Capparis

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Capparis
Starr 050223-4262 Capparis sandwichiana.jpg
Maiapilo (Capparis sandwichiana)
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Brassicales
Family: Capparaceae
Genus: Capparis
L.[1]
Species

Many, see text

Synonyms

Atamisquea Miers ex Hook. & Arn.
Beautempsia Gaudich.
Breynia L.
Linnaeobreynia Hutch.
Pseudocroton Müll.Arg.
Sodada Forssk.[1]

C.spinosa var nummularia fruit

Capparis is a flowering plant genus, comprising around 250 species[2] in the family Capparaceae which is included in the Brassicaceae in the unrevised APG II system. These plants are shrubs or lianas and are collectively known as caper shrubs or caperbushes. Capparis species occur over a wide range of habitat in the subtropical and tropical zones.

Plant description[]

The leaves are simple,entire and rarely reduced. Flowers are bisexual, bracteates, axillary or supra-axillary, solitary or in rows, in racemes or umbels. Sepals and petals are 4 in number and are free. Stamens are many, ovary on a gynophore, 1-celled. Fruit is a berry, globose or ellipsoid.[3]

C.zeylanica L.[]

C. zeylanica L. is a climbing or straggling shrub with tomentose branches. Branches are armed with recurved stipular spines. It grows naturally along the hedges. Leaves are ovate-elliptic. Flowers are 35– 50 mm across, white, fading to pink or purple, in supra-axillary rows of 2-6 flowers, often developing before leaves.[4]

Uses and ecology[]

The well-known caper is a pickled flower bud of Capparis spinosa.

Caperbushes are mainly used by humans for their fruit, which are rich in micronutrients. C. spinosa, simply known as caper, yields fruit and more importantly flower buds, which are widely used pickled as a vegetable condiment. The fruit of other species, such as karir (C. decidua), are also used for cooking; C. mitchellii and the Wild passionfruit (the local subspecies of C. spinosa) are well-known bush tucker in Australia. Mabinlang seeds (C. masaikai) are eaten as sweets.

Mabinlang is also used in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Aspalathos, the root of a shrub contained for example in the sacred Ancient Egyptian incense kp.t (kyphi), is sometimes considered to be C. spinosa. Other species have also recorded uses in herbalism and folk medicine; dedicated research is largely lacking however. Mabinlins are sweet-tasting proteins found in Mabinlang seed (and possibly in other Capparis species); at least one of them is highly resistant to heat. The market for mabinlins is not large, but this is mainly due to insufficient supply rather than to lack of demand.

The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia records that Capparis canescens was also referred to as "Mondoleu" by the indigenous people from Rockhampton area of Queensland and that "The fruit is pyriform and half an inch in diameter. It is eaten by the aborigines without any preparation." (Thozet.) Mr. P. O'Shanesy observes that the pulpy part in which these Australian species of Capparis are imbedded is a good substitute for mustard."[5]

Caperbushes from arid regions - chiefly C. decidua - are highly useful in landscape gardening, afforestation and reforestation. They can stop soil erosion and preserve agricultural land. Any large-flowered species can be used to attract butterflies. The Crimson Rose (Atrophaneura hector), a spectacular swallowtail butterfly of South Asia, likes to visit flowers of C. spinosa in the winter months for example.

Many birds eat ripe Capparis spinosa fruit and seeds.

The fruit and seeds of caperbushes are relished by many birds and other animals such as spiny-tailed lizards. Capparis plants are highly important as food for certain Lepidoptera caterpillars, many of them being Pierinae:

The plant pathogenic ascomycete fungus Mycosphaerella capparis was described from a caperbush. Some species of Capparis are becoming rare, mainly due to habitat destruction, and a few are seriously threatened with extinction.

