Dahlgren system
One of the modern systems of plant taxonomy, the Dahlgren system was published by monocot specialist Rolf Dahlgren in 1975[1] and revised in 1977,[2] and 1980.[3] However, he is best known for his two treatises on monocotyledons in 1982 [4] and revised in 1985.[5] His wife Gertrud Dahlgren continued the work after his death.[6]
Dahlgren ranked the dicotyledons and monocotyledons as subclasses of the class of flowering plants (angiosperms) and further divided them into superorders. Originally (1975) he used the suffix -anae, as did Cronquist, to designate these, but in 1980 changed this to -florae in accordance with Thorne. In the 1989 revision, published by his wife, the alternate names Magnoliidae and Liliidae were dropped in favour of Dicotyledon and Monocotyledon, and the suffix -florae reverted to -anae (e.g. Alismatanae for Alismatiflorae).
Reveal provides an extensive listing of Dahlgren's classification.[7] (Note the synonyms, both nomenclatural and taxonomic, for each name in the system.)
1980 system[]
Summary[]
- Class Magnoliopsida (flowering plants (Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta)
- Subclass Magnoliidae (dicotyledons) 24 superorders
- Superorder Magnoliiflorae
- Superorder Nymphaeiflorae
- Superorder Ranunculiflorae
- Superorder Caryophylliflorae
- Superorder Polygoniflorae
- Superorder Malviflorae
- Superorder Violiflorae
- Superorder Theiflorae
- Superorder Primuliflorae
- Superorder Rosiflorae
- Superorder Podostemiflorae
- Superorder Fabiflorae
- Superorder Proteiflorae
- Superorder Myrtiflorae
- Superorder Rutiflorae
- Superorder Santaliflorae
- Superorder Balanophoriflorae
- Superorder Araliiflorae
- Superorder Asteriflorae
- Superorder Solaniflorae
- Superorder Corniflorae
- Superorder Loasiflorae
- Superorder Gentianiflorae
- Superorder Lamiiflorae
- Subclass Liliidae (monocotyledons) 7 superorders
- Superorder Alismatiflorae
- Superorder Triuridiflorae
- Superorder Ariflorae
- Superorder Liliiflorae
- Superorder Zingiberiflorae
- Superorder Commeliniflorae
- Superorder Areciflorae
Magnoliidae (dicotyledons)[]
- Subclass Magnoliiflorae
- Superorder Magnolianae
- Order Annonales
- Family Annonaceae
- Family Myristicaceae
- Family Eupomatiaceae
- Family Canellaceae
- Family Austrobaileyaceae
- Order Aristolochiales
- Family Aristolochiaceae
- Order Rafflesiales
- Family Rafflesiaceae
- Family Hydnoraceae
- Order Magnoliales
- Family Degeneriaceae
- Family Himantandraceae
- Family Magnoliaceae
- Order Lactoridales
- Family Lactoridaceae
- Order Winterales
- Family Winteraceae
- Order Chloranthales
- Family Chloranthaceae
- Order Illiciales
- Family Illiciaceae
- Family Schisandraceae
- Order Laurales
- Family Amborellaceae
- Family Trimeniaceae
- Family Monimiaceae
- Family Gomortegaceae
- Family Calycanthaceae
- Family Lauraceae
- Order Nelumbonales
- Family Nelumbonaceae
- Order Annonales
- Superorder Nymphaeiflorae
- Order Piperales
- Family Saururaceae
- Family Piperaceae
- Order Nymphaeales
- Family Cabombaceae
- Family Nymphaeaceae
- Family Ceratophyllaceae
- Order Piperales
- Superorder Ranunculiflorae
- Order Ranunculales
- Family Lardizabalaceae
- Family Sargentodoxaceae
- Family Menispermaceae
- Family Kingdoniaceae
- Family Circaeasteraceae
- Family Ranunculaceae
- Family
- Family Berberidaceae
- Order Papaverales
- Family Papaveraceae
- Family Fumariaceae
- Order Ranunculales
