Election Integrity Act of 2021

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Election Integrity Act of 2021
Seal of Georgia.svg
Georgia State Legislature
Full nameElection Integrity Act of 2021
IntroducedFebruary 17, 2021
House votedMarch 25, 2021
Senate votedMarch 8, 2021
Signed into lawMarch 25, 2021
Sponsor(s)Sens. Max Burns, Butch Miller, Michael Dugan, Frank Ginn, Lee Anderson, Randy Robertson, Jeff Mullis, John Albers, Larry Walker, Matt Brass, Jason Anavitarte, Marty Harbin, Billy Hickman, Dean Burke, Sheila McNeill, Brandon Beach, Bruce Thompson, Tyler Harper, Carden Summers, Chuck Payne, Chuck Hufstetler, Blake Tillery, John Kennedy; Rep. Barry Fleming
GovernorBrian Kemp
CodeElections
ResolutionSB 202
Websitelegis.ga.gov
Status: Current legislation

The Election Integrity Act of 2021, originally known as Georgia Senate Bill 202,[1][2] is a Georgia law overhauling elections in the state. It mandates voter identification requirements on absentee ballots, limits the use of ballot drop boxes, expands early in-person voting, bars officials from sending out unsolicited absentee ballot request forms, reduces the amount of time people have to request an absentee ballot, increases voting stations or staff and equipment where there have been long lines, makes it a crime for outside groups to give free food or water to voters waiting in line, gives the Georgia General Assembly greater control over election administration, and shortens runoff elections, among other provisions.[3][4][5]

The bill has generated significant controversy, with President Joe Biden labeling the bill "Jim Crow in the 21st century".[6] Georgia governor Brian Kemp has called criticism of the bill "disingenuous and completely false", and has argued that it differs little from voting laws in most other states.[7][8] The Department of Justice announced in June 2021 that it is suing Georgia over the law, which it alleges is racially discriminatory.[9]

Key provisions[]

Text of the act

Absentee voting[]

Ballot drop boxes[]

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, officials in Georgia allowed the use of ballot drop boxes in the 2020 presidential election. The Election Integrity Act codifies the permanent use of drop boxes in general elections and mandates at least one box per county, but also places more onerous restrictions on their use.[10] Most notably, it limits additional drop boxes to either one per 100,000 registered voters or one per voting location, whichever is fewer; this caps the number of drop boxes in the four counties making up the core of the Atlanta metro area (Fulton County, Cobb County, DeKalb County, and Gwinnett County) at 23 (or fewer, depending on how many early-voting sites the counties provide)—significantly fewer than the 94 drop boxes the counties used in the 2020 election.[3] It also requires drop boxes to be located indoors in early voting locations and mandates that they only be accessible when those polling locations are open (in the 2020 election, drop boxes were available 24 hours per day, 7 days a week in a variety of locations), and closes drop boxes four days before Election Day, when turning absentee ballots into the US Post Office begins running the risk they will arrive at election offices late.[10]

Voter ID[]

The bill requires absentee voters to provide their driver's license number, last four digits of their Social Security number, or a photo copy of an accepted form of identification when requesting an absentee ballot.[11]

Absentee ballot requests[]

The act shortens the amount of time voters have to request absentee ballots by over half, pushing the beginning of the time period voters can request an absentee ballot from six months before the election to three months before[3] and moving back the deadline to request an absentee from four days before Election Day to eleven days before.[10] It also bars state and local officials from sending out unsolicited absentee ballot request applications to registered voters.[a][10]

Early in-person voting[]

The bill mandates three weeks of early in-person voting, including two Saturdays and the option of including two Sundays. This is likely to modestly expand early voting in rural counties.[3]

It also bans the use of mobile voting centers, which were utilized in Fulton County in the 2020 presidential election.[3]

Legislative control of election administration[]

The bill gives the Georgia General Assembly greater control over election administration. Ordinarily, important administrative decisions like ballot disqualification and certification of results are made by county boards of elections.[12] Under the new law, the State Board of Elections is empowered to replace county boards with an administrator chosen at the state level if the State Board deems a county board to be performing poorly. It simultaneously gives the state legislature greater control over the State Board by replacing the Secretary of State as chair of the Board (he is made an ex-officio, nonvoting member[10]) with an official appointed by the legislature; the legislature already appoints two of the five seats on the board, so under the new law the legislature appoints a majority of the board.[13] According to the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, this enables "state takeovers of local election offices"—including deciding which ballots should be disqualified[13]—which could "change the outcome of future elections, especially if they're as hotly contested as the 2020 presidential election between Democrat Joe Biden and Republican Donald Trump".[12]

