23, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  96. ^ "Canada-U.S. agree to extend border restrictions by 30 days: sources". CTV News. April 17, 2020. Archived from the original on April 18, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  97. ^ "Canada-U.S. border closure extended again amid tension over restrictions". Archived from the original on August 30, 2020. Retrieved August 27, 2020.
  98. ^ Patel, Raisa (March 28, 2020). "No more domestic travel by plane or train for those showing coronavirus symptoms, Trudeau says". CBC News. Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  99. ^ "Coronavirus: Air travellers required to wear non-medical masks under new rules". Global News. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  100. ^ Aiello, Rachel (October 2, 2020). "Canada changing travel restrictions to allow more families to reunite". CTVNews.
  101. ^ "The 'Atlantic bubble' has held off COVID-19, but is it worth the cost to civil liberties?". National Post.
  102. ^ Flanagan, Ryan (January 6, 2021). "What air travellers entering Canada need to know about the new COVID-19 rules". CTV News. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
  103. ^ "Mandatory hotel quarantine for international travellers to take effect on February 22 | News". dailyhive.com.
  104. ^ "Trudeau suspending Caribbean vacation travel; will require all incoming air travellers to quarantine in hotels". CP24. January 29, 2021. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
  105. ^ "'Now is just not the time to be flying': PM Trudeau announces new travel restrictions". CTVNews. January 29, 2021. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
  106. ^ Harris, Kathleen (March 12, 2020). "Trudeau, wife Sophie in self-isolation awaiting COVID-19 test as premiers conference is called off". CBC News. Archived from the original on March 13, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
  107. ^ "Parliament suspended 5 weeks amid COVID-19 concerns after passing trade deal, spending bills". CBC News. March 13, 2020. Archived from the original on March 14, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  108. ^ "Bank of Canada lowers interest rate". financialpost.com. March 13, 2020. Archived from the original on March 13, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
  109. ^ "Bank of Canada lowers overnight rate target to ¾ percent". bankofcanada.ca (Press release). Bank of Canada. March 13, 2020. Archived from the original on March 13, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
  110. ^ "Bank of Canada lowers overnight rate target to ¼ percent". bankofcanada.ca (Press release). Bank of Canada. March 27, 2020. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  111. ^ "Bank of Canada: Key interest rate cut to lowest level". ctvnews.ca. March 27, 2020. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  112. ^ "Coronavirus: Here's what's happening in Canada and the world Thursday". CBC News. March 19, 2020. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  113. ^ "Trudeau's $82B coronavirus support package gets royal assent, officially passes". globalnews.ca. March 25, 2020. Archived from the original on March 25, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
  114. ^ Canada, Employment and Social Development (May 12, 2016). "Canada Child Benefit". aem.
  115. ^ https://www.mccarthy.ca/en/insights/blogs/mccarthy-tetrault-tax-perspectives/tax-measures-under-canadas-covid-19-economic-response-plan#:~:text=A%20one%2Dtime%20special%20payment,the%202020%2D2021%20benefit%20year.
  116. ^ "Nearly 5.4 million receiving emergency federal aid". ctvnews.ca. April 13, 2020. Archived from the original on April 14, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  117. ^ Aiello, Rachel (April 15, 2020). "Essential workers to get salary top-up, eligibility for emergency benefit expanded: PM". CTV News. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  118. ^ "Coronavirus: Parliament adopts COVID-19 wage subsidy bill". Global News. Archived from the original on April 23, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  119. ^ "How to apply for the government's $25-billion CEBA business loan program". Financial Post. April 14, 2020. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  120. ^ "PM Trudeau touts loan program, will return to Commons Saturday". CTV News. April 10, 2020. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  121. ^ "PM Trudeau announces $9B in new COVID-19 funding for students". ctvnews.ca. April 22, 2020. Archived from the original on April 22, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  122. ^ "Federal deficit could top $252 billion, says budget officer". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. April 30, 2020. Archived from the original on July 30, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  123. ^ "Coronavirus: Trudeau says over 240,000 Canadians applied for new CRB". globalnews.ca. October 13, 2020.
  124. ^ "Canada Revenue Agency: How to Extend Your Recovery Benefits Beyond 26 Weeks". Yahoo!. September 28, 2020.