- Superorder Caryophylliflorae
- Order Caryophyllales
- Family Molluginaceae
- Family Caryophyllaceae
- Family Phytolaccaceae
- Family Achatocarpaceae
- Family
- Family Basellaceae
- Family Portulacaceae
- Family Stegnospermataceae
- Family Nyctaginaceae
- Family Aizoaceae
- Family Halophytaceae
- Family Cactaceae
- Family Didiereaceae
- Family
- Family Chenopodiaceae
- Family Amaranthaceae
- Order Caryophyllales
- Superorder Polygoniflorae
- Order Polygonales
- Family Polygonaceae
- Order Polygonales
- Superorder Malviflorae
- Order Malvales
- Family Sterculiaceae
- Family
- Family Bixaceae
- Family Cochlospermaceae
- Family Cistaceae
- Family Sphaerosepalaceae
- Family Sarcolaenaceae
- Family Huaceae
- Family Tiliaceae
- Family Dipterocarpaceae
- Family Bombacaceae
- Family Malvaceae
- Order Urticales
- Family Ulmaceae
- Family Moraceae
- Family Cecropiaceae
- Family Barbeyaceae
- Family Cannabaceae
- Family Urticaceae
- Order Euphorbiales
- Family Euphorbiaceae
- Family Simmondsiaceae
- Family Pandaceae
- Family Aextoxicaceae
- Family Dichapetalaceae
- Order Plumbaginales
- Family Plumbaginaceae
- Family Limoniaceae
- Order Thymelaeales
- Family
- Family Thymelaeaceae
- Order Rhamnales
- Family Rhamnaceae
- Order Malvales
- Superorder Violiflorae
- Order Violales
- Family Flacourtiaceae
- Family Berberidopsidaceae
- Family Aphloiaceae
- Family Physenaceae
- Family Passifloraceae
- Family Dipentodontaceae
- Family Peridiscaceae
- Family Scyphostegiaceae
- Family Violaceae
- Family Turneraceae
- Family Malesherbiaceae
- Family Caricaceae
- Order Cucurbitales
- Family Achariaceae
- Family Cucurbitaceae
- Family Begoniaceae
- Family Datiscaceae
- Order Salicales
- Family Salicaceae
- Order Tamaricales
- Family Tamaricaceae
- Family Frankeniaceae
- Order Capparales
- Family Capparaceae
- Family Brassicaceae
- Family Tovariaceae
- Family Resedaceae
- Family Gyrostemonaceae
- Family Bataceae
- Family Moringaceae
- Order
- Family Tropaeolaceae
- Family Limnanthaceae
- Order
- Family Salvadoraceae
- Order Violales
- Superorder Theiflorae
- Order Dilleniales
- Family Dilleniaceae
- Order Paeoniales
- Family Glaucidiaceae
- Family Paeoniaceae
- Order Theales
- Family Stachyuraceae
- Family Pentaphylacaceae
- Family Marcgraviaceae
- Family Quiinaceae
- Family Ancistrocladaceae
- Family Dioncophyllaceae
- Family Nepenthaceae
- Family Medusagynaceae
- Family Caryocaraceae
- Family Strasburgeriaceae
- Family Ochnaceae
- Family Chrysobalanaceae
- Family Oncothecaceae
- Family Scytopetalaceae
- Family Theaceae
- Family Bonnetiaceae
- Family Clusiaceae
- Family Elatinaceae
- Order Lecythidales
- Family Lecythidaceae
- Order Dilleniales
- Superorder Primuliflorae
- Order Primulales
- Family Myrsinaceae
- Family
- Family Theophrastaceae
- Family Primulaceae
- Family
- Order Ebenales
- Family Sapotaceae
- Family Styracaceae
- Family
- Family Ebenaceae
- Order Primulales
- Superorder Rosiflorae
- Order Trochodendrales
- Family Trochodendraceae
- Family Tetracentraceae
- Order
- Family Cercidiphyllaceae
- Family Eupteleaceae
- Order Hamamelidales
- Family Hamamelidaceae
- Family Platanaceae
- Family Myrothamnaceae
- Order
- Family Balanopaceae
- Order Fagales
- Family Nothofagaceae
- Family Fagaceae
- Family Corylaceae
- Family Betulaceae
- Order Juglandales
- Family Rhoipteleaceae
- Family Juglandaceae
- Order Myricales
- Family Myricaceae
- Order Casuarinales