The provision has been linked to unsuccessful attempts by Republicans to overturn election results in Georgia, especially in heavily Democratic counties like Fulton County, during the 2020 presidential election.[12] In that election, many Republican state lawmakers parroted unfounded allegations of widespread voter fraud, claimed that the State Board of Elections had exceeded its authority in approving certain new rules to make voting more accessible during the COVID-19 pandemic, pushed for election results to be overturned, and attempted to call an emergency special legislative session to award the state's electoral votes in the Electoral College to Donald Trump.[14][15] As Zack Beauchamp explains in Vox, the bill "allows Republicans to seize control of how elections are administered in Fulton County and other heavily Democratic areas, disqualifying voters and ballots as they see fit".[13]

It has also been alleged that the provision removing the Secretary of State from the Board of Elections is targeted at Brad Raffensperger, the Republican Secretary of State who oversaw the 2020 election in Georgia and famously rebuffed attempts by Donald Trump and state lawmakers to overturn Georgia's election results.[13][3]

Runoff and primary elections[]

In Georgia, Senate elections employ a runoff system in which the top two candidates go to a second-round runoff election if no candidate receives over 50% of the vote in the first round. Additionally, prior to the passage of the Election Integrity Act, special Senate elections (elections held to replace a senator who has resigned or died) used nonpartisan blanket elections (also referred to as "jungle elections") in which all candidates, regardless of political party, ran against each other in the first round. The Election Integrity Act shortens the runoff election from nine weeks after the first round to four weeks (which has the effect of reducing early voting for the second round election to just a few days[10]) and replaces the nonpartisan blanket election in special elections with a standard partisan election preceded by party primary elections.[16] It would also prohibit new voters from being registered for the runoff.[17] According to the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, these provisions have the effect of making it more likely that the leading candidate in the first round will prevail in the runoff.[16]

The changes have been linked to the 2020 United States Senate elections in Georgia,[b] in which the Democratic candidates unseated the incumbent Republicans, delivering a narrow Senate majority to the Democratic Party.[18] According to the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, had these changes been in place for the 2020 elections, they may have made it more likely that the Republican incumbents would have held their seats.[16] In particular, shortened runoffs would have shortened early voting, which benefited Democrats in the 2020 Senate races; and no nonpartisan blanket elections in the special election would have prevented the protracted intra-party battles between the leading Republican candidates Kelly Loeffler and Doug Collins, which diverted energy away from campaigning against Democratic candidate Raphael Warnock.[10]

Long voting lines[]

Long voting lines have been a problem in Georgia and they are most common in poor, urban areas, which tend to vote more heavily for the Democratic Party.[3] The bill makes efforts to reduce long lines at voting stations. Officials in charge of precincts with more than 2,000 voters that had waiting longer than an hour in the 2020 election will be required to either open another voting station or add more staff, equipment, or both to the existing station. Pollworkers will be allowed to work in counties where they do not reside.[5]

Providing free food and water[]

As part of a broader ban on giving out money or gifts to voters, the act makes it illegal for volunteers to provide free food or water to people waiting in line to vote within 150 feet (46 m) of polling locations and 25 feet (7.6 m) of voting lines, except that volunteers and election officials are allowed to make available self-service water from an unattended dispenser to voters in line.[5] Critics have argued that the provision disproportionately affects Black voters, who face longer lines on average.[19][20]

Polling location[]

Prior to the law, Georgia voters who mistakenly went to the incorrect polling location were allowed to cast provisional ballots (ballots that are set aside to verify eligibility). In the 2020 election, wrong polling location was by far the most common reason for casting a provisional ballot (and provisional ballots as a whole went much more heavily to Democratic candidate Joe Biden than the state as a whole).[3] The new law removes the option of casting a provisional ballot if the voter arrives at the wrong polling location prior to 5 pm and instead requires them to travel to the correct precinct.[3]

Private funding of elections[]

Many jurisdictions in Georgia, particularly those in poorer urban areas, rely on donations from outside organizations like the to fund elections.[3] The bill prohibits these donations.