  125. ^ Zimonjic, Peter (July 3, 2020). "Ethics watchdog launches probe of Trudeau over choice of WE Charity to run $900M student grant program". CBC News. Archived from the original on July 3, 2020. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  126. ^ Breen, Kerri (July 3, 2020). "Ethics commissioner launches investigation into Trudeau, $900M WE Charity contract". Global News. Archived from the original on July 3, 2020. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  127. ^ Tasker, John Paul (July 3, 2020). "Federal government, WE Charity agree to part ways on summer student grant program". CBC News. Archived from the original on July 3, 2020. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
  128. ^ "Exclusive: Canada gets Biomerieux formula for free to produce virus testing chemicals". Reuters. April 23, 2020. Archived from the original on April 27, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  129. ^ "Ottawa unveils plan to harness industry to ramp up production of COVID-19 medical gear &#124". CBC News. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  130. ^ Platt, Brian (March 20, 2020). "COVID-19: Trudeau announces plan to 'mobilize industry' to produce medical supplies". National Post. Archived from the original on March 23, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  131. ^ "Many Canadians used virtual medical care during COVID-19, poll suggests". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. June 8, 2020.
  132. ^ "Virtual Healthcare in Canada". Elicare. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
  133. ^ "Prime Minister announces virtual care and mental health tools for Canadians". Justin Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada. May 3, 2020.
  134. ^ Black, Matthew (March 17, 2020). "'The situation is very serious': Alberta to declare a state of public health emergency over COVID-19". CTV News. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  135. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Bogart, Nicole (August 25, 2020). "Mask mandates, class caps: Back to school rules by province". CTV News. Archived from the original on September 18, 2020. Retrieved September 9, 2020.
  136. ^ Ramsay, Caley (July 31, 2020). "COVID-19: Here's where you have to wear a mask in Alberta". Global News. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
  137. ^ "Alberta adds COVID-19 measures, vaccine passport in effort to prevent health-care system's collapse". September 15, 2021.
  138. ^ "B.C. bars, clubs must close; restaurants to either close or move to takeout and delivery". CBC News. March 17, 2020. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  139. ^ Ghoussoub, Michelle (March 20, 2020). "B.C. announces 77 new coronavirus cases, bringing total to 348, as restaurants close province-wide". CBC News. Archived from the original on March 22, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  140. ^ "ORDER OF THE PROVINCIAL HEALTH OFFICER: FOOD AND LIQUOR SERVING PREMISES" (PDF). May 15, 2020. Retrieved November 15, 2020.
  141. ^ "B.C. brings in sweeping new measures to control COVID-19, including mandatory masks | CBC News". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
  142. ^ "B.C. allows outdoor gatherings of up to 10 people but asks they stick to the same group". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. March 11, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
  143. ^ Ghoussoub, Michelle; Larsen, Karin (March 29, 2021). "B.C. implements sweeping restrictions on indoor dining, group fitness for 3-week 'circuit breaker'". CBC News. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  144. ^ Zussman, Richard (March 18, 2020). "B.C. declares state of emergency in response to coronavirus pandemic". Global News. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  145. ^ "Proof of vaccination and the BC Vaccine Card". September 13, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
  146. ^ "SECOND PHASE OF RESTORING SAFE SERVICES PLAN TO BEGIN JUNE 1". Province of Manitoba. May 27, 2020. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
  147. ^ Gowriluk, Caitlyn (March 20, 2020). "Bingo halls, gyms ordered to close as Manitoba declares state of emergency over coronavirus". CBC News. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  148. ^ "COVID-19 BULLETIN #33". Province of Manitoba. March 27, 2020. Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  149. ^ "Masks mandatory, gatherings limited to 10 in Winnipeg, surrounding areas as of Monday". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
  150. ^ "New Brunswick now under state of emergency". The Chronicle Herald. March 19, 2020. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  151. ^ "Restricted entry: Special Measures Order (Amendment No.11)" (PDF). gov.nl.ca. April 29, 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 1, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
  152. ^ "Restrict gathering: Special Measures Order (Amendment No.3)" (PDF). gov.nl.ca. March 31, 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 28, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
  153. ^ "Restaurants: Special Measures Order" (PDF). gov.nl.ca. March 24, 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 28, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
  154. ^ "Masks are now mandatory in New Brunswick's indoor public places". CTV News. October 8, 2020. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
  155. ^ "Mandatory masks in N.L.: Here's when you'll need them, and when you won't | CBC News". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
  156. ^ Williams, Ollie (March 18, 2020). "NWT declares public health emergency over coronavirus". Cabin Radio. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  157. ^ "Information on JK-12 Schools". ece.gov.nt. Education, Culture and Employment - Government of Northwest Territories. Archived from the original on April 2, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  158. ^ Chisholm, Cassidy (March 15, 2020). "N.S. schools, daycares closing for 2 weeks after March Break amid COVID-19 outbreak". CBC News. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  159. ^ April, Alan (March 22, 2020). "N.S. declares State of Emergency, identifies 7 more cases of COVID-19". CTV Atlantic. Archived from the original on March 22, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
