Central Indo-Aryan languages

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Hindi languages" redirects here. It is not to be confused with the Hindi language.

Central Indo-Aryan
Hindi languages
Geographic
distribution		South Asia
Linguistic classificationIndo-European
  • Indo-Iranian
    • Indo-Aryan
      • Central Indo-Aryan
Subdivisions
  • Western Hindi
  • Eastern Hindi
GlottologNone
west2812  (Western Hindi)
east2726  (Eastern Hindi)
Hindi Indoarisch.png

The Central Indo-Aryan languages or Hindi languages are a group of related language varieties spoken across North India and Central India. These language varieties form the central part of the Indo-Aryan language family, itself a part of the Indo-European language family. They historically form a dialect continuum that descends from the Middle Prakrits. Located in the Hindi Belt, the Central Zone includes the Dehlavi (Delhi) dialect (one of several called 'Khariboli') of the Hindustani language, the lingua franca of Northern India that is the basis of the Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu literary standards. In regards to the Indo-Aryan language family, the coherence of this language group depends on the classification being used; here only Eastern and Western Hindi will be considered.

Languages[]

If there can be considered a consensus within the dialectology of Hindi proper, it is that it can be split into two sets of dialects: Western and Eastern Hindi.[1] Western Hindi evolved from the Apabhraṃśa form of Shauraseni Prakrit, Eastern Hindi from Ardhamagadhi Prakrit.[2]

Western Hindi languages. Clockwise from the top: Hindustani, Kannauji, Bundeli, Braj, Haryanvi.
The Eastern Hindi languages are not shown individually. They are Awadhi in the north, east of Hindustani and Kannauji; Bagheli in the center, to the east of Bundeli, and Chhattisgarhi to the southeast of Bundeli.
  1. Western Hindi[3]
    • Braj (21 m), spoken in western Uttar Pradesh and adjacent districts of Rajasthan and Haryana.
    • Haryanvi (8 m), spoken in Chandigarh, Haryana, and as a minority in Punjab and Delhi.
    • Bundeli (3 m), spoken in south-western Uttar Pradesh and west-central Madhya Pradesh.
    • Kannauji (9.5 m), spoken in west-central Uttar Pradesh.
    • Hindustani (312 m), with its standardised forms Hindi and Urdu, spoken in western Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, and after partition in Pakistan.
  2. Eastern Hindi
    • Awadhi (38 m), spoken in north and north-central Uttar Pradesh as well as the Caribbean, Fiji, Mauritius and South Africa.
      • Caribbean Hindustani (mostly based on Bhojpuri but has major Awadhi influence)
      • Fiji Hindi (mostly based on Awadhi with Bhojpuri influence)
    • Bagheli (8 m), spoken in north-central Madhya Pradesh and south-eastern Uttar Pradesh.
    • Chhattisgarhi (18 m), spoken in southeast Madhya Pradesh and northern and central Chhattisgarh.[4]

This analysis excludes varieties sometimes claimed for Hindi for cultural reasons, such as Bihari, Rajasthani, and Pahari.[4] Bhojpuri is classified under the Bihari languages though it has long been considered a Hindi language.

Romani, Domari, Lomavren, and Seb Seliyer (or at least their ancestors) appear to be Central Zone languages that migrated to the Middle East and Europe ca. 500–1000 CE in three distinct waves. Parya is a Central Zone language of Central Asia.

To Western Hindi Ethnologue adds Sansi, Bagheli, Chamari (a spurious language), Bhaya, Gowari (not a separate language), and Ghera.

Use in culturally non-Hindi regions[]

  • Urdu is the official language of Pakistan. Although only the native language of 7% of the population, it is nearly universal as a second language among the literate.
  • Bombay Hindi ("Bombay Baat"), the dialect of the city of Mumbai (Bombay); it is based on Hindustani but heavily influenced by Marathi. Technically it is a pidgin, i.e. neither is it a native language of any people nor is it used in formal settings by the educated and upper social strata. However, it is often used in the films of Hindi cinema (Bollywood) because Mumbai is the base of the Bollywood film industry.
  • Dakhini, including Hyderabadi Urdu, and Bangalori Urdu, a dialect of Urdu spoken in the present areas of the erstwhile Hyderabad State, and the historical Deccan region. There is a small but distinct difference between Dakhini and standard Hindustani, which is bigger the further south it is spoken.
  • Andaman Creole Hindi is a trade language of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
  • Arunachali Hindi is a trade language of Arunachal Pradesh
  • Haflong Hindi is a trade language of the areas adjacent to Haflong in Assam
  • Fiji Hindi is an Eastern Hindi lingua-franca that developed among Indo-Fijians.
  • Caribbean Hindustani are Eastern Hindi lingua-franca that developed among many Indo-Caribbeans and are very similar to the Bhojpuri and Awadhi dialect of Hindi and to Fiji Hindi.
  • Mauritian Hindi is spoken in Mauritius. It is based on Bhojpuri with influence from Awadhi and other Eastern Hindi dialects and Mauritian Creole.
  • South African Hindi, based on Bhojpuri, Awadhi, and Standard Hindi, is spoken by Indian South Africans.

Comparison[]

The Delhi Hindustani pronunciations [ɛː, ɔː] commonly have diphthongal realizations, ranging from [əɪ] to [ɑɪ] and from [əu] to [ɑu], respectively, in Eastern Hindi varieties and many non-standard Western Hindi varieties.[5] There are also vowel clusters /əiː/ and /əuː/.

References[]

  1. ^ Shapiro (2003), p. 276.
  2. ^ Shapiro (2003), p. 305.
  3. ^ Grierson, George A. (1916). "Western Hindi" (PDF). Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. IX Indo-Aryan family. Central group, Part 1, Specimens of western Hindi and Pañjābī. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. {{cite book}}: External link in |volume= (help)
  4. ^ a b Shapiro (2003), p. 277.
  5. ^ Shapiro (2003), p. 283.

Bibliography[]

  • Shapiro, Michael C. (2003), "Hindi", in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, pp. 276–314, ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5
Retrieved from ""