Clymenia (plant)

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Clymenia
Fortunella polyandra 3.jpg
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae
Subfamily: Aurantioideae
Genus: Clymenia
Swingle & Tanaka.
Species

See text.

Clymenia is a small genus of flowering plants in the family Rutaceae with two species. The genus is often included in Citrus.[1][2]

Description[]

Clymenia forms a shrub or small tree, free of spines. Leaves feature a short, narrow petiole, which sets them apart from most other citrus, especially the papedas native to the same general area. Clymenia fruits are a small hesperidium, very similar to a citrus fruit. Sweet and lemony in flavor, the tangerine-sized fruits are highly segmented, with yellow pulp, and a leathery rind, similar to a true citrus fruit. They contain a large number of polyembryonic seeds. The fruit are eaten by the Bismarck islanders, who call it a-mulis (Namatanai).[3][4]

Native to a handful of locations on Papua New Guinea and nearby islets, including New Ireland, New Britain and the Admiralty Islands,[5] Clymenia is far more tropical than other citrus, and even in subtropical parts of the United States, it can only be grown in a greenhouse. Specimens thrived in greenhouses in Riverside, California, but perished when planted out in the arid climate.[citation needed] They are locally cultivated in indigenous villages, but have never been commercially cultivated.

Taxonomy[]

Main article: Citrus taxonomy § Australian and New Guinean species

Cultivated locally for its sweet fruits on a handful of southwestern Pacific islands, Clymenia was originally considered an obscure citrus hybrid. Botanist Tyôzaburô Tanaka noted that Clymenia would hybridize with a few other citrus plants (notably kumquats), but otherwise was generally different from other citrus in many aspects of its appearance. In the 1960s, botanist Walter Tennyson Swingle proposed that Clymenia might belong to a genus of its own. Swingle assumed that Clymenia and citrus evolved from a single common ancestor. Alternatively, Berhow suggested in 2000 that a close relationship existed between Clymenia and kumquat and that it might be a Citrofortunella hybrid.[3]

More recent genomic analysis showed Clymenia to cluster within the genus Citrus in a clade with the Australian and New Guinean limes, which though formerly placed in genera Eremocitrus and Microcitrus are now considered members of Citrus.[6][7][8] Because excluding them would make Citrus paraphyletic, the Clymenia species may likewise belong in Citrus,[6][7] with Clymenia relegated to the status of a subgenus. It is included in Citrus in a 2021 classification of the family Rutaceae.[2] Genomic analysis also showed Clymenia polyandra to be completely homozygous, proving it to be a distinct species and not a hybrid.[8]

Species[]

Species included in the genus:[9][5]

  • B.C.Stone
  • (Tanaka) Swingle

References[]

  1. ^ Stevens, P.F. "Rutaceae Genera". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2021-09-12.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b Appelhans, Marc S.; Bayly, Michael J.; Heslewood, Margaret M.; Groppo, Milton; Verboom, G. Anthony; Forster, Paul I.; Kallunki, Jacquelyn A. & Duretto, Marco F. (2021). "A new subfamily classification of the Citrus family (Rutaceae) based on six nuclear and plastid markers". Taxon. doi:10.1002/tax.12543.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b Krueger, R.R.; Navarro, L. (2007), Kahn, Iqrar Ahmad (ed.), "Citrus Germplasm Resources", Citrus Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, CAB International, pp. 64–65, ISBN 9781845931933
  4. ^ Jorma Koskinen and Sylvain Jousse. "Citrus Pages / Distant Citrus relatives". free.fr.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Benjamin C. Stone (1985). "New and noteworthy palotropical species of Rutaceae", Proceedings of The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 137, pp. 213-228
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b Bayer, Randall J; Mabberly, David J; Morton, Cynthia; Miller, Cathy H; Sharma, Ish K; Pfiel, Bernard E; Rich, Sarah; Hitchcock, Roberta; Sykes, Steve (2009). "A molecular phylogeny of the orange subfamily (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae) using nine cpDNA sequences". American Journal of Botany. 96 (3): 668–685. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800341. PMID 21628223.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b Oueslati, Amel; Ollitrault, Frederique; Baraket, Ghada; Salhi-Hannachi, Amel; Navarro, Luis; Ollitrault, Patrick (2016). "Towards a molecular taxonomic key of the Aurantioideae subfamily using chloroplastic SNP diagnostic markers of the main clades genotyped by competitive allele-specific PCR". BMC Genetics. 17 (1): 118. doi:10.1186/s12863-016-0426-x. PMC 4991024. PMID 27539067.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b Andrés García Lor (2013). Organización de la diversidad genética de los cítricos (PDF) (Thesis). pp. 79, 125–128.
  9. ^ "Clymenia Swingle". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2021-09-19.

External links[]

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