  160. ^ "What it means for Nova Scotians". Novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Communications Nova Scotia. January 30, 2020. Archived from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
  161. ^ Scotia, Communications Nova (May 11, 2018). "Province Announces Mandatory Masks in Indoor Public Places". News Releases. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
  162. ^ "Nova Scotia to require proof of vaccination for non-essential activities". September 8, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
  163. ^ "Nunavut declares state of public health emergency". CBC News. March 18, 2020. Archived from the original on March 25, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  164. ^ Davidson, Sean (April 16, 2021). "Ontario extends stay-at-home order, restricts interprovincial travel as province loses battle against COVID-19". CTV News Toronto. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
  165. ^ Casaletto, Lucas (December 11, 2020). "York Region, Windsor-Essex to join Toronto and Peel under provincial lockdown Monday - 680 NEWS". 680 News. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
  166. ^ Jones, Allison (March 17, 2020). "'This is not a provincial shutdown': Ford declares a State of Emergency in Ontario". CTV News. The Canadian Press. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  167. ^ "'Declaration of emergency". CTV News. Government of Ontario. March 17, 2020. Archived from the original on February 28, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  168. ^ Rocca, Ryan; Shah, Maryam (March 28, 2020). "Ontario government bans gatherings of more than 5 people in bid to stop coronavirus spread". Global News. Global News. Archived from the original on March 29, 2020. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  169. ^ Dillman, Martha (July 17, 2020). "Moving into Stage 3? Here's what you need to know". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on July 21, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  170. ^ "Ontario Implementing Additional Measures at Indoor dining to Help Limit the Spread of COVID-19". Ontario.ca. July 31, 2020. Archived from the original on August 12, 2020. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
  171. ^ "COVID-19: reopening child care centres". ontario.ca. Archived from the original on July 30, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  172. ^ "Reopening Ontario in stages - What can open in Stage 3". ontario.ca. Archived from the original on July 24, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2020.
  173. ^ Frisk, Adam (March 16, 2020). "P.E.I declares 'public health emergency' amid COVID-19 pandemic". CTV News. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  174. ^ Toolkit, Web Experience (November 17, 2020). "Masks to become mandatory in Prince Edward Island". princeedwardisland.ca. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
  175. ^ "Measures in force". quebec.ca. Retrieved March 10, 2021.
  176. ^ Kovac, Adam (January 6, 2020). "Quebec issues province-wide curfew starting Saturday in effort to combat surging COVID-19 cases". CTV News Montreal. Retrieved January 6, 2020.
  177. ^ Authier, Philip (March 12, 2020). "Quebec shuts down as Premier François Legault declares an emergency". The Gazette. Montreal. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  178. ^ "Coronavirus: Quebec government bans public gatherings of all sizes". Global News. Archived from the original on March 23, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  179. ^ "Réduction au minimum des services et activités non-prioritaires". March 24, 2020. Archived from the original on March 24, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
  180. ^ "Conférence de presse de Mme Geneviève Guilbault, vice-première ministre et Mme Danielle McCann, ministre de la Santé et des Services sociaux". Assemblée nationale du Québec (in French). March 28, 2020. Archived from the original on March 30, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  181. ^ "Today's coronavirus news: Ontario reporting 554 cases of COVID-19, 4 deaths; Trudeau pledges additional $400M in humanitarian aid to fight COVID-19". Toronto Star. September 29, 2020. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  182. ^ "Quebec makes masks mandatory in indoor public spaces | CBC News". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
  183. ^ Kovac, Adam (December 14, 2020). "Quebec heads into 18-day lockdown; non-essential businesses to close from Dec. 25 to Jan. 11". CTV News Montreal. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
  184. ^ Hill, Katherine; Solomon, Michaela (March 18, 2020). "COVID-19: Sask. declares state of emergency, additional measures, after announcing 8 new cases". CTV News. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  185. ^ Davis, Austin. "COVID-19: Sask. police can enforce emergency orders". Leader Post. Archived from the original on March 24, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  186. ^ Shahab, Saqib (March 26, 2020), Public Health Order (PDF), Government of Saskatchewan, archived (PDF) from the original on March 28, 2020, retrieved March 28, 2020
  187. ^ "Masks mandatory in more indoor public places, curfew on alcohol sales coming Monday, province says | CBC News". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  188. ^ MacIntyre, Chris (March 18, 2020). "Yukon's chief medical officer of health declares public health emergency". APTN News. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  189. ^ "Current COVID-19 situation". yukon.ca. March 31, 2020. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2020.
