Citrus macroptera

Citrus macroptera
	Hatxora sellers in Sylhet, Bangladesh
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Sapindales
Family:	Rutaceae
Genus:	Citrus
Species:	C. macroptera
Binomial name
	Citrus macroptera; Montrouz.
Synonyms
	C. aurantium subsp. saponacea Saff.; C. papuana F.M.Bailey;

Citrus macroptera, also known as hatkhora, satkara, shatkora, hatxora, cabuyao,^[2] Melanesian papeda,^[1] or wild orange,^[3] is a semi-wild species of citrus native to Bangladesh, Malesia and Melanesia.^[3]

Some authorities consider C. macroptera to be a taxonomic synonym of C. hystrix (kaffir lime),^[4] while others consider C. macroptera var. annamensis to be a synonym of C. hystrix, but not C. macroptera var. macroptera.^[5]

Description[]

Citrus macroptera is so-named because of the large "wings" (-ptera) on the petiole, which is as large as the blade of the leaf.^[3] The tree, which has thorns, can reach 5 m (16 ft) in height. Its fruit is about 6–7 cm (2+1⁄2–3 in) in diameter, has a fairly smooth, moderately thick rind, and is yellow when ripe. The pulp of the fruit is greenish-yellow and dry (does not produce much juice). The juice is very bitter, and somewhat sour.^[3]

Varieties[]

The species is sometimes divided into four varieties, or alternatively into three separate species, as follows:^[5]

C. macroptera var. macroptera
C. macroptera var. annamensis Tanaka -> C. combara Raf.
C. macroptera var. combara (Raf.) Tanaka -> C. combara Raf.
C. macroptera var. kerrii Swingle -> C. kerrii (Swingle) Tanaka

Cultivation[]

A cultivar of C. macroptera var. annamensis known as 'Sat Kara',^[6] is grown primarily in the Sylhet Division of northeastern Bangladesh where it is called "hatkhora".

Uses[]

Culinary uses[]

In Bangladesh, the thick fleshy rind of the Citrus macroptera is eaten as a vegetable, while the pulp is usually discarded because of its bitter-sour taste. The thick rind is cut into small pieces and cooked (either green or ripe) in beef, mutton, and fish curries. The rind is often sun-dried for later cooking and consumption. The fruit is also a primary ingredient in satkora/shatkora pickles. It is also used in doner kebabs in British Bangladeshi fast-food restaurants.^{[citation needed]}

Perfumery[]

Many of the C. macroptera var. annamensis fruits are exported from Bangladesh, exacting a high price because their oil is used in the perfume industry.^[6]

References[]

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Citrus macroptera". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved December 15, 2017.
^ Peter Hanelt (ed.) 2001 Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops (except ornamentals), first English edition. Springer. in Google Books
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Harley I. Manner, Richard S. Buker, Virginia Easton Smith, Deborah Ward, and Craig R. Elevitch 2006. Species profiles for Pacific Island agroforestry: Citrus (citrus) and Fortunella (kumquat), Rutaceae (Rue family). pdf
^ "TPL, treatment of Citrus hystrix DC". The Plant List; Version 1. (published on the internet). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden. 2010. Retrieved March 9, 2013.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Porcher Michel H. et al. 1995–2020 (2007). Sorting Citrus Names: Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (M.M.P.N.D) - A Work in Progress. School of Agriculture and Food Systems. Faculty of Land & Food Resources. The University of Melbourne. Australia. [1]
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b M. N. Miah, Sahina Islam, and Syed Hadiuzzaman 2002. Regeneration of plantlets through somatic embryogenesis from nucellus tissue of Citrus macroptera Mont. var. anammensis (‘Sat Kara’). Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology 12(2):167-172 pdf

External links[]

USDA PLANTS profile Archived 2013-05-11 at the Wayback Machine

[GRIN-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Citrus macroptera". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved December 15, 2017.

[2] Peter Hanelt (ed.) 2001 Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops (except ornamentals), first English edition. Springer. in Google Books

[Harley-3] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Harley I. Manner, Richard S. Buker, Virginia Easton Smith, Deborah Ward, and Craig R. Elevitch 2006. Species profiles for Pacific Island agroforestry: Citrus (citrus) and Fortunella (kumquat), Rutaceae (Rue family). pdf

[tpl-4] "TPL, treatment of Citrus hystrix DC". The Plant List; Version 1. (published on the internet). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden. 2010. Retrieved March 9, 2013.

