Danish overseas colonies

Danish overseas colonies Danish: Danske kolonier
1536–1953 (Denmark) 1536–1814 (Norway)
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Ske Herrens vilje "The Lord's will be done"
Anthem: Der er et yndigt land (English: "There is a lovely country") (1835-1953) Kong Christian stod ved højen mast (English: "King Christian stood by the lofty mast")
Danish-Norwegian possessions in the mid-eighteenth century
Capital	Copenhagen
Common languages	Official language: Danish Regional languages: Norwegian, German, Icelandic, Greenlandic, Faroese
Religion	Lutheranism
Government	Constitutional monarchy
King
• 1535–1559	Christian III (first)
• 1947–1953	Frederick IX (last)
Prime Minister
• 1848–1852	Adam Wilhelm Moltke (first)
• 1950–1953	Erik Eriksen (last)
Legislature	Rigsdagen
• Upper house	Landstinget
• Lower house	Folketing
History
• Established	1536
• Disestablished	1953
Currency	Rigsdaler
Preceded by Succeeded by Old Kingdom of Norway Kalmar Union Kingdom of Denmark

Danish overseas colonies and Dano-Norwegian colonies (Danish: Danmark-Norges kolonier) were the colonies that Denmark–Norway (Denmark after 1814) possessed from 1536 until 1953. At its apex the colonies spanned four continents: Europe, North America, Africa and Asia.^[1]

The period of colonial expansion marked a rise in the status and power of Danes and Norwegians in the Kalmar union. Danes and Norwegians during this time increasingly saw themselves as citizens of the same "State Fatherland" (Statsfædrelandet), the realm of the Oldenburg monarchs.

In the 17th century, following territorial losses on the Scandinavian Peninsula, Denmark-Norway began to develop colonies, forts, and trading posts in West Africa, the Caribbean, and the Indian subcontinent. Christian IV first initiated the policy of expanding Denmark-Norway's overseas trade, as part of the mercantilist wave that was sweeping Europe. Denmark-Norway's first colony was established at Tranquebar (Trankebar) on India's southern coast in 1620. Admiral Ove Gjedde led the expedition that established the colony.

After 1814, when Norway was ceded to Sweden following the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark retained what remained of Norway's great medieval colonial holdings.

Today, the only remaining vestiges are two originally Norwegian colonies that are currently within the Danish Realm, the Faroe Islands and Greenland; the Faroes were a Danish county until 1948, while Greenland's colonial status ceased in 1953. They are now autonomous territories^[2] within the Kingdom of Denmark with home rule, in a relationship referred to as the "Unity of the Realm".

Overview[]

Africa[]

Denmark maintained several trading stations and four forts along the Gold Coast in West Africa, especially around modern day Ghana. Three trading stations were built:^[3] Fort Frederiksborg, Kpompo; Osu Castle near Accra in 1661, which was purchased from Sweden; and Frederiksberg. The forts were Fort Prinsensten built in 1784,  [de] from 1787, Fort Fredensborg and Fort Kongensten, several of which exist as ruins today. Of these, only two are still in existence, the Osu Castle, and the Christiansborg Castle, the latter of which used to be the residence of Ghanaian presidents.

Plantations were established near Frederiksborg, but they failed. Fort Christiansborg became the base for Danish power in West Africa, and the centre for the slave trade to the Danish West Indies. In 1807, Denmark's African business partners were suppressed by the Akan people subgroup-Ashanti, which led to the abandonment of all trading stations. Denmark sold its forts to the United Kingdom in 1850.

List[]

• Fort Fredensborg (Ningo: 1734 – March 1850)
• Fort Christiansborg (Accra/Osu: 1658 – April 1659, 1661 – Dec 1680, February 1683 – 1693, 1694–1850)
•  [de] (Teshie: 1787 – March 1850)
• Fort Prinsenstein (Keta: 1780 – 12 March 1850)
• Fort Kongensten (Ada: 1784 – March 1850)
• Fort Carlsborg (February 1658 – 16 April 1659, 22 April 1663 – 3 May 1664)
• Cape Coast Castle (Cong) (Cape Coast: 1659 – 24 April 1661)^[4]
• Fort Frederiksborg (Amanful or Amanfro: 1659 – 16 April 1685)
• Fort William (Ghana) in Anomabu (1657–1659)
• Small base near Ningo from 1784 to 1850

Americas[]

Greenland (1814–present)[]

Greenland was settled by immigrants from Iceland and Norway in the Viking Age after its discovery by Erik the Red in 995 or 996. Medieval Greenland was a bishopric with 22 churches and 2 convents under the archdiocese of Nidaros. In 1261 the Greenlanders became subjects of the Kingdom of Norway (872–1397). With the ratification of the Kalmar Union in 1397, Denmark-Norway inherited Greenland. After the Norse settlement in Greenland finally disappeared in the 15th century, Europeans did not settle the island again until 1721, when the Lutheran minister Hans Egede arrived and established the town now known as Nuuk. After Norway was ceded to the king of Sweden in 1814 following the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark retained the old territorial claims as a condition of the Treaty of Kiel.