Legislative history[]

Main article: Republican efforts to make voting laws more restrictive following the 2020 presidential election § Georgia

The Republican effort to reform voting laws began in early January, 2021, when Georgia Republicans appointed state Representative Barry Fleming, who as attorney of Hancock County had defended a controversial voter roll update that challenged the eligibility of nearly 20% of Sparta, Georgia's residents (almost all Black), to the chairmanship of the Georgia Special Committee on Election Integrity.[21] By late February, the first elections bill had cleared a chamber of the Georgia General Assembly.[22] Passed in the Georgia State Senate on February 23, 2021 in a nearly party-line vote, Senate Bill 67 would have required a photo ID when requesting an absentee ballot.

The first comprehensive election bill to be considered was House Bill 531, sponsored by Fleming.[22] That bill would have restricted where ballot drop boxes can be located and when they can be accessed, required photo identification for absentee voting, made the deadline to request an absentee ballot earlier, made it a misdemeanor to hand out food or drink to voters waiting in line, and limited early voting hours on weekends, among many other changes.[23][24] Most controversially, it would have restricted early voting on Sundays, when Black churches traditionally run "Souls to the Polls" get-out-the-vote efforts.[25] House Bill 531 passed the House in a party-line vote on March 1, 2021.[26]

In the Senate, Senate Bill 202 first appeared as a small, two-page bill to prohibit organizations from sending absentee ballot applications to voters who have already requested a ballot.[27] It passed in that form on March 8, the deadline bills must pass at least one chamber of the Assembly.

On March 17, 2021, with House Bill 531, Fleming's original comprehensive elections bill, now being considered in the Senate, word emerged that the two-page Senate Bill 202 (now in the House) would be vastly expanded by Fleming into a 93-page omnibus bill.[28] As the end of March neared (the Georgia General Assembly adjourns on March 31), Republican efforts consolidated around the two omnibus bills.[29][30] Ultimately, on March 25, 2021, both chambers passed Senate Bill 202, named the "Election Integrity Act of 2021".[4] It was signed into law by Governor Brian Kemp that evening.[4]

Georgia lieutenant governor Geoff Duncan (R) said that momentum for the legislation grew from misinformation by former president Donald Trump and Rudy Giuliani.[31]

The bill is part of Republican efforts to change election laws in various states following the 2020 presidential election. Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden won Georgia [32][33][34][35] and Democrats won the two U. S. Senate seats that represented Georgia, a state that previously elected Republicans.[10] According to The New York Times, the bill "will, in particular, curtail ballot access for voters in booming urban and suburban counties, home to many Democrats".[3]

Legal challenges[]

The bill quickly drew a number of legal challenges, with groups challenging the law including the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, the Southern Poverty Law Center, the League of Women Voters of Georgia, the New Georgia Project, Black Voters Matter, the Sixth District of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the Lower Muskogee Creek Tribe, the Georgia Muslim Voter Project, Women Watch Afrika, the Latino Community Fund Georgia, and Delta Sigma Theta Sorority.[36][17][37] They argue that the bill violates the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution and Section Two of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which forbids racially discriminatory voting rules.[38] The Georgia NAACP further alleges that Republican officials are purposefully attempting to discriminate against black Georgians "in order to maintain the tenuous hold the Republican Party has in Georgia" (Democratic wins in the state in 2020—especially the two Senate races—were fueled by high black turnout, as well as rapid ethnic diversification of the Atlanta metropolitan area[39][40]).[38]

On June 25, 2021, the Department of Justice announced it would sue Georgia over the law on the basis that it is racially discriminatory.[41]

Backlash[]

In response to the bill, and after pressure from civil rights groups,[42] Major League Baseball (MLB) announced it would be moving the 2021 All-Star game out of suburban Atlanta.[43] In a statement outlining his opposition to the bill, MLB commissioner Rob Manfred asserted that "Major League Baseball fundamentally supports voting rights for all Americans and opposes restrictions to the ballot box".[43] Georgia Governor Brian Kemp responded by claiming that the MLB caved to "fear, political opportunism, and liberal lies" and called the decision an example of cancel culture.[44] Voting rights activist and former Georgia gubernatorial candidate Stacey Abrams stated her disappointment over the decision, saying, "I don't want to see Georgia families hurt by lost events and jobs," while also stating she understood why it was made.[45] In early April, Republican Senators Ted Cruz and Mike Lee and Representative Jeff Duncan announced that they would be pursuing retaliatory legislation to revoke MLB's antitrust exemption over its opposition to the law.[46]