[Porcher-5] Jump up to: ^a ^b Porcher Michel H. et al. 1995–2020 (2007). Sorting Citrus Names: Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (M.M.P.N.D) - A Work in Progress. School of Agriculture and Food Systems. Faculty of Land & Food Resources. The University of Melbourne. Australia. [1]

[Miah-6] Jump up to: ^a ^b M. N. Miah, Sahina Islam, and Syed Hadiuzzaman 2002. Regeneration of plantlets through somatic embryogenesis from nucellus tissue of Citrus macroptera Mont. var. anammensis (‘Sat Kara’). Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology 12(2):167-172 pdf

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hide v t Citrus
True species	Australian and Papuan wild limes Citron Clymenia Ichang papeda Kaffir lime Kumquat Common mandarin Mangshanyegan Pomelo Ryukyu mandarin
Major hybrids	Grapefruit Lemon Lime Orange
True and hybrid cultivars	Alemow Amanatsu Bergamot orange Bizzaria Bitter orange Blood lime Blood orange Byeonggyul Biasong Cam sành Cara cara navel Cherry orange Citrange Citrumelo Clementine Daidai Dekopon Encore Fairchild tangerine Florentine citron Forbidden fruit Haruka Hassaku orange Hebesu Hyuganatsu Imperial lemon Indian wild orange Iyokan Jabara Jaffa orange Jamaican tangelo Kabbad Kabosu Kakadu lime Kalpi Kanpei Kawachi Bankan Key lime Khasi papeda Kinkoji unshiu Kinnow Kishumikan Kiyomi Kobayashi mikan Koji Komikan Kuchinotsu No. 37 Laraha Lemonade fruit Limón de Pica Lumia Mandelo Mandora Melanesian papeda Melogold Meyer lemon Micrantha Midknight Valencia Orange Murcott Myrtle-leaved orange tree New Zealand grapefruit Ōgonkan Orangelo/Chironja Oroblanco Palestinian sweet lime Persian lime Pixie mandarin Pompia Ponderosa lemon Ponkan Rangpur Reikou Rhobs el Arsa Rough lemon Samuyao Sanbokan Satsuma mandarin Setoka Shangjuan Shonan Gold Smith Red Valencia Sudachi Suruga yuko Sweet lemon Sweet limetta Tangelo Tangerine Tangor Valencia orange Variegated pink lemon Volkamer lemon Winged lime Xã Đoài orange Yuukou mandarin Yuzu
Citrons	Balady citron Corsican citron Diamante citron Fingered citron/Buddha's hand Greek citron Moroccan citron Yemenite citron
Mandarin oranges	Cleopatra mandarin Shīkwāsā Nanfengmiju Tachibana Willowleaf orange
Papedas	Celebes papeda Citrus halimii/Mountain "citron" Ichang papeda
Pomelos	Banpeiyu Dangyuja
Kumquat hybrids (× Citrofortunella)	Calamansi Citrangequat Limequat Orangequat Procimequat Sunquat Yuzuquat
Sahul citrus (former Microcitrus, Eromocitrus, Clymenia and Oxanthera genera)	Australian outback lime Australian round lime Brown River finger lime Desert lime Maiden's wild lime Mount White lime (Microcitrus) New Guinea wild lime Russell River lime Clymenia Orange-flowered oxanthera Large-leaf oxanthera Wavy-leaf oxanthera Oxanthera brevipes
Related genera (perhaps properly Citrus)	Poncirus/Trifoliate orange
Drinks	Calamansi juice Chūhai Curaçao Dried lime tea (noomi basra) Grapefruit juice Lemonade Limeade Orange juice Yuja-hwachae Yuja tea
Products	Calcium citrate Citric acid Lemonene Limonene Neroli Orange flower water Orange oil Orangeat Succade Zest
Diseases	Black spot Canker CTV/Tristeza Exocortis Greening Mal secco Phytophthora citricola
Citrus botanists	Clara H. Hasse Robert Willard Hodgson Lena B. Smithers Hughes David Mabberley Clément Rodier Robert Soost Walter Tennyson Swingle Chōzaburō Tanaka Ikuro Takahashi Johann Christoph Volkamer Herbert John Webber
Related topics	The Citrus Industry Citrus production Citrus rootstock Citrus taxonomy Cold-hardy citrus Hesperidium Japanese citrus List of citrus fruits Mother Orange Tree Orangery University of California Citrus Experiment Station University of California, Riverside Citrus Variety Collection
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