  190. ^ "Masks now mandatory in all indoor public spaces". yukon.ca. December 1, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
  191. ^ Authier, Philip (March 13, 2020). "Quebec shuts down as Premier François Legault declares an emergency". The Gazette. Montreal. Archived from the original on April 9, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  192. ^ "CCLA LIVE COVID-LIBERTY UPDATES". Canadian Civil Liberties Association. March 20, 2020. Archived from the original on April 24, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  193. ^ "New Order Makes Self-Isolation Mandatory for Individuals Entering Canada". Government of Canada. March 25, 2020. Archived from the original on April 9, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  194. ^ Jump up to: a b "What are the coronavirus rules in my province? A quick guide to what's allowed and open, or closed and banned". The Globe and Mail. April 1, 2020. Archived from the original on April 9, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  195. ^ https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/coronavirus-march-12-travel-eu-us-1.5494860
  196. ^ Gilson, Patrick John (March 13, 2020). "Several Ontario Universities Are Now Cancelling Classes Due To COVID-19". Narcity. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
  197. ^ Fletcher, Tanya (March 19, 2020). "COVID-19 shut down B.C. schools – so why are daycares still open?". CBC News. Archived from the original on April 16, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  198. ^ "Ontario orders all non-essential businesses to shut down". CTV News Toronto. March 23, 2020. Archived from the original on March 25, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  199. ^ "14 new COVID-19 cases in Sask. as province limits gatherings to 10 people". Regina. March 25, 2020. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  200. ^ "COVID-19: Ontario and Quebec order non-essential businesses closed after spike in coronavirus totals | National Post". March 24, 2020. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  201. ^ April, Allan (March 24, 2020). "P.E.I. to reopen liquor store, offer Sobeys gift cards to laid-off workers". CTV News. Archived from the original on April 14, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  202. ^ George-Cosh, David (April 7, 2020). "Ontario's pot shops to reopen with delivery, click-and-collect options". BNN Bloomberg. Archived from the original on April 10, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  203. ^ Flanagan, Ryan (March 26, 2020). "Emergency benefits: What each province is offering during the COVID-19 pandemic". Archived from the original on April 10, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  204. ^ "COVID-19 and the courts: March 20 update". canadianlawyermag.com. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  205. ^ "Supreme Court of Canada postpones carbon tax hearing". Business in Vancouver. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  206. ^ Johnson, Kelsey (March 19, 2020). "First Nations close borders over coronavirus, using 'isolation as a strength'". The Globe and Mail. Reuters. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  207. ^ Strength of Two Buffalo (August 8, 2020). "State of emergency extended in Wasauksing First Nation". MuskokaRegion.com. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
  208. ^ Peters, James (October 1, 2020). "Tk'emlups te Secwepemc to make masks mandatory in preparation for second COVID-19 wave". CFJC Today. Retrieved October 26, 2020.
  209. ^ Pashagumskum, Jamie (October 8, 2020). "Indigenous services advises First Nations communities to stay the course ahead of a second wave of COVID-19". APTN National News. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
  210. ^ Reaburn, Adam. "Some First Nations communities to receive Moderna Vaccine this week".
  211. ^ "Canada Actually Added Jobs In May: StatCan". HuffPost. June 5, 2020. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
  212. ^ "Quebec calls for cancellation of all sports, festivals and cultural events until Aug. 31". montreal.ctvnews.ca. April 10, 2020. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
  213. ^ Rieger, Sarah (March 16, 2020). "WestJet to suspend all international flights". CBC News. Archived from the original on March 17, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
  214. ^ "The pandemic is creating a season of anxiety in hard-hit farm sectors". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. May 6, 2020.