Delta Air Lines and The Coca-Cola Company, two companies based in Georgia, issued statements denouncing the bill.[47] In response to the criticism by Delta Air Lines (the state's largest employer), the Georgia House of Representatives passed a retaliatory bill ending a tax break on jet fuel (the bill failed to advance in the state Senate).[48] Commenting on the Delta bill, state House Speaker David Ralston quipped, "You don't feed a dog that bites your hand".[47] The Speaker also went on camera to proclaim that he had recently drunk a Pepsi.[49]

Other companies, including the Atlanta Falcons, Home Depot, and UPS, followed suit, issuing statements condemning the bill or asserting their belief that politicians should be making it "easier, not harder, for Americans to exercise their right to vote".[50][51][52] A group of 72 black corporate executives, hailing from companies such as Merck & Co., Ariel Investments, and Citigroup, issued a letter calling on companies to fight the restrictive voting bills being advanced by Republicans across the United States.[53] Republican lawmakers responded by castigating the companies, with Senator Marco Rubio decrying them as "woke corporate hypocrites".[52] Former president Donald Trump, who was the central promoter of claims of widespread election fraud and the principal agent in the attempt to overturn the 2020 presidential election, called for Republicans and conservatives to boycott Major League Baseball, Coca-Cola, Delta Airlines, JPMorgan Chase, ViacomCBS, Citigroup, Cisco, UPS, Merck & Co., and other companies he accused of being "woke".[54]

Actor Will Smith and director Antoine Fuqua announced in a joint statement that production of their upcoming film, Emancipation, would be pulled from Georgia due to the passage of the law: "We cannot in good conscience provide economic support to a government that enacts regressive voting laws that are designed to restrict voter access."[55] Meanwhile, filmmaker Ryan Coogler assured that he would keep the production of Black Panther: Wakanda Forever in the state while also objecting to the law.[56]

On Wednesday, April 14, hundreds of corporations, executives and celebrities opposed the voting restrictions in 2-page ad spreads in The New York Times, The Washington Post and some other major newspapers.[57][58][59]

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ In the June 2020 Georgia primary election, Secretary of State Brad Raffensberger mailed every registered voter in the state an absentee ballot application. For the 2020 presidential election, he did not do the same, but several local government agencies—particularly urban ones—did mail voters absentee ballot request forms.[3]
  2. ^ Two Senate elections were held in Georgia in 2020: the regularly scheduled 2020 class II Georgia Senate election, in which incumbent David Perdue (R) was unseated by Jon Ossoff (D); and the 2020–21 United States Senate special election in Georgia to fill the seat vacated by Johnny Isakson (R), in which Raphael Warnock (D) defeated Kelly Loeffler (R), who had temporarily held the seat after being appointed by Governor Brian Kemp (R) following Isakson's resignation.

References[]