- Family Casuarinaceae
- Order Buxales
- Family Buxaceae
- Family Daphniphyllaceae
- Family Didymelaceae
- Order Geissolomatales
- Family Geissolomataceae
- Order
- Family Cunoniaceae
- Family Baueraceae
- Family Brunelliaceae
- Family Davidsoniaceae
- Family Eucryphiaceae
- Family Bruniaceae
- Family Grubbiaceae
- Order Saxifragales
- Family Saxifragaceae
- Family Francoaceae
- Family Greyiaceae
- Family Brexiaceae
- Family Grossulariaceae
- Family Iteaceae
- Family Cephalotaceae
- Family Crassulaceae
- Order
- Family Droseraceae
- Family
- Family Parnassiaceae
- Order Rosales
- Family Rosaceae
- Family Neuradaceae
- Family Malaceae
- Family Amygdalaceae
- Family Anisophylleaceae
- Family Crossosomataceae
- Family Surianaceae
- Family Rhabdodendraceae
- Order Gunnerales
- Family Gunneraceae
- Order Trochodendrales
- Superorder Podostemiflorae
- Order Podostemales
- Family Podostemaceae (including Tristichaceae)
- Order Podostemales
- Superorder Fabiflorae
- Order Fabales
- Family Mimosaceae
- Family Caesalpiniaceae
- Family Fabaceae
- Order Fabales
- Superorder Proteiflorae
- Order Proteales
- Family Proteaceae
- Order
- Family Elaeagnaceae
- Order Proteales
- Superorder Myrtiflorae
- Order Myrtales
- Family Psiloxylaceae
- Family Heteropyxidaceae
- Family Myrtaceae
- Family Onagraceae
- Family Trapaceae
- Family Lythraceae
- Family Combretaceae
- Family Melastomataceae
- Family Memecylaceae
- Family Crypteroniaceae
- Family Oliniaceae
- Family Penaeaceae
- Family Rhynchocalycaceae
- Family Alzateaceae
- Order Haloragales
- Family Haloragaceae
- Order Myrtales
- Superorder Rutiflorae
- Order Sapindales
- Family Coriariaceae
- Family Anacardiaceae
- Family Leitneriaceae
- Family Podoaceae
- Family Sapindaceae
- Family Hippocastanaceae
- Family Aceraceae
- Family Akaniaceae
- Family Bretschneideraceae
- Family Emblingiaceae
- Family Staphyleaceae
- Family Melianthaceae
- Family Sabiaceae
- Family Meliosmaceae
- Family Connaraceae
- Order Rutales
- Family Rutaceae
- Family Ptaeroxylaceae
- Family Cneoraceae
- Family Simaroubaceae
- Family
- Family Burseraceae
- Family Meliaceae
- Order Polygalales
- Family Malpighiaceae
- Family Trigoniaceae
- Family Vochysiaceae
- Family Polygalaceae
- Family Krameriaceae
- Order Geraniales
- Family Zygophyllaceae
- Family Nitrariaceae
- Family
- Family
- Family Erythroxylaceae
- Family Humiriaceae
- Family Linaceae
- Family Ctenolophonaceae
- Family Ixonanthaceae
- Family Lepidobotryaceae
- Family Oxalidaceae (including Averrhoaceae)
- Family Geraniaceae
- Family Dirachmaceae
- Family Ledocarpaceae
- Family Vivianiaceae
- Family Biebersteiniaceae
- Order Linales (incorporated into Geraniales)
- Family Linaceae
- Family Humiriaceae
- Family Ctenolophonaceae
- Family Ixonanthaceae
- Family Erythroxylaceae
- Family Lepidobotryaceae
- Family Oxalidaceae
- Order Celastrales
- Family Stackhousiaceae
- Family Lophopyxidaceae
- Family Cardiopteridaceae
- Family Corynocarpaceae
- Family Celastraceae
- Order Rhizophorales
- Family Rhizophoraceae
- Family Elaeocarpaceae
- Order
- Family Balsaminaceae
- Order Sapindales
- Superorder Santaliflorae
- Order Santalales
- Family Olacaceae
- Family Opiliaceae
- Family Loranthaceae
- Family Medusandraceae
- Family Misodendraceae
- Family Eremolepidaceae
- Family Santalaceae
- Family Viscaceae
- Order Santalales
- Superorder Balanophoriflorae
- Order Balanophorales
- Family Cynomoriaceae