The development and settlement of Greenland accelerated in 1945, instigated by the region's geostrategic importance in the Cold War era, itself exemplified and manifested by the US-Air base of Thule from 1943. Another reason and driving force was the emergence of fundamental technical abilities, such as aircraft and icebreakers at Greenland's disposition, giving the otherwise remote island a supply situation somewhat similar to Europe. Following a period of increasing integration in the 19th century, Greenland was incorporated into Denmark in 1953 with the implementation of the Danish constitution.

Danish West Indies (1666–1917)[]

Denmark-Norway acquired the island of St. Thomas in 1671^[3] and St. Jan (now St. John) in 1718, and bought St. Croix from France in 1733. All of the islands' economies were based primarily on sugar. These islands were known as the Danish West Indies and were eventually sold to the United States in 1917 for 25 million dollars.^[3] Several Danish-American succession talks had been made since 1870 due to a rising number of riots and unrest from the poorer English speaking population. The Zahle Government (1914-1920) held a heavily boycotted election for Danish mainland constituencies, which produced a minority for the sale of the islands. The United States hoped to use them as naval bases. Since 1917, the islands have been known as the U.S. Virgin Islands.

Asia[]

Denmark maintained a scattering of small colonies and trading posts throughout the Indian sub-continent from the 17th to 19th centuries, after which most were sold or ceded to Britain which had become the dominant power there.^[3] The most important economic aspect was spice trade and access to the east Asian area, including Imperial China situated farther to the east.

Tranquebar (1620–1845)[]

The colony at Trankebar (modern day: Tharangambadi) was kept for over 200 years, with a few interruptions, until it was sold to the British in 1845.

Serampore (1755–1845)[]

In 1755 Denmark acquired the Frederiksnagore (now Serampore), and later the towns of Achne and Pirapur. They are located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) north of Kolkata (formerly Calcutta). In 1818 Serampore College was established in Serampore, which still exists today. These towns were also sold to Britain in 1845.

Nicobar Islands (1756–1848/1868)[]

There were also colonization attempts of the Nicobar Islands, called Frederiksøerne ("Frederik Islands") or Ny Danmark ("New Denmark") by the Danes between 1754 and 1868.

Atlantic[]

Faroe Islands (1536/1814–present)[]

As with Greenland, Denmark-Norway inherited the medieval Norwegian claims to the Faroe Islands as the successor state to Norway. The Faroes had become part of the Kingdom of Norway in 1035. After Norway was given to Sweden after the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark retained the Faroes as a condition of the Treaty of Kiel. The Faroe Islands were incorporated into Denmark in 1851 with the implementation of the Danish constitution.

Iceland (1536/1814–1944)[]

As with Greenland and the Faroe Islands, Norwegian claims to Iceland were inherited by Denmark-Norway. Also like those possessions, Iceland was retained by Denmark at the Treaty of Kiel. A growing independence movement in Iceland led to Denmark granting it home rule in 1874 and expanding that home rule in 1904. In 1918 Iceland became a fully sovereign kingdom, titled the "Kingdom of Iceland", in personal union with Denmark.

During Nazi Germany's Occupation of Denmark from 1940 to 1945, the Republic of Iceland was declared on 17 June 1944 after the result of a referendum.

Europe[]

Danish Estonia (1206–1645)[]

In the 13th-14th centuries, Denmark ruled parts of what is now Estonia. The colony was initially named the "Duchy of Estonia" (Danish: Hertugdømmet Estland) and is retrospectively called Danish Estonia by historians.

Bishopric of Courland (1559–1585)[]

In 1559 the bishop of Courland and Ösel-Wiek Johannes V von Münchhausen sold his lands to the King Frederick II of Denmark for 30,000 thalers. The Danish king gave the territory to his younger brother Duke Magnus of Holstein. After Magnus of Livonia died in 1583, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth invaded his territories in the Bishopric of Courland and Frederick II of Denmark decided to sell his rights of inheritance. In 1645, Saaremaa was ceded from Denmark to Sweden by the Treaty of Brömsebro.

Legacy[]

Greenland and the Faroe Islands were the last remaining colonies of Denmark. Greenland's colonial status ceased in 1953, becoming an integral part of the Kingdom of Denmark. It gained home rule in 1979 and further autonomy, including self-determination, in 2009. Likewise, the Faroes were incorporated into the Kingdom in 1816, with the status of a county, and then given home rule in 1948.