  215. ^ Update on COVID-19 – March 26 at 3:30 pm. Government of Alberta. March 26, 2020. Archived from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  216. ^ Hinshaw, Deena (March 20, 2020), Chief medical officer of health COVID-19 update – March 20, 2020, archived from the original on March 21, 2020, retrieved March 19, 2020
  217. ^ "COVID-19 info for Albertans § Cases in Alberta". www.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. April 4, 2020. Archived from the original on March 8, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
  218. ^ "Alberta will move to Stage 2 of relaunch on Friday, premier says". CBC News. Archived from the original on June 10, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
  219. ^ Jump up to: a b "Alberta hits new pandemic peak for active COVID-19 cases". CBC. October 19, 2020. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
  220. ^ "COVID-19 Alberta statistics". www.alberta.ca. Archived from the original on March 28, 2021. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
  221. ^ "Alberta backs down on relaxed COVID-19 measures, pauses testing changes for 6 weeks". CTV News Edmonton. August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  222. ^ "Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases by Johns Hopkins CSSE". gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com. Archived from the original on September 5, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  223. ^ "The COVID-19 pandemic: A timeline of key events across British Columbia". CBC News. April 3, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2020.
  224. ^ Slaughter, Graham (March 5, 2020). "Canada confirms first 'community case' of COVID-19: Here's what that means". CTVNews. Archived from the original on March 8, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
  225. ^ "COVID-19 Action Plan: B.C.'s first steps to support people, businesses". news.gov.bc.ca. Office of the Premier. March 23, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  226. ^ VanRaes, Shannon (May 23, 2021). "Overwhelmed Manitoba calls for help amid third wave of COVID-19". The Globe and Mai. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
  227. ^ Jump up to: a b "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)". Government of New Brunswick. Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
  228. ^ Jump up to: a b "New Brunswick now has one confirmed case of COVID-19 and one presumptive case | North Shore News". Nsnews.com. February 25, 2015. Archived from the original on March 18, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  229. ^ "Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)". hss.gov.nt.ca. Archived from the original on March 31, 2020. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  230. ^ "First case of COVID-19 reported in Northwest Territories". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. March 21, 2020. Archived from the original on March 22, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  231. ^ Young, Brandon (March 15, 2020). "Three presumptive COVID-19 cases announced in N.S." CTV News. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  232. ^ "The benefits of isolation: Nunavut doesn't have a single confirmed case of COVID-19". National Post. April 10, 2020. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved April 11, 2020.
  233. ^ "Nunavut's first case of COVID-19 confirmed in Sanikiluaq". CTV News. November 6, 2020. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
  234. ^ "Top doctor apologizes for Nunavut's only COVID-19 case turning out to be false positive". CBC News. May 4, 2020. Archived from the original on May 5, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  235. ^ Neary, Derek (July 10, 2020). "Presumed case of Covid at Mary River mine turns out negative". Nunavut News. Archived from the original on July 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
  236. ^ Punter, Cody (October 8, 2020). "Hope Bay Mine Covid-19 outbreak considered contained by GN". Nunavut News. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
  237. ^ "Nunavut says coronavirus outbreak at Hope Bay gold mine contained". Canadian Press. October 8, 2020. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
  238. ^ "Nunavut mine employee tests positive for COVID-19". CBC News. October 1, 2020. Archived from the original on November 17, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  239. ^ Murphy, Jessica (October 19, 2020). "Coronavirus: The place in North America with no cases". BBC. Archived from the original on October 19, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
  240. ^ "COVID-19 GN Update - November 6, 2020". Government of Nunavut. November 6, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
  241. ^ "COVID-19 GN Update - November 16, 2020". Government of Nunavut. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
  242. ^ "COVID-19 daily epidemiology update". Public Health Agency of Canada. April 19, 2020.
  243. ^ Jump up to: a b "COVID-19". princeedwardisland.ca. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  244. ^ Juric, Sam (March 14, 2020). "First confirmed case of COVID-19 on P.E.I. announced". CBC News. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
  245. ^ April, Alan (March 25, 2020). "P.E.I. identifies two new cases of COVID-19; five total". CTV News Atlantic. CTV News. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  246. ^ "Health officials say there are no active COVID-19 cases on Prince Edward Island". The Canadian Press. July 28, 2020. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved August 21, 2020 – via CTV News Atlantic.
