European Union Association Agreement
![]() | This article uses bare URLs, which may be threatened by link rot. (May 2021) |
A European Union Association Agreement or simply Association Agreement (AA) is a treaty between the European Union (EU), its Member States and a non-EU country that creates a framework for co-operation between them. Areas frequently covered by such agreements include the development of political, trade, social, cultural and security links. The legal basis for the conclusion of the association agreements is provided by art. 217 TFEU (former art. 310 and art. 238 TEC).
Association Agreements are broad framework agreements between the EU (or its predecessors) and its member states, and an external state which governs their bilateral relations. The provision for an association agreement was included in the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, as a means to enable co-operation of the Community with the United Kingdom, which had retreated from the treaty negotiations at the Messina Conference of 1955. According to the European External Action Service, for an agreement to be classified as an AA, it must meet several criteria:[1]
1. The legal basis for their conclusion is Article 217 TFEU (former art. 310 and art. 238 TEC)
2. Intention to establish close economic and political cooperation (more than simple cooperation);
3. Creation of paritary bodies for the management of the cooperation, competent to take decisions that bind the contracting parties;
4. Offering most favoured nation treatment;
5. Providing for a privileged relationship between the EC and its partner;
6. Since 1995 the clause on the respect of human rights and democratic principles is systematically included and constitutes an essential element of the agreement;
7. In a large number of cases, the association agreement replaces a cooperation agreement thereby intensifying the relations between the partners.
— European External Action Service
The EU typically concludes Association Agreements in exchange for commitments to political, economic, trade, or human rights reform in a country. In exchange, the country may be offered tariff-free access to some or all EU markets (industrial goods, agricultural products, etc.), and financial or technical assistance. Most recently signed AAs also include a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between the EU and the third country.
Association Agreements have to be accepted by the European Union and need to be ratified by all the EU member states and the state concerned.
Names and types[]
AAs go by a variety of names (e.g. Euro-Mediterranean Agreement Establishing an Association, Europe Agreement Establishing an Association) and need not necessarily even have the word "Association" in the title. Some AAs contain a promise of future EU membership for the contracting state.
The first states to sign such agreements were Greece in 1961[2] and Turkey in 1963.[3]
In recent history, such agreements have been signed as part of two EU policies, the Stabilisation and Association Process (SAp) and the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP).
The countries of the western Balkans (official candidates Albania, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and potential candidates Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo[a]) are covered by SAp. All six have "Stabilisation and Association Agreements" (SAA) with the EU in force.
The Eastern European neighbours of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine are all members of the Eastern Partnership and are covered by the ENP. While Russia has a special status with the EU-Russia Common Spaces instead of ENP participation.
Meanwhile, the countries of the Mediterranean, (Algeria, Morocco, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, the Palestinian Authority, Syria, Tunisia) are also covered by the ENP and seven of the Mediterranean states have a "Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association" (EMAA) with the EU in force, while Palestine has an interim EMAA in force.[4] Syria initialed an EMAA in 2008, however signing has been deferred indefinitely. Negotiations for a Framework Agreement with the remaining state, Libya, have been suspended.
Moldova and Ukraine have Association Agreements in force. Armenia completed negotiations for a AA in 2013 but decided not to sign the agreement and later signed a revised CEPA with the EU in 2017.[5] While, Azerbaijan has been negotiating an AA.
Both the SAA and ENP are based mostly on the EU's acquis communautaire and its promulgation in the co-operating states legislation. Of course, the depth of the harmonisation is less than full EU members and some policy areas may not be covered (depending on the particular state).
In addition to these two policies, AAs with free-trade agreement provisions have been signed with other states and trade blocs including Chile and South Africa.