  1. ^ "Senate Bill 202".
  2. ^ SB202, Georgia General Assembly
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Corasaniti, Nick; Epstein, Reid J. (April 2, 2021). "What Georgia's Voting Law Really Does". The New York Times.
  4. ^ a b c Nadler, Ben; Amy, Jeff (March 25, 2021). "Georgia Gov. Kemp signs GOP election bill amid an outcry". Associated Press.
  5. ^ a b c Panetta, Grace (March 26, 2021). "Georgia's new controversial voting law bans volunteers from delivering free water and snacks to voters in line". Business Insider.
  6. ^ Nelson, Steven (March 26, 2021). "Biden calls Georgia election law 'Jim Crow in the 21st century'". New York Post. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
  7. ^ "Georgia Governor Brian Kemp "refuses to back down" on election law, amid criticism". Newsweek. April 1, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
  8. ^ Stevenson, Peter (April 5, 2021). "Expand access? A historic restriction? What the Georgia voting law really does". Washington Post. Retrieved May 1, 2021. Kemp and other defenders of the law say what’s on the books now is in line with voting laws, even in blue states.
  9. ^ McWhirter, Aruna Viswanatha and Cameron (June 25, 2021). "Georgia's New Voting Law Aims to Restrict Black Vote, Justice Department Says". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Greenwood, Max (March 26, 2021). "Five big takeaways on Georgia's new election law". The Hill.
  11. ^ McWhirter, Cameron (March 25, 2021). "Georgia Mail-In Election Changes Signed Into Law by Governor". The Wall Street Journal.
  12. ^ a b c Niesse, Mark (March 24, 2021). "Georgia bill could shift power over elections to GOP appointees". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
  13. ^ a b c d Beauchamp, Zack (March 26, 2021). "Georgia's restrictive new voting law, explained". Vox.
  14. ^ Wickert, David (March 12, 2021). "Lawsuits failed, but bills may restrict Georgia voting". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
  15. ^ Bluestein, Greg; Salzer, James (December 6, 2020). "Kemp tells lawmakers they can't overturn results of Georgia's election". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
  16. ^ a b c Niesse, Mark (March 22, 2021). "Georgia bill would end long runoffs and free-for-all special elections". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
  17. ^ a b Nadler, Ben; Amy, Jeff (March 26, 2021). "EXPLAINER: What does Georgia's new GOP election law do?". Associated Press.
  18. ^ Greenwood, Max (March 26, 2021). "Five big takeaways on Georgia's new election law". The Hill. In a move that appears to be a thinly veiled response to the GOP's joint losses in the two Jan. 5 Senate runoffs, the new elections law in Georgia looks to get rid of the all-party primary system — often called "jungle primaries" — for special elections, while shortening the runoff election timeline by five weeks.
  19. ^ Schouten, Fredreka (March 26, 2021). "Here's why voting rights activists say Georgia's new election law targets Black voters". CNN.
  20. ^ Fowler, Stephen (October 17, 2020). "Why Do Nonwhite Georgia Voters Have To Wait In Line For Hours? Too Few Polling Places". NPR.
  21. ^ Wines, Michael (July 31, 2016). "Critics See Efforts by Counties and Towns to Purge Minority Voters From Rolls". The New York Times.
  22. ^ a b Niesse, Mark (February 23, 2021). "Bill requiring ID for absentee voting passes Georgia Senate". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
  23. ^ Nadler, Ben; Yoganathan, Anila (March 1, 2021). "Georgia House passes GOP bill rolling back voting access". Associated Press.
  24. ^ Richards, Doug (March 1, 2021). "Georgia House passes GOP election bill that would add restrictions to voting process". 11 Alive.
  25. ^ Scott, Eugene (February 24, 2021). "New Georgia legislation would curb 'souls to the polls'". The Washington Post.
  26. ^ Nadler, Ben; Yoganathan, Anila (March 1, 2021). "Georgia House passes GOP bill rolling back voting access". Associated Press.
  27. ^ Niesse, Mark (March 9, 2021). "Bills to limit Georgia voting access reach legislative endgame". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
  28. ^ Fowler, Stephen (March 17, 2021). "Georgia House Committee Hears Newer, Bigger Voting Omnibus You Haven't Seen Yet". Georgia Public Broadcasting.
  29. ^ Schouten, Fredreka; Mena, Kelly (March 22, 2021). "Putting 'cologne on Jim Crow': Georgia GOP lawmakers drive toward new voting restrictions". CNN.
  30. ^ Fowler, Stephen (March 23, 2021). "What's Similar (And Different) About Georgia's Two Omnibus Voting Bills". Georgia Public Broadcasting.