  247. ^ "Coronavirus : un premier cas est officiellement confirmé au Québec" (in French). CBC/Radio-Canada. Archived from the original on March 8, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
  248. ^ "Un premier cas de COVID-19 au Québec". La Presse (in French). February 27, 2020. Archived from the original on February 28, 2020. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
  249. ^ Schwartz, Susan (March 5, 2020). "Montreal woman with COVID-19 is back at home after medical evaluation". The Gazette. Montreal. Archived from the original on March 5, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
  250. ^ "Quebec declares 10-day public health emergency, bans hospital visits, calls on seniors to stay home". CBC News. March 14, 2020.
  251. ^ "Measures adopted by Orders in Council and Ministerial Orders in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic". Gouvernement du Québec.
  252. ^ "Données COVID-19 au Québec". INSPQ.
  253. ^ Rowe, Daniel J. (May 3, 2020). "These are the businesses that can reopen in Quebec". CTV News.
  254. ^ Boshra, Bosem (June 21, 2020). "Monday marks another new phase of Quebec's deconfinement. Here's what can reopen and resume". CTV News.
  255. ^ Luft, Amy (June 8, 2020). "Quebec to reopen restaurants in some regions as of June 15, everywhere by June 22". CTV News.
  256. ^ Lampert, Allison; Arale, Mahad (September 20, 2020). "Quebec imposes new curbs, Ontario warns of 'more complex' second wave as COVID-19 cases spike". Reuters.
  257. ^ "Red alert: Private gatherings banned as bars, eat-in dining close in three Quebec regions". CTV News Montreal. September 27, 2020. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  258. ^ "Ligne du temps COVID-19 au Québec". INSPQ. Gouvernement du Québec.
  259. ^ "Sask. dentists asked to consider limiting work to emergencies only". CBC News. March 17, 2020. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  260. ^ "COVID-19: Sask. declares state of emergency, additional measures, after announcing 8 new cases". CTV News Regina. March 18, 2020. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  261. ^ "New restrictions announced as Sask. COVID-19 cases rise to 6". 980 CJME. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  262. ^ Quenneville, Guy; Hunter, Adam (March 30, 2020). "COVID-19 in Sask: Province marks 'sad milestone' of first 2 deaths". CBC News. Archived from the original on April 7, 2020. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  263. ^ "4 new COVID-19 cases in Sask., province encourages downloading SaskAlert app". CTV News Regina. April 6, 2020. Archived from the original on April 10, 2020. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
  264. ^ "Saskatchewan reaches 260 COVID-19 cases, 7 new recoveries". CTV News Regina. April 7, 2020. Archived from the original on April 10, 2020. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
  265. ^ "Sask. now has more COVID-19 recoveries than active cases". CTV News Regina. April 11, 2020. Archived from the original on April 15, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2020.
  266. ^ "2 new coronavirus cases, 14 more recoveries reported in Saskatchewan". Global News. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  267. ^ "1 new COVID-19 case in Sask., 9 new recoveries". CTV News Regina. April 14, 2020. Archived from the original on April 15, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  268. ^ "Saskatchewan to 'cautiously' reopen from the coronavirus pandemic in 5 phases". Global News. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
  269. ^ "Why Saskatchewan's northwest became a COVID-19 hot spot". The Star Phoenix. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
  270. ^ Smith, Marc (August 28, 2020). "Sask. has lowest active COVID-19 cases per capita in western Canada". CTV News Regina. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
  271. ^ Lozinski, Peter (October 9, 2020). "Mayor, northern chief calling for charges against organizers of 'superspreader' event". Prince Albert Daily Herald. Retrieved November 3, 2020.
  272. ^ "Coronavirus outbreaks at Saskatoon nightclubs force government to restrict alcohol consumption". Global News. Retrieved October 28, 2020.