EU Agreements with third states[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/EU_Association_Agreements.svg/400px-EU_Association_Agreements.svg.png)
- EU member states
- Agreement on the European Economic Area
- Stabilisation and Association Agreement
- Agreement Establishing an Association
- Partnership and Cooperation Agreement; Association Agreement under negotiations
- Association Agreement under negotiations
- Euro-Mediterranean Agreement Establishing an Association
- Interim Euro-Mediterranean Agreement Establishing an Association
- Cooperation Agreement; Euro-Mediterranean Agreement Establishing an Association initialled
- Trade and Cooperation Agreement
- Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement
- Partnership and Cooperation Agreement signed
- Negotiations on a Framework Agreement suspended
Association Agreements[]
In force[]
- ACP PA (2003)[6]
- Albania SAA (2009)[7]
- Algeria EMAA (2005)[8]
- Bosnia and Herzegovina SAA (2015)[9]
- Chile AA (2005)[10]
- Egypt EMAA (2004)[11]
- Georgia AA (2016)[12]
- Iceland EEA (1994)[13]
- Israel EMAA (2000)[14]
- Jordan EMAA (2002)[15]
- Kosovo* SAA (2016)[16]
- Lebanon EMAA (2006)[17]
- Liechtenstein EEA (1995)[13]
- Moldova AA (2016)[18]
- Montenegro SAA (2010)[19]
- Morocco EMAA (2000)[20]
- North Macedonia[21] SAA (2004)[22]
- Norway EEA (1994)[13]
- Serbia SAA (2013)[23]
- South Africa ATDC (2004)[24]
- Syria CA (1978;[25] cooperation programmes suspended in 2011)[26]
- Tunisia EMAA (1998)[27]
- Turkey AA (1964)[28] the framework for a CU (1995)[29]
- Ukraine AA (2017)[30][31][32]
- United Kingdom: TCA (2021)[33][34]
Currently pending ratification[]
- Central America: European Union Central American Association Agreement (signed in 2012)[35]
Currently in negotiations[]
- Andorra AA[36]
- Azerbaijan AA[37]
- Libya (negotiations for a Framework Agreement were launched in 2008, but suspended in 2011 due to the Libyan Civil War; as of 2014 the EU is seeking to re-launch the negotiations)[38]
- Mercosur AA[39]
- Monaco AA[36]
- San Marino AA[36]
- Syria EMAA (initialled in 2008,[40] however signing has been stalled indefinitely by the EU due to concerns over the conduct of Syrian authorities during anti-government protests in 2011 and the ensuing civil war)[26][41]
Defunct agreements[]
- Bulgaria EAA (1995),[42] acceded to the EU in 2007
- Croatia SAA (2005),[43] acceded to the EU in 2013
- Cyprus AA (1973),[44] acceded to the EU in 2004
- Czech Republic EAA (1995),[45] acceded to the EU in 2004
- Estonia EAA (1998),[46] acceded to the EU in 2004
- Greece AA (1961), acceded to the EU in 1981
- Hungary EAA (1994),[47] acceded to the EU in 2004
- Latvia EAA (1998),[48] acceded to the EU in 2004
- Lithuania EAA (1998),[49] acceded to the EU in 2004
- Malta AA (1971),[50] acceded to the EU in 2004
- Poland EAA (1994),[51] acceded to the EU in 2004
- Romania EAA (1995),[52] acceded to the EU in 2007
- Slovakia EAA (1995),[53] acceded to the EU in 2004
- Slovenia EAA (1999),[54] acceded to the EU in 2004
- United Kingdom ACR (1955),[55] acceded to the EU in 1973
Free-trade agreements[]
In force[]
- Andorra CU (1991)[56]
- Faroe Islands (autonomous constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark) FTA (1997)[57]
- Japan EPA (2019)[58]
- Mexico EPPCCA (2000)[59]
- Monaco CU (1958)[60]
- Palestinian Authority interim EMAA (1997)[4][61]
- San Marino CCU (2002)[62]
- Singapore FTA (2019)[63]
- South Korea FTA (2015)[64]
- Switzerland FTA (1973)[65]
- Vietnam FTA (2020)[66]
Currently undergoing ratification[]
- Colombia and Peru FTA (signed in 2012)[67]
- Canada CETA (signed in 2016)[68]
- Cameroon Interim EPA (signed in 2009)[69]
- CARIFORUM EPA (signed in 2008)[70]
- Côte d'Ivoire Stepping Stone EPA (signed in 2009)[71]
- EAC EPA (signed in 2016)[72]
- Ecuador FTA (signed in 2016)[73]
- Ghana Stepping Stone EPA (signed in 2016)[74]
- Madagascar, Mauritius, the Seychelles, and Zimbabwe Interim EPA (signed in 2009)[75]
- SADC EPA (signed in 2016)[76]
Currently in negotiations[]
- Australia FTA[77]
- India FTA[78]
- Malaysia FTA[79]
- Morocco DCFTA[80]
- New Zealand FTA[81]
- Philippines FTA[82]
- Thailand FTA[83]
- Tunisia DCFTA[84]
- United States TTIP[85]
- APC Pacific EPA[86]
- ASEAN FTA (negotiations paused in 2009, in favour of bilateral negotiations with individual states)[87]
- ECOWAS EPA (finalised in February 2014, but not signed)[88][89]
- Central Africa states EPA[90]
- GCC FTA (negotiations suspended by GCC in 2008)[91]
Other agreements[]
![]() | This list is incomplete; you can help by . (August 2008) |
- Andorra CA (2005)[92]
- Armenia CEPA (2021)[93][94]
- ASEAN CA (1980),[95] valid only for Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.
