Carola Garcia de Vinuesa

Carola Garcia de Vinuesa (born 1968 or 1969)^[1] FAA FAHMS is a Spanish-Australian doctor, scientist, and professor. She is Royal Society Wolfson Fellow and Senior Group Leader at the Francis Crick Institute in London. She is a winner of the Australian Science Minister's Prize for Life Scientist of the Year and the Gottschalk Medal.

Education and career[]

Vinuesa obtained a Bachelor of Medicine at the Autonomous University of Madrid.^[2]

While she was a student, she worked in a leprosy clinic in Kolkata on the shores of the Ganges, and helped train health workers in Ghana in rural areas. She said that Ghanan children were overwhelmingly admitted for unpreventable meningitis, leading her to believe that her time would be better spent learning the cause of the deadly disease, to develop preventative measures. Of her decision to leave Africa she said the country needed "better research, not more doctors". She moved to the United Kingdom (UK) to do clinical training and doctoral research investigating the biological mechanisms of meningitis.^[2][1]

She was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Immunology by the University of Birmingham in 2000.^[2]

She received a Wellcome Trust International Travelling Fellowship in 2001 to undertake postdoctoral research at The John Curtin School for Medical Research at the Australian National University.^[2]

In 2005, she discovered a genetic variant in mice that led to an auto-immune disease.^[1][3]

In 2014, Vinuesa was awarded a grant,^[1] and that April,^[4] opened The Centre for Personalised Immunology at ANU. She was one of the first people in Australia to use genomic sequencing to link diseases to genetic variation.^[1]

In 2015, she was elected as a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science.^[5]

In October 2020, she became a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences.^[6]

In September 2021, the Lupus Research Alliance granted one of two of its $3 Million Global Team Science Awards to Vinuesa's team, led by Dr. Virginia Pascual, to examine why lupus differs from patient to patient.^[7]

In 2022, Vinuesa relocated to the UK to take a new position at Francis Crick Institute.^[1][8]

CALM2 Variant and the Kathleen Folbigg Case (2018-present)[]

In August 2018, Vinuesa received a phone call from a former student who was concerned that Kathleen Folbigg may have been wrongfully convicted of infanticide. The student told her that the medical evidence presented at trial didn't "sit right" with several medical and legal experts, and thought Vinuesa's expertise in immunogenetics may help uncover an underlying disease that caused the Folbiggs' deaths. Vinuesa noted obvious signs of common causes for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), including floppy larynx and inflammation of the heart, that should have given reasonable doubt in the face of a lack of evidence of violence. Vinuesa agreed to consult on the case in an email to Folbigg's attorneys writing, "As a mother, I cannot think of a more worthy cause," and that she found it hard to believe someone could be imprisoned over it.^[1]

In November 2018, Vinuesa and a colleague, geneticist Dr. Todor Arsov, sequenced Folbigg's DNA and analyzed it for genetic mutations that could be linked to diseases that could cause SIDS.^[1][9] They discovered a mutation on a gene named CALM2, in a genetic family named Calmodulin (CALM), which other variants in the same family had previously been associated with fatal cardiovascular diseases, long QT syndrome, and SIDS. A genetic simulation on CALM2 showed it was likely just as dangerous as the other variants.^[1]

Hearings and testimony[]

The evidence presented in the reassessment of the New South Wales case was discounted as "speculation" by a team of scientists from Sydney commissioned by the Attorney General of Australia (AG). Dr. Michael Buckley, the Director of the Randwick Genomics Laboratory at the Prince of Wales Hospital,^[10] argued that they should use the criteria set by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics for determining likelihood of pathogenicity, which requires 90% certainty to determine if disease is a likely cause. Vinuesa rejected this as she believed it was their role to determine whether or not there was reasonable doubt that Folbigg was guilty, not whether or not Folbigg, or her late infants, should undergo a certain treatment. One of the researchers from the AG team, Dr. Matthew Cook, agreed with Vinuesa, splitting the experts into two groups to write two reports.^[1]

During the reinvestigation, Vinuesa felt Buckley's team undermined her expertise, compounded by Gail Furness, the lead counsel's, probe into Vinuesa's credentials. She said that she felt she was disqualified from the onset of the hearings, and additional expert testimony seemed aimed at upholding Folbigg's guilt, and Vinuesa's ineptitude, rather than seeking the truth. Dr. Jonathan Skinner, who had gone over her medical files, testified that Folbigg had shown no signs of cardiac disease, and that it was not credible that Folbigg's children could have died from it. Arsov countered that Folbigg had recounted an incident of near-drowning when she was a teenager and had feinted while swimming in a pool, but a scientist on Buckley's team said her feinting may have been due to dehydration, which Vinuesa referred to as "unprofessional."^[1]