Species[]

Drawing of Capparis micracantha, showing its parts. Francisco Manuel Blanco, Flora de Filipinas, etc (1880-1883)
Drawing of Capparis "sepiaria", showing its parts. Francisco Manuel Blanco, Flora de Filipinas, etc. (1880-1883)

Plants of the World Online currently includes:[10]

  1. Capparis acutifolia Sweet
  2. (Baker f.) M.Jacobs
  3. (F.Muell.) Christenh. & Byng
  4. Capparis arborea (F.Muell.) Maiden – Brush caper
  5. Montrouz.
  6. Hook.f. & Thomson
  7. Sy, R.K.Choudhary & Joongku Lee
  8. Guymer
  9. Gagnep.
  10. H.Lév.
  11. Hallier f.
  12. DC.
  13. DC.
  14. Collett & Hemsl.
  15. M.Jacobs
  16. Blume
  17. Banks ex DC.
  18. Lour.
  19. Decne.
  20. M.Jacobs
  21. B.S.Sun
  22. Bojer
  23. M.Jacobs
  24. Dunn
  25. Lam.
  26. King
  27. Sy, G.C.Tucker, Cornejo & Joongku Lee
  28. Merr. & F.P.Metcalf
  29. Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew. (= C. aphylla) – karir (kirir, k(h)air, karril, etc.)
  30. Ridl.
  31. Gilg
  32. Lam.
  33. Wight & Arn.
  34. Sy, B.H.Quang & D.V.Hai
  35. Pierre ex Gagnep.
  36. Hallier f.
  37. Isert
  38. Capparis fascicularis DC.
  39. B.S.Sun
  40. Kurz
  41. Wight
  42. Fici & Souvann.
  43. B.S.Sun
  44. Hemsl.
  45. Dunn
  46. Sy
  47. Baill.
  48. Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson
  49. L.f.
  50. Oliv.
  51. Matsum.
  52. Schinz
  53. DC.
  54. Souvann. & Fici
  55. (F.Muell.) F.Muell.
  56. Gilg & Gilg-Ben.
  57. Hewson
  58. Sy & D.V.Hai
  59. Fici
  60. Gagnep.
  61. Ridl.
  62. M.Jacobs
  63. M.B.Viswan.
  64. DC.
  65. Fici, Bouaman. & Souvann.
  66. Gagnep.
  67. Capparis lasiantha R.Br. ex DC.
  68. Turcz.
  69. Heine
  70. S.L.Mo & X.S.Lee ex Y.S.Huang
  71. Lindl.
  72. (Banks ex DC.) Benth.
  73. (A.G.Mill.) Christenh. & Byng
  74. Souvann., Fici & Lanors.
  75. Capparis masaikai H.Lév.
  76. Gagnep.
  77. Kurz
  78. Capparis micracantha DC.
  79. Capparis micrantha A.Rich.
  80. Capparis mitchellii (Lindl. ex F.Muell.) Lindl. – wild orange (Australia), merne atwakeye (Arrernte)
  81. M.Jacobs
  82. Capparis moonii Wight
  83. Hook.f. & Thomson
  84. Craib
  85. Subba Rao, Kumari & V.Chandras.
  86. (Endl.) F.Muell. ex Benth. - devil's guts (Norfolk Island)
  87. Capparis nummularia DC.
  88. Hook.f. & Thomson
  89. F.Muell. ex Benth.
  90. Capparis pachyphylla M.Jacobs
  91. Fici
  92. Pax
  93. (Pierre ex Gagnep.) M.Jacobs
  94. Hauman
  95. DC.
  96. B.S.Sun
  97. Capparis pyrifolia Lam.
  98. DC.
  99. Capparis radula Gagnep.
  100. Danin
  101. DC.
  102. Baill.
  103. M.Jacobs
  104. Rottler
  105. DC.
  106. M.Jacobs
  107. Hook.f. & Thomson
  108. Capparis sandwichiana DC. – Hawaiian caper,[11] Maiapilo, Pua pilo (Hawaiʻi endemic)[12]
  109. A.Cunn. ex Benth.
  110. King
  111. Capparis sepiaria L.; a cryptic species complex
  112. F.Muell.
  113. Sundararagh.
  114. Kurz
  115. Kurz
  116. Capparis spinosa L. – Caper
    (note: C. zoharyi Inocencio, D.Rivera, Obón & Alcaraz is a synonym of C. spinosa var. aegyptia (Lam.) Boiss.)
  117. Sundararagh.
  118. B.S.Sun
  119. M.L.Zhang & G.C.Tucker
  120. Fici
  121. Fici
  122. Dalzell
  123. Gagnep.
  124. (F.Muell.) F.Muell.
  125. Capparis tomentosa Lam.
  126. Capparis tonkinensis Gagnep.
  127. B.S.Sun
  128. Hook.f. & Thomson
  129. Srisanga & Chayam.
  130. Lindl. - northern wild orange
  131. F.Chun
  132. P.I.Forst.
  133. Griff.
  134. Gagnep.
  135. Oliv.
  136. B.S.Sun
  137. Craib & W.W.Sm.
  138. Capparis zeylanica L. (= C. linearis Blanco) – kapchip (Wayuunaiki)[13][14]
  139. Miq.