- Family Balanophoraceae
- Order Balanophorales
- Superorder Araliiflorae
- Order
- Family Pittosporaceae
- Family Tremandraceae
- Family Byblidaceae
- Order Araliales
- Family Araliaceae
- Family Apiaceae
- Order
- Superorder Asteriflorae
- Order Campanulales
- Family Pentaphragmataceae
- Family Campanulaceae
- Family Lobeliaceae
- Order Asterales
- Family Asteraceae
- Order Campanulales
- Superorder Solaniflorae
- Order Solanales
- Family Solanaceae
- Family
- Family
- Family Convolvulaceae
- Family Cuscutaceae
- Family Cobaeaceae
- Family Polemoniaceae
- Order Boraginales
- Family Hydrophyllaceae
- Family Ehretiaceae
- Family Boraginaceae
- Family Lennoaceae
- Family Hoplestigmataceae
- Order Solanales
- Superorder Corniflorae
- Order
- Family Fouquieriaceae
- Order Ericales
- Family Actinidiaceae
- Family Clethraceae
- Family Cyrillaceae
- Family Ericaceae
- Family Empetraceae
- Family Monotropaceae
- Family Pyrolaceae
- Family Epacridaceae
- Order Eucommiales
- Family Eucommiaceae
- Order Sarraceniales
- Family Sarraceniaceae
- Order Cornales
- Family Garryaceae
- Family Alangiaceae
- Family Nyssaceae
- Family Cornaceae
- Family Roridulaceae
- Family
- Family Escalloniaceae
- Family Helwingiaceae
- Family Torricelliaceae
- Family
- Family Aralidiaceae
- Family Diapensiaceae
- Family Phellinaceae
- Family Aquifoliaceae
- Family Paracryphiaceae
- Family Sphenostemonaceae
- Family Symplocaceae
- Family Icacinaceae
- Family Montiniaceae
- Family Columelliaceae
- Family Stylidiaceae (including Donatiaceae)
- Family Alseuosmiaceae
- Family Hydrangeaceae
- Family Sambucaceae
- Family Viburnaceae
- Family Menyanthaceae
- Family Adoxaceae
- Family Phyllonomaceae
- Family Tribelaceae
- Family Eremosynaceae
- Family Pterostemonaceae
- Family Tetracarpaeaceae
- Order Dipsacales
- Family Caprifoliaceae
- Family Valerianaceae
- Family Dipsacaceae
- Family Morinaceae
- Family Calyceraceae
- Order
- Superorder Loasiflorae
- Order
- Family Loasaceae
- Order
- Superorder Gentianiflorae
- Order
- Family Goodeniaceae
- Order
- Family Oleaceae
- Order Gentianales
- Family Desfontainiaceae
- Family Loganiaceae
- Family
- Family Rubiaceae
- Family Theligonaceae
- Family Gentianaceae
- Family
- Family Apocynaceae
- Family Asclepiadaceae
- Order
- Superorder Lamiiflorae
- Order Lamiales
- Family
- Family Stilbaceae
- Family Buddlejaceae
- Family Scrophulariaceae
- Family Myoporaceae
- Family Globulariaceae
- Family Plantaginaceae
- Family Lentibulariaceae
- Family Pedaliaceae
- Family
- Family Martyniaceae
- Family Gesneriaceae
- Family Bignoniaceae
- Family Acanthaceae
- Family Verbenaceae
- Family Lamiaceae
- Family Callitrichaceae
- Order
- Family Hydrostachyaceae
- Order
- Family Hippuridaceae
- Order Lamiales
- Superorder Magnolianae
- Subclass Magnoliiflorae
1982 system (monocotyledons)[]
Summary[]
Six superorders
- Superorder Alismatiflorae
- Superorder Ariflorae
- Superorder Liliiflorae
- Superorder Zingiberiflorae
- Superorder Commeliniflorae
- Superorder Areciflorae
Details[]
- Superorder Alismatiflorae 5 orders
- Superorder Ariflorae 1 order
- Order Arales
- Superorder Liliiflorae 11 orders
- Order Dioscoreales
- Order Taccales
- Order Asparagales
- Family Smilacaceae
- Family Petermanniaceae
- Family Philesiaceae
- Family Convallariaceae
- Family Asparagaceae
- Family Herreriaceae
- Family Dracaenaceae
- Family Doryanthaceae
- Family Dasypogonaceae