Conclusion and verdict[]

In 2019, following the conclusion of the hearings, Furness determined that nothing presented by Vinuesa's team had "clearly explained" the deaths of the infants. Vinuesa was disturbed by the prosecution's unwillingness to have doubt cast on the previous verdict, and set out to find further expertise from additional scientists. One of the scientists, Dr. Peter Schwartz of  [it], had just co-published a paper, Calmodulin mutations and life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias: insights from the International Calmodulinopathy Registry,^[11] which contained information about a family with a nearly identical CALM variant in which two children suffered a sudden cardiac arrest while the mother, who had been the carrier of the gene's mutation, was seemingly healthy. He concluded he had "significant doubts" about Folbigg's conviction, and that the accusation of infanticide may have been premature.^[1]

Despite the CALM2 variant now qualifying as "likely pathogenic," Buckley's team and the prosecution seemed unwilling to accept new evidence, which Vinuesa said went against the scientific method. She dug into Schwartz's paper and found that up to 20% of sudden cardiac deaths occur in sleep, and that there were nine reported cases of these types of deaths in infants and toddlers and wrote up a brief for the inquiry.^[1][11][12]

In July 2019, the presiding judicial officer, Reginald Blanch, delivered his verdict that Folbigg would remain in prison, citing that he "preferred" the expertise and evidence of Buckley and Skinner, and excerpts from a diary which showed evidence of postpartum depression, which Vinuesa felt showed a woman "grappling with the occasional despair of motherhood." Vinuesa reflected on society's pressure on mothers in her own experience when a pediatrician for one of her daughters told her that colic was caused by "nervous mothers."^[1]

Appeal[]

Vinuesa believed that the verdict was "deeply unjust," and continued her research into CALM2. With the aid of a Danish biochemist, she ran tests on the mutation in a synthetic cell, resulting in unambiguous results that the CALM2 variant in Folbigg's DNA was not only lethal, but mirrored the results in Schwartz's findings of other CALM variants.^[1][13] In 2020, Vinuesa, Arsov, Schwartz, and 24 other scientists co-authored a paper called, Infanticide vs. inherited cardiac arrhythmias, which was published that November by EP Europace.^[14] Folbigg's legal team used the paper as evidence in an appeal to the Supreme Court of New South Wales, but the judges upheld Blanch's decision.^[1]

Advocacy[]

In March 2021, Vinuesa, alongside more than 100 other scientists, signed a petition to grant Folbigg royal prerogative of mercy based on Vinuesa's research. The petition, which Vinuesa, who has since visited Folbigg in prison, agrees with, states that to keep Folbigg enprisoned sets a dangerous precedent that "cogent medical and scientific evidence can simply be ignored in preference to subjective interpretations and circumstantial evidence."^[1]

Also in March 2021, Vinuesa wrote an essay for The Conversation casting doubt on the verdict and sharing evidence her and her team had presented during the appeal. She also criticized the judicial process itself, saying that her experience discouraged her from engaging in cases in the future. She alleged she was intimidated and belittled, and warned that if her experience is common of scientific experts, the law is risking engagement from the scientific community in legal matters. She said that scientists should be chosen who base their reasoning on "peer-reviewed scientific evidence," with specific expertise on the fields in question, and needed to be "treated as equals" to and by their legal peers during the process. She said that she hopes in the coming years that legal settings will welcome and appreciate the scientific method.^[15]

Awards and recognition[]

She was the 2008 winner of the Australian Science Minister's Prize for Life Scientist of the Year^[16] and the 2009 winner of the Australian Academy of Science's Gottschalk Medal for her research uncovering the origins of autoimmune diseases.^[17]

Personal life[]

Vinuesa was born and raised in Spain.^[2] She has two daughters. Vinuesa says her career decisions echoed her father's, who was a community-servant lawyer. He worked in the first democratic government in Spain as a treasury inspector.^[1]

Vinuesa divorced her children's father during the early years of her career, leaving her a single mother. She said she had to use most of her prize money to pay for childcare out of fear her male colleagues would leave her behind if she took any time off. She said she was constantly dealing with feelings of "exasperation and guilt."^[1]

As of January 2022, Vinuesa resided in the UK.^[1]

External links[]

https://www.crick.ac.uk/research/labs/carola-vinuesa

References[]