Children of the plantation
"Children of the plantation" was a euphemism used during the time of slavery in the United States, to identify the offspring born to black female slaves and white men, usually the slave's owner, one of the owner's relatives, or the plantation overseer. Rape of female slaves was common on plantations. These children were born into slavery, through a legal doctrine known as partus sequitur ventrem. They were classified as mulattoes, a former term for a multiracial person. The one drop rule meant that they could never be part of white society. Some of the fathers treated these children well, sometimes providing educational or career opportunities, or manumitting (freeing) them. Examples are Archibald and Francis Grimké, and Thomas Jefferson's children by Sally Hemings. Others treated their multiracial children as property; Alexander Scott Withers, for instance, sold two of his children to slave traders, where they were sold again.
Alex Haley's Queen: The Story of an American Family (1993) is a historical novel, later a movie, that brought knowledge of the "children of the plantation" to public attention. Edward Ball's Slaves in the Family (1998), written by a White descendant of slave owners, describes this complex legacy. Toni Morrison wrote that this sexual usage of slaves was known as droit du seigneur,[1] the "right of the lord", a term originating in the feudalism of medieval Europe.
Genetic research in 1998 estimated that nearly 20% of the African-American's genetic contribution originates from Europe, which is much higher than the European contribution in Jamaicans or Haitians.[2]
See also[]
- History
- Slavery in the colonial history of the United States
- Colonial American bastardy laws
- History of sexual slavery in the United States
- Female slavery in the United States
- Enslaved women's resistance in the United States and Caribbean
- Marriage and procreation
- Marriage of enslaved people (United States)
- Plaçage, interracial common law marriages in French and Spanish America, including New Orleans
- Slave breeding in the United States
- Sexual relations and rape
- Sexual slavery
- Partus sequitur ventrem
- Legitimacy (family law)
- Non-paternity event
- Families
- Essie Mae Washington-Williams, the mixed-race daughter of segregationist politician Strom Thurmond
- Jefferson–Hemings controversy regarding the sexual relationship between Thomas Jefferson and his slave, Sally Hemings, resulting in six children
- Heritage
- Issue (genealogy)
- African American genealogy
- Atlantic Creole
- Other slavery topics
- House negro and field slaves in the United States, distinctions within the plantation system
- Discrimination based on skin color or "colorism"
- High yellow
References[]
- ^ Morrison, Toni (2017). The Origin of Others. Harvard University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-674-97645-0.
- ^ Parra, Esteban J.; Marcini, Amy; Akey, Joshua; Martinson, Jeremy; Batzer, Mark A.; Cooper, Richard; Forrester, Terrence; Allison, David B.; Deka, Ranjan; Ferrell, Robert E.; Shriver, Mark D. (December 1998). "Estimating African American Admixture Proportions by Use of Population-Specific Alleles". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 63 (6): 1839–1851. doi:10.1086/302148. PMC 1377655. PMID 9837836.
Further reading[]
- Williams, Caroline Randall (June 26, 2020). "You Want a Confederate Monument? My Body Is a Confederate Monument". The New York Times.
- American children
- American phraseology
- Euphemisms
- Slavery in the United States
- African-American genealogy
- African-American demographics
- Mulatto
- Plantations in the United States
- Race and society
- Sexual abuse