  273. ^ "Province unveils new restrictions for sports, restaurants, gaming venues, more". 980 CJME. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
  274. ^ "'Different kind of Christmas': Private gatherings further restricted in new Sask. COVID-19 measures". CTV News Regina. December 14, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
  275. ^ "240 new COVID-19 cases in Sask.; active cases surpass 2,000". CTV News Regina. November 17, 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
  276. ^ "Sask. reports 10 COVID-19 deaths, 208 new cases over past 2 days". CTV News Regina. December 29, 2020. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
  277. ^ "Sask. reports 10 more COVID-19 deaths, bringing total to 151". thestarphoenix. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
  278. ^ "COVID-19 in Sask: A look back on the deadliest month of the pandemic". CTV News Regina. February 1, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
  279. ^ "70-80% of recently screened COVID-19 cases in Regina likely Variants of Concern: SHA". CTV News Regina. March 12, 2021. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
  280. ^ "Sask. reports 3 more confirmed cases of B.1.1.7 variant, 97 new COVID-19 cases". CTV News Regina. March 8, 2021. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
  281. ^ "Regina restaurants to close Sunday, private gatherings banned under new public health orders". CBC News. March 23, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
  282. ^ "Remote learning extended to April 23 for Regina Catholic Schools". CTV News Regina. March 31, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
  283. ^ "Regina schools, Prairie Valley School Division extend online learning through April 23". CTV News Regina. April 1, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
  284. ^ Kraft, Sabrina. "Holy Family, Cornerstone schools move to Level 4 until April 23". Weyburn Review. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
  285. ^ "COVID-19: Saskatchewan reports 3rd lowest daily infections of 2021". Global News. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
  286. ^ "Public health orders – including mandatory masking – could lift as early at July 11 in Sask". CTV News Regina. June 1, 2021. Retrieved June 1, 2021.
  287. ^ "Sask. lifts all COVID-19 restrictions. Here's what you need to know". CTV News Regina. July 11, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
  288. ^ "'We're just at wit's end': Buffalo River chief calls on Moe to stop outbreak". leaderpost. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
  289. ^ "Saskatchewan's July COVID-19 cases 'overwhelmingly' unvaccinated people". thestarphoenix. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  290. ^ "Active COVID-19 cases in Sask. nearly double in last 10 days". CTV News Regina. July 30, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  291. ^ "Active COVID-19 cases, deaths from illness rising a month after Sask. lifts restrictions". CBC News. August 12, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  292. ^ "Saskatoon has entered 4th wave of COVID-19 pandemic: MHO". Global News. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  293. ^ "Saskatchewan hits highest COVID-19 hospitalizations since mid-June | Globalnews.ca". Global News. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  294. ^ "Sask. sets record for new daily COVID-19 cases; hospitalizations surpass 200". Regina. September 13, 2021. Retrieved September 13, 2021.
  295. ^ "Sask. reinstates mandatory self-isolation, health care service reductions as COVID-19 cases rise". CTV News Regina. September 10, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  296. ^ "Sask. reports highest count of new COVID-19 cases this year". CTV News Regina. September 10, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021.
  297. ^ "Sask. to offer vaccine passport, booster shots for eligible populations". CTV News Regina. August 30, 2021. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
  298. ^ "Sask. doctors ask gov't for vaccine passports and other 4th wave measures, Moe nixes 'heavy-handed' approach". CBC News. August 30, 2021. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
  299. ^ "'The time for patience is now over': Sask. premier announces masking order, vaccination rules". CTV News Saskatoon. September 16, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2021.
  300. ^ "Case counts: COVID-19". yukon.ca. Government of Yukon. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  301. ^ "Yukon has 2 confirmed cases of COVID-19, the 1st in the territory". CBC News. March 22, 2020. Archived from the original on March 23, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
  302. ^ "It's official — Yukon College is now Yukon University". CBC. May 19, 2020. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
  303. ^ "Laboratory testing strategy recommendations for COVID-19, Interim Guidance 21 March 2020" (PDF). World Health Organization. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 3, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  304. ^ Jump up to: a b "Trudeau bets on COVID-19 blood tests for now as Canada ramps up long effort for a vaccine". Toronto Star. April 23, 2020. Archived from the original on April 30, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  305. ^ "COVID-19 update: Canada closing on 50,000 known cases. Nursing homes account for 79% of deaths | National Post". April 28, 2020. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  306. ^ Berry, Isha; Soucy, Jean-Paul R.; Tuite, Ashleigh; Fisman, David (April 14, 2020). "Open access epidemiologic data and an interactive dashboard to monitor the COVID-19 outbreak in Canada". CMAJ. 192 (15): E420. doi:10.1503/cmaj.75262. ISSN 0820-3946. PMC 7162433. PMID 32392510.