  31. ^ Sara Murray and Jason Morris (April 7, 2021). "Georgia's GOP lieutenant governor says Giuliani's false fraud claims helped lead to restrictive voting law". CNN.
  32. ^ Corasaniti, Nick; Epstein, Reid J. (March 23, 2021). "G.O.P. and Allies Draft 'Best Practices' for Restricting Voting". The New York Times.
  33. ^ Bacon, Perry (March 26, 2021). "Why Georgia's New Voting Law Is Such A Big Deal". FiveThirtyEight.
  34. ^ Montellaro, Zach (March 25, 2021). "Georgia enacts law adding ID requirement to absentee voting". Politico.
  35. ^ Mena, Kelly; Schouten, Fredreka; Gallagher, Dianne (March 25, 2021). "Georgia Republicans speed sweeping elections bill restricting voting access into law". CNN.
  36. ^ Kirkland, Pamela (March 30, 2021). "Civil rights groups file third federal lawsuit challenging new Georgia voting law". CNN.
  37. ^ Nadler, Ben; Amy, Jeff (March 29, 2021). "Georgia's new GOP election law draws criticism, lawsuits". Associated Press.
  38. ^ a b "Not so peachy: Georgia's new voting law triggers legal challenges". The Economist. April 3, 2021.
  39. ^ Rakich, Nathaniel; Skelley, Geoffrey; Bronner, Laura; Wolfe, Julia (January 7, 2021). "How Democrats Won The Georgia Runoffs". FiveThirtyEight.
  40. ^ Nilsen, Ella (January 15, 2021). "Georgia went blue. Can Democrats make it happen elsewhere?". Vox.
  41. ^ "Justice Department Files Lawsuit Against the State of Georgia to Stop Racially Discriminatory Provisions of New Voting Law". www.justice.gov. June 25, 2021. Retrieved June 25, 2021.
  42. ^ Drape, Joe (April 2, 2021). "Georgia's Voting Law Puts Sports and Sponsors on the Spot". The New York Times.
  43. ^ a b Draper, Kevin; Wagner, James; Epstein, Reid J.; Corasaniti, Nick (April 2, 2021). "M.L.B. Pulls All-Star Game From Georgia in Response to Voting Law". The New York Times.
  44. ^ Axelrod, Tal (April 2, 2021). "Georgia governor on MLB decision: League 'caved to fear' and 'liberal lies'". TheHill. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
  45. ^ Castronuovo, Celine (April 2, 2021). "Abrams disappointed All-Star Game moving, but proud of MLB stance". The Hill. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
  46. ^ Castronuovo, Celine (April 3, 2021). "GOP senators push to end MLB antitrust status". The Hill.
  47. ^ a b Yamanouchi, Kelly; Bluestein, Greg; Kempner, Matt (March 31, 2021). "Coke, Delta oppose Georgia's 'unacceptable' voting law". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
  48. ^ Wilson, Reid (April 1, 2021). "GOP Georgia state legislators try to punish Delta after elections bill criticism". The Hill.
  49. ^ Bluestein, Greg (April 1, 2021). "What a Pepsi can says about the GOP's rift with corporate Atlanta". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
  50. ^ Treisman, Rachel (April 1, 2021). "'Based On A Lie' — Georgia Voting Law Faces Wave Of Corporate Backlash". NPR.
  51. ^ Denham, Hannah; McGregor, Jena (March 31, 2021). "Georgia sports teams and major companies such as Coca-Cola and Delta Air Lines condemn new state voting law". The Washington Post.
  52. ^ a b Gelles, David (April 1, 2021). "Delta and Coca-Cola face backlash from Republicans after opposing Georgia voting law". The New York Times.
  53. ^ Sorkin, Andrew Ross; Gelles, David (March 31, 2021). "Black Executives Call on Corporations to Fight Restrictive Voting Laws". The New York Times.
  54. ^ Shalvey, Kevin (April 4, 2021). "Donald Trump has expanded his list of 'woke' companies to boycott, due to their opposition to Georgia's voting law". Business Insider.
  55. ^ Sperling, Nicole (April 12, 2021). "Will Smith's production pulls out of Georgia, citing the state's voting law". The New York Times.
  56. ^ Coogler, Ryan (April 16, 2021). "Ryan Coogler On Keeping 'Black Panther II' In Georgia While Combating Repressive Election Laws – Guest Column". Deadline. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
  57. ^ "More than 100 companies sign letter opposing U.S. state voting restrictions". news.yahoo.com. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
  58. ^ Paradis, Cullen (April 14, 2021). "What Companies Are Onboard With Defending Voting Rights? Which Ones Aren't?". International Business Times. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
  59. ^ Chapman, David Koenig and Michelle. "Hundreds of top execs and companies, including United and Mondelez, push back against voting restrictions in newspaper ad". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved April 15, 2021.

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