Cardamine

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Cardamine
Cardamine oligosperma 6649.JPG
Cardamine oligosperma
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Cardamine
L.
Synonyms[1]
  • Dentaria Tourn. ex L.
  • Dracamine Nieuwl.
  • Ghinia Bubani
  • Heterocarpus Phil.
  • Iti Garn.-Jones & P.N.Johnson
  • Loxostemon Hook.f. & Thomson
  • Sphaerotorrhiza (O.E.Schulz) A.P.Khokhr.

Cardamine is a large genus of flowering plants in the mustard family, Brassicaceae, known as bittercresses and toothworts. It contains more than 200 species of annuals and perennials.[1] Species in this genus can be found worldwide, except the Antarctic,[1] in diverse habitats. The name Cardamine is derived from the Greek kardaminē, water cress, from kardamon, pepper grass.[2]

Description[]

The leaves can have different forms, from minute to medium in size. They can be simple, pinnate or bipinnate. They are basal and cauline (growing on the upper part of the stem), with narrow tips. They are rosulate (forming a rosette). The blade margins can be entire, serrate or dentate. The stem internodes lack firmness.

The nearly radially symmetrical flowers grow in a racemose many-flowered inflorescence or in corymbs. The white, pink or purple flowers are minute to medium-sized. The petals are longer than the sepals. The fertile flowers are hermaphroditic.

Taxonomy[]

The genus Cardamine was first formally named in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum.[3] As of January 2019, there are 230 accepted species in Kew's Plants of the World Online database.[1] An additional 31 new species found in New Zealand were described in 2017 but are not listed in the Plants of the World Online as of January 2019.[4][1]

The genus name Dentaria is a commonly used synonym for some species of Cardamine.

Species[]

Main article: List of Cardamine species

Select species include:[1]

  • Cardamine amara L. – large bittercress
  • Hook. – seaside bittercress, angled bittercress
  • Cardamine angustata O.E.Schulz – slender toothwort
  • L. – alpine bittercress, alpine cress
  • Kirk
  • Cardamine breweri S.Watson – Brewer's bittercress
  • Cardamine bulbifera (L.) Crantz – coralroot
  • Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb. ex Muhl.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. – bulbous bittercress, spring cress
  • Guthnick ex Seub. – Azorean bittercress
  • Cardamine californica (Nutt.) Greene – milkmaids
  • Shuttlew. ex S.Watson – small mountain bittercress
  • Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) O.Schwarz – cutleaf toothwort, cut-leaved toothwort
  • Detling – Constance's bittercress
  • A.Gray – heartleaf bittercress, large Mountain bittercress
  • Cardamine corymbosa Hook.f. – New Zealand bittercress
  • DC. – roadside bittercress
  • Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Alph.Wood – crinkleroot, twin-leaved toothwort
  • (Leavenw.) Al-Shehbaz – forkleaf toothwort
  • Cardamine douglassii Britton – limestone bittercress
  • (L.) Crantz – drooping bittercress
  • Al-Shehbaz
  • Cardamine flagellifera O.E.Schulz – Blue Ridge bittercress
  • Cardamine flexuosa With. – woodland bittercress, wavy bittercress
  • (G.Forst.) DC.
  • Cardamine gouldii Al-Shehbaz
  • Hewson
  • Cardamine heptaphylla (Vill.) O.E.Schulz – pinnate coralroot
  • Cardamine hirsuta L. – hairy bittercress
  • Cardamine impatiens L. – narrowleaf bittercress
  • Hook.
  • (Tausch) O.E.Schulz – Korean bittercress[5]
  • Fernald – Long's bittercress
  • Cardamine lyrata Bunge
  • Brandegee – largeseed bittercress
  • (Nutt.) Alph.Wood – large toothwort
  • Cardamine micranthera Rollins – small-anthered bittercress, streambank bittercress
  • Adams – small-leaf bittercress
  • Cardamine nuttallii Greene – Nuttall's toothwort
  • Gand. – lady's smock
  • Cardamine occidentalis (S.Watson ex B.L.Rob.) Howell – big western bittercress
  • Cardamine oligosperma Nutt. – Idaho bittercress, little western bittercress
  • Cardamine pachystigma (S.Watson) Rollins – serpentine bittercress
  • Cardamine parviflora L. – sand bittercress, small-flowered bittercress
  • L.F.Hend. – Saddle Mountain bittercress
  • O.E.Schulz – Willamette Valley bittercress
  • Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd. – Pennsylvania bittercress, Quaker bittercress
  • Cardamine pentaphyllos (L.) Crantz
  • Cardamine pratensis L. – cuckoo flower, lady's smock, meadow cress
  • (O.E.Schulz) Al-Shehbaz & al.
  • Cham. & Schltdl. – purple bittercress
  • Pourr. – greater cuckooflower
  • Michx. – American bittercress, mountain watercress
  • (O.E.Schulz) C.L.Hitchc. – cliff bittercress
  • L. – trefoil cress
  • M.Bieb.

Ecology[]

Cardamine pratensis from Thomé: Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 1885

This plant is also used as one of the main food sources for the butterfly Pieris oleracea.[6][page needed]

Uses[]

The roots of most species are edible raw.[7]

Some species were reputed to have medicinal qualities (treatment of heart or stomach ailments).

References[]

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Cardamine L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  2. ^ "Definition of CARDAMINE". Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  3. ^ "Cardamine L." ipni.org. International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  4. ^ Heenan, Peter B. (5 December 2017). "A taxonomic revision of Cardamine L. (Brassicaceae) in New Zealand". Phytotaxa. 330 (1): 1. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.330.1.1.
  5. ^ English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 387. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.
  6. ^ Davis, Samantha L. (17 May 2015). Evaluating Threats to the Rare Butterfly, Pieris Virginiensis (PDF) (PhD thesis). Wright State University. pp. 24, 27, 43. S2CID 89373310. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
  7. ^ Angier, Bradford (1974). Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 226. ISBN 0-8117-0616-8. OCLC 799792.

Bibliography[]

External links[]

  • Media related to Cardamine at Wikimedia Commons
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