  307. ^ Jump up to: a b "Diagnostic devices for use against coronavirus (COVID-19): List of applications received". aem. April 30, 2020. Archived from the original on May 1, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  308. ^ "Health Canada expedites access to COVID-19 diagnostic laboratory test kits and other medical devices". gcnws. March 18, 2020. Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  309. ^ Jump up to: a b "COVID-19: List of authorized diagnostic devices for use against coronavirus". aem. April 30, 2020. Archived from the original on May 1, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  310. ^ "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Outbreak update". aem. May 1, 2020. Archived from the original on January 25, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  311. ^ "Man who flew to Toronto from China is Canada's first coronavirus case". CP24. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
  312. ^ "One confirmed, one presumptive case of coronavirus in Ontario; numbers will likely grow, health leaders warn". The Globe and Mail. January 27, 2020. Archived from the original on July 3, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2020.
  313. ^ Fox, Chris (January 31, 2020). "Woman who initially tested negative now has Ontario's third confirmed case of novel coronavirus". CP24. Archived from the original on March 31, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  314. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Fredericton company gets federal contract to supply COVID-19 test chemicals for country". CBC News. April 15, 2020. Archived from the original on September 24, 2020.
  315. ^ Jump up to: a b Blanchfield, Mike (April 23, 2020). "Key COVID-19 testing chemical reaches Canada from China". National Observer. Archived from the original on April 27, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  316. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Health officials expect more coronavirus cases, but say risk of outbreak in Canada remains low". CBC News. January 26, 2020. Archived from the original on February 5, 2020. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
  317. ^ "cobas® 8800 System". diagnostics.roche.com. Archived from the original on May 2, 2020. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
  318. ^ Jump up to: a b "Canadian company says its coronavirus test could enhance screening". Global News. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  319. ^ von Stackleberg, Marina (April 15, 2020). "False negative COVID-19 tests caused by testing too early, faulty swab technique: microbiologist". CBC News. Archived from the original on May 3, 2020.
  320. ^ Jump up to: a b "Ontario orders close to one million Spartan Bioscience portable COVID-19 test kits". Toronto Star. April 13, 2020. Archived from the original on April 27, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  321. ^ "News - Spartan Bioscience Inc". spartanbio.com. Archived from the original on May 6, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  322. ^ "Rapid test for COVID-19 recalled after Health Canada expresses concerns". Archived from the original on May 3, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  323. ^ Jump up to: a b "Partnerships with Canadian industry to fight the COVID-19 pandemic". Government of Canada. March 31, 2020. Archived from the original on April 26, 2020.
  324. ^ "Guelph company shifts focus and creates a 60-minute COVID-19 test". GuelphToday.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  325. ^ Banger, Chase (October 5, 2020). "Health Canada approves rapid COVID-19 test based on Guelph research". Kitchener. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  326. ^ "Rapid testing becoming the new focus in the fight against COVID-19". Coronavirus. September 28, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  327. ^ Jump up to: a b "COVID-19 community spread in Ontario has likely reached its peak, new modelling shows". April 20, 2020. Archived from the original on May 1, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  328. ^ Jump up to: a b "Health Canada approves serological test to detect COVID-19 antibodies". Archived from the original on May 13, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  329. ^ Boseley, Sarah (April 20, 2020). "WHO warns that few have developed antibodies to Covid-19". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on May 1, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  330. ^ "Prime Minister announces new support for COVID-19 medical research and vaccine development". Archived from the original on May 1, 2020.
  331. ^ "COVID-19 roundup: Made-in-Canada solutions". The Logic. April 7, 2020. Archived from the original on April 30, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  332. ^ Laroche, Jean (April 17, 2020). "N.S. research company develops antibody test for COVID-19". Archived from the original on September 24, 2020.
  333. ^ "Guelph, Ont., company to develop blood test for COVID-19 immunity". Global News. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  334. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Health Canada approves first rapid antigen COVID-19 test, feds plan to buy 20 million". CBC News. October 6, 2020. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  335. ^ "Coronavirus – Sona Nanotech". Archived from the original on April 24, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  336. ^ "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Epidemiology update". Public Health Agency of Canada. April 7, 2021. Retrieved April 8, 2021.

External links

Retrieved from ""