- Family Phormiaceae
- Family Xanthorrhoeaceae
- Family Agavaceae
- Family Hypoxidaceae
- Family Asphodelaceae
- Family Aphyllanthaceae
- Family
- Family Tecophilaeaceae
- Family Cyanastraceae
- Family Eriospermaceae
- Family Hemerocallidaceae
- Family
- Family Hyacinthaceae
- Family Alliaceae
- Family Amaryllidaceae
- Order Liliales
- Family Iridaceae
- Family Geosiridaceae
- Family Colchicaceae
- Family Alstroemeriaceae
- Family
- Family Calochortaceae
- Family Liliaceae
- Family Melanthiaceae
- Order Burmanniales
- Order Orchidales
- Order
- Order Haemodorales
- Order
- Order
- Order Bromeliales
- Superorder Zingiberiflorae 1 order
- Order Zingiberales
- Superorder Commeliniflorae 8 orders
- Superorder Areciflorae 3 orders
1985 system (monocotyledons)[]
Summary[]
Ten superorders
- Superorder Liliiflorae
- Superorder Ariflorae
- Superorder Triuridiflorae
- Superorder Alismatiflorae
- Superorder Bromeliiflorae
- Superorder Zingiberiflorae
- Superorder Commeliniflorae
- Superorder Cyclanthiflorae
- Superorder Areciflorae
- Superorder Pandaniflorae
Details[]
Liliiflorae[]
- Superorder Liliiflorae 6 orders p. 107
- Order Dioscoreales
- Family Trichopodaceae
- Family Dioscoreaceae
- Family Taccaceae
- Family Stemonaceae
- Family Trilliaceae
- Family Smilacaceae
- Family Petermanniaceae
- Order Asparagales
- Family Philesiaceae
- Family Luzuriagaceae
- Family Convallariaceae
- Family Asparagaceae
- Family Ruscaceae
- Family Herreriaceae
- Family Dracaenaceae
- Family Nolinaceae
- Family Asteliaceae
- Family Hanguanaceae
- Family Dasypogonaceae
- Family Calectasiaceae
- Family Blandfordiaceae
- Family Xanthorrhoeaceae
- Family Agavaceae
- Family Hypoxidaceae
- Family Tecophilaeaceae
- Family Cyanastraceae
- Family Eriospermaceae
- Family Ixioliriaceae
- Family Phormiaceae
- Family Doryanthaceae
- Family Hemerocallidaceae
- Family Asphodelaceae
- Family Anthericaceae
- Family Aphyllanthaceae
- Family
- Family Hyacinthaceae
- Family Alliaceae
- Family Amaryllidaceae
- Tribe Amaryllideae
- Tribe Hippeastrae
- Tribe Lycoridae
- Tribe Stenomesseae
- Tribe Eucharideae
- Tribe Pancratieae
- Tribe Narcisseae
- Tribe Galantheae
- Order Melanthiales
- Family Melanthiaceae
- Family
- Order Burmanniales
- Family Burmanniaceae
- Family Thismiaceae
- Family Corsiaceae
- Order Liliales
- Family Alstroemeriaceae
- Family Colchicaceae
- Family Uvulariaceae
- Family Calochortaceae
- Family Liliaceae
- Family Geosiridaceae
- Family Iridaceae
- Order Orchids
- Family
- Family
- Family Orchidaceae
- Order Dioscoreales
- Superorder Liliiflorae 6 orders p. 107
Ariflorae[]
- Superorder Ariflorae 1 order p. 275
- Order Arales
- Family Araceae
- Family Lemnaceae
- Order Arales
- Superorder Ariflorae 1 order p. 275
Triuridiflorae[]
- Superorder Triuridiflorae 1 order p. 287
- Order Triuridales
- Family Triuridaceae
- Order Triuridales
- Superorder Triuridiflorae 1 order p. 287
Alismatiflorae[]
- Superorder Alismatiflorae 2 orders p. 292
- Order Alismatales
- Family Aponogetonaceae
- Family Butomaceae
- Family Limnocharitaceae
- Family Alismataceae
- Family Hydrocharitaceae
- Order Najadales
- Family Scheuchzeriaceae
- Family Juncaginaceae
- Family Potamogetonaceae
- Family Posidoniaceae
- Family Zosteraceae
- Family Zannichelliaceae
- Family Cymodoceaceae
- Family Najadaceae
- Order Alismatales
- Superorder Alismatiflorae 2 orders p. 292
Bromeliiflorae[]
- Superorder 6 orders p. 323