References[]

Further reading[]

• Armstrong, Douglas V., et al. "Variation in venues of slavery and freedom: interpreting the late eighteenth-century cultural landscape of St. John, Danish West Indies using an archaeological GIS." International Journal of Historical Archaeology 13.1 (2009): 94-111.
• Blaagaard, Bolette B. "Whose freedom? whose memories? commemorating Danish colonialism in St. Croix." Social Identities 17.1 (2011): 61-72.
• Christensen, Rasmus. "‘Against the Law of God, of nature and the secular world’: conceptions of sovereignty in early colonial St. Thomas, 1672-1680." Scandinavian Journal of History (2021): 1-17.
• Gøbel, Erik. "Danish trade to the West Indies and Guinea, 1671–1754." Scandinavian Economic History Review 31.1 (1983): 21-49. online
• Green-Pedersen, Sv E. "The scope and structure of the Danish Negro slave trade." Scandinavian Economic History Review 19.2 (1971): 149-197. online
• Green‐Pedersen, Svend E. "Colonial trade under the Danish Flag: A case study of the Danish slave trade to Cuba 1790–1807." Scandinavian Journal of History 5.1-4 (1980): 93-120.

• Hall, Neville A.T. "Maritime maroons: grand marronage from the Danish West Indies." in Origins of the Black Atlantic (Routledge, 2013) pp. 55-76. online
• Hall, Neville. "Slave laws of the Danish Virgin Islands in the later eighteenth century." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 292.1 (1977): 174-186.
• Hvid, Mirjam Louise. "Indentured servitude and convict labour in the Danish-Norwegian West Indies, 1671–1755." Scandinavian Journal of History 41.4-5 (2016): 541-564.

• Jensen, Mads Langballe, Gloria Agyemang, and Cheryl R. Lehman. "Accountabilities, invisibilities and silences in a Danish slave trading company on the Gold Coast in the early 18th century." Critical Perspectives on Accounting 77 (2021): 102181.
• Jensen, Lars. "Danish Colonialism Revisited, Deconstructed or Restaged." Review article of Danmark og kolonierne [Denmark and the Colonies](Copenhagen: Gad, 2017). KULT. Postkolonial Temaserie 15 (2018): 128-41. online
• Jensen, Niklas Thode; Simonsen, Gunvor (2016). "Introduction: The historiography of slavery in the Danish-Norwegian West Indies, c. 1950-2016". Scandinavian Journal of History. 41 (4–5): 475–494. doi:10.1080/03468755.2016.1210880.
• Jordaan, Han, and Victor Wilson. "The Eighteenth-Century Danish, Dutch and Swedish Free Ports in the Northeastern Caribbean: Continuity and Change." in Dutch Atlantic Connections, 1680-1800 (Brill, 2014) pp. 273-308. online
• Kelsall, Philip. "The Danish monopoly trading companies and their shareholders, 1730–1774." Scandinavian Economic History Review 47.3 (1999): 5-25.

• Mulich, Jeppe. "Microregionalism and intercolonial relations: the case of the Danish West Indies, 1730–1830." Journal of Global History 8.1 (2013): 72-94. online
• Odewale, Alicia, H. Thomas Foster, and Joshua M. Torres. "In Service to a Danish King: Comparing the Material Culture of Royal Enslaved Afro-Caribbeans and Danish Soldiers at the Christiansted National Historic Site." Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage 6.1 (2017): 19-54.

• Pedersen, Mikkel Venborg (2013). Luksus: forbrug og kolonier i Danmark i det 18. århundrede. Kbh.: Museum Tusculanum. ISBN 978-87-635-4076-6.
• Poddar, Prem, and Lars Jensen, eds., A historical companion to postcolonial literatures: Continental Europe and Its Empires (Edinburgh UP, 2008), "Denmark and its colonies" pp 58-105. excerpt

• Richards, Helen. "Distant garden: Moravian missions and the culture of slavery in the Danish West Indies, 1732-1848." Journal of Moravian History (2007): 55-74. online
• Røge, Pernille. "Why the Danes got there first–A trans-imperial study of the abolition of the Danish slave trade in 1792." Slavery & Abolition 35.4 (2014): 576-592.
• Roopnarine, Lomarsh. "Contract labor migration as an agent of revolutionary change in the Danish West Indies." Labor History 61.5-6 (2020): 692-705.
• Roopnarine, Lomarsh. Indian Indenture in the Danish West Indies, 1863-1873 (Springer, 2016).
• Simonsen, Gunvor. "Sovereignty, Mastery, and Law in the Danish West Indies, 1672–1733." Itinerario 43.2 (2019): 283-304.
• Simonsen, Gunvor. Slave Stories: Law, Representation, and Gender in the Danish West Indies. (ISD LLC, 2017) online.

• Sircar, Kumar K. "Emigration of Indian Indentured Labour to the Danish West Indian Island of St. Croix 1863–68." Scandinavian Economic History Review 19.2 (1971): 133-148. online
• Westergaard, Waldemar. The Danish West Indies under company rule (1671-1754): with a supplementary chapter, 1755-1917 (Macmillan, 1917) online.

External links[]

• List of Danish colonial possessions