Formerly placed here[]

  • Adansonia gregorii F.Muell. (as C. gibbosa A.Cunn.)
  • (Griseb.) Cornejo & H.H.Iltis (as C. speciosa Griseb.)
  • Boscia albitrunca (Burch.) Gilg & Benedict (as C. albitrunca Burch.)
  • (as Capparis oleoides)
  • (Jacq.) Miers (as C. pulcherrima Jacq.)
  • (Kunth) Seem. (as C. scabrida Kunth)

See also[]

  • Caparica (Almada)

Footnotes[]

  1. ^ a b "Genus: Capparis L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2006-03-31. Archived from the original on 2009-05-07. Retrieved 2010-11-22.
  2. ^ Tejaswini Petkar; et al. "Antimicrobial Activity of Capparis zeylanica L. and Capparis sepiaria L." Medical and Health Sciences Research Journal: 66–69.
  3. ^ Tejaswini Petkar; et al. "Antimicrobial Activity of Capparis zeylanica L. and Capparis sepiaria L." Medical and Health Sciences Research Journal. 1 (1): 66–69.
  4. ^ Tejaswini Petkar; et al. (2017). "Antimicrobial Activity of Capparis zeylanica L. and Capparis sepiaria L." (PDF). Medical and Health Sciences Research Journal.
  5. ^ J. H. Maiden (1889). The useful native plants of Australia : Including Tasmania. Turner and Henderson, Sydney.
  6. ^ Hébert et al. (2004), Brower et al. (2006)
  7. ^ a b c Kunte, Krushnamegh (2000). India, a Lifescape: Butterflies of Peninsular India. Universities Press. p. 223. ISBN 9788173713545.
  8. ^ Choudhary, Vijay (July 2018). "Description of White orange tip butterfly – Ixias marianne". Nature Conservation. Archived from the original on 2018-07-25.
  9. ^ a b "HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants". Natural History Museum.
  10. ^ "Capparis Tourn. ex L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online.
  11. ^ "Capparis sandwichiana". Plant Collections. United States Botanic Garden. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
  12. ^ "Capparis sandwichiana". Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. Retrieved 2009-03-07.
  13. ^ "Capparis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2010-11-22.
  14. ^ a b "GRIN Species Records of Capparis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2009-01-20. Retrieved 2010-11-22.

References[]

  • Brower, Andrew V.Z. (2006): Problems with DNA barcodes for species delimitation: ‘ten species’ of Astraptes fulgerator reassessed (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Systematics and Biodiversity 4(2): 127–132. doi:10.1017/S147720000500191X PDF fulltext
  • Hébert, Paul D.N.; Penton, Erin H.; Burns, John M.; Janzen, Daniel H. & Hallwachs, Winnie (2004): Ten species in one: DNA barcoding reveals cryptic species in the semitropical skipper butterfly Astraptes fulgerator. PNAS 101(41): 14812–14817. doi:10.1073/pnas.0406166101 PDF fulltext Supporting Appendices
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