- Order
- Family Velloziaceae
- Order Bromeliales
- Family Bromeliaceae
- Order
- Family Philydraceae
- Order Haemodorales
- Family Haemodoraceae
- Order
- Family Pontederiaceae
- Order Typhales
- Family Sparganiaceae
- Family Typhaceae
- Order
- Superorder 6 orders p. 323
Zingiberiflorae[]
- Superorder Zingiberiflorae 1 order p. 350
- Order Zingiberales
- Family Lowiaceae
- Family Musaceae
- Family Heliconiaceae
- Family Strelitziaceae
- Family Zingiberaceae
- Family Costaceae
- Family Cannaceae
- Family Marantaceae
- Order Zingiberales
- Superorder Zingiberiflorae 1 order p. 350
Commeliniflorae[]
- Superorder Commeliniflorae 4 orders p. 374
- Order Commelinales
- Family Commelinaceae
- Family Mayacaceae
- Family Xyridaceae
- Family Rapateaceae
- Family Eriocaulaceae
- Order Hydatellales
- Family Hydatellaceae
- Order Cyperales
- Family Juncaceae
- Family Thurniaceae
- Family Cyperaceae
- Order Poales
- Family Flagellariaceae
- Family Joinvilleaceae
- Family Poaceae
- Family
- Family Anarthriaceae
- Family Restionaceae
- Family Centrolepidaceae
- Order Commelinales
- Superorder Commeliniflorae 4 orders p. 374
Cyclanthiflorae[]
- Superorder Cyclanthiflorae 1 order p. 461
- Order Cyclanthales
- Family Cyclanthaceae
- Order Cyclanthales
- Superorder Cyclanthiflorae 1 order p. 461
Areciflorae[]
- Superorder Areciflorae 1 order p. 467
- Order Arecales
- Family Arecaceae
- Order Arecales
- Superorder Areciflorae 1 order p. 467
Pandaniflorae[]
- Superorder Pandaniflorae 1 order p. 480
- Order Pandanales
- Family Pandanaceae
- Order Pandanales
- Superorder Pandaniflorae 1 order p. 480
Notes[]
References[]
Bibliography[]
- Dahlgren, Gertrud (July 1989). "An updated angiosperm classification". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 100 (3): 197–203. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1989.tb01717.x.
- Dahlgren, R. (1975). "A system of classification of angiosperms to be used to demonstrate the distribution of characters". Botaniska Notiser. 128: 119–147.
- Dahlgren, Rolf (1977). A commentary on a diagrammatic presentation of the angiosperms in relation to the distribution of character states. pp. 253–284., in Kubitzki (1977)
- Kubitzki, Klaus, ed. (1977). Flowering Plants : Evolution and classification of higher categories. Symposium, Hamburg, September 8–12, 1976. Plant Systematics & Evolution - Supplementum 1. Wien: Springer. p. 416. ISBN 978-3-211-81434-5. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
- Dahlgren, R. M. T. (February 1980). "A revised system of classification of the angiosperms". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 80 (2): 91–124. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1980.tb01661.x.
- Dahlgren, Rolf; Clifford, H. T. (1982). The monocotyledons: A comparative study. London and New York: Academic Press.
- Dahlgren, R.M.; Clifford, H.T.; Yeo, P.F. (1985). The families of the monocotyledons. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-642-64903-5. Additional excerpts
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This is a selected list of the more influential systems. There are many other systems, for instance a review of earlier systems, published by Lindley in his 1853 edition, and Dahlgren (1982). Examples include the works of Scopoli, Ventenat, Batsch and Grisebach. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Categories:
- Systems of plant taxonomy