- Azerbaijan PCA (1999)[96]
- GCC CA (1989)[97]
- Georgia PCA (1999)[98]
- Indonesia ACPC (2014)[99]
- Iraq PCA (2018)[100]
- Kazakhstan Enhanced PCA (2020)[101]
- Kyrgyzstan PCA (1999)[102]
- Moldova PCA (1998)[103]
- Mongolia ATEC (1993)[104]
- Mongolia ACPC (2017)[105]
- Papua New Guinea Interim PA (2011)[106]
- Philippines PCA (2018)[107]
- Russia PCA (1997)[108]
- Tajikistan PCA (2010)[109]
- Ukraine PCA (1998)[110]
- USSR TCA (1989), endorsed by Tajikistan in 1994 and by Turkmenistan
- Uzbekistan PCA (1999)[111]
- Vietnam ACPC (2016)[112]
- Yemen CA (1998)[113]
Currently undergoing ratification[]
- Belarus PCA (signed in 1995)[114]
- Fiji Interim PA (signed in 2009)[106]
- New Zealand PARC (signed in 2016)[115]
- Turkmenistan PCA (signed in 1998)[116]
Currently in negotiations[]
- Malaysia PCA[117]
- Russia (negotiations suspended in 2014)[118]
- Singapore PCA[119]
- Thailand PCA[120]
- Uzbekistan Enhanced PCA[121]
Defunct agreements[]
![]() | This list is incomplete; you can help by . (August 2008) |
- Albania ATCEC (1992),[122] superseded by SAA in 2009
- Algeria CA (1978),[123] superseded by EMAA in 2005
- Armenia PCA (1999)[124]
- Egypt CA (1978),[125] superseded by EMAA in 2004
- Kazakhstan PCA (1999)[126] superseded by EPCA in 2020
- Macedonia CA (1998),[127] superseded by SAA in 2004
- Mexico CA (1991),[128] superseded by EPPCCA in 2000
- Morocco CA (1978),[129] superseded by EMAA in 2000
- Serbia FA FRY-EU (2000)
- Tunisia CA (1978),[130] superseded by EMAA in 1998
- Vietnam CA (1996)[131] superseded by ACPC in 2016
- ACP Convention (1976,[132] 1981,[133] 1986,[134] 1991[135]), superseded by PA in 2003
- Legend
- AA = Agreement Establishing an Association/Association Agreement
- ACPC = Agreement on Comprehensive Partnership and Cooperation
- ACR = Agreement concerning the relations
- ATDC = Agreement on Trade, Development and Cooperation
- CEPA = Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement
- CETA = Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement
- CA = Cooperation Agreement
- CCU = Agreement on Cooperation and Customs Union
- CU = Customs Union
- DCFTA = Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement
- EPA = Economic Partnership Agreement
- EPPCCA = Economic Partnership, Political Coordination and Cooperation Agreement
- EAA = Europe Agreement Establishing an Association
- EEA = European Economic Area
- EMAA = Euro-Mediterranean Agreement Establishing an Association
- FTA = Free Trade Agreement
- PA = Partnership Agreement
- PCA = Partnership and Cooperation Agreement/Agreement on Partnership and Cooperation
- PARC = Partnership Agreement on Relations and Cooperation
- SAA = Stabilisation and Association Agreement
- ATCEC = Agreement on Trade and Commercial and Economic Cooperation
- ATEC = Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation
- TTIP = Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership
Impact on environment and national economies[]
Agriculture & Manufacturing[]
Trade agreements between the EU and other countries or free trade zones have differential effects on the respective economies. Agricultural industries are most significantly impacted when regional farms have to compete with large producers that gain access to markets when tariffs fall. For large agreements such as the AA with Mercosur, significant opposition exists in European countries against cheaper imports of meats and other products.[136] However, for the manufacturing sector of cars and industrial products for export, usually involving larger global corporations, relevant volume increases are obvious for the more industrialised trade members.[137]
Environment[]
The impact on the environment for those nations that export farm products from areas with rain forests or other ecologically relevant regions, for example in Brazil, has been increasingly documented by environmental groups opposing EU trade agreements.[138] In addition, other industries with large environmental impact such as mining are expanding in areas where the regulatory burden is low, for example in South America and Asia. Industry groups have argued that increased economic performance in those sectors will only strengthen standards in participating nations, and that EU trade agreements should go hand in hand with harmonisation efforts for environmental regulations.[139]
See also[]
- European Union free trade agreements
- Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe
- Free trade areas in Europe
- EU-ACP Economic Partnership Agreements
- Future enlargement of the European Union
Notes[]
a. | ^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia. The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008. Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory. The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013, as part of the 2013 Brussels Agreement. Kosovo is currently recognized as an independent state by 97 out of the 193 United Nations member states. In total, 113 UN member states are said to have recognized Kosovo at some point, of which 15 later withdrew their recognition. |
References[]
- ^ "Association Agreements" (PDF). European External Action Service. 11 May 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ "Accord créant une association entre la Communauté économique européenne et la Grèce". Official Journal of the European Union (in French). P 26/1963: 294–342. 18 February 1963. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
- ^ "Accord créant une association entre la Communauté économique européenne et la Turquie – Protocole n° 1 : protocole provisoire – Protocole n° 2 : protocole financier – Acte final – Déclarations". Official Journal of the European Union (in French). P 217/1964: 3687–3697. 29 December 1964. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreements". European Union. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
- ^ "Armenia - Trade - European Commission". ec.europa.eu.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
- ^ "SAA Agreement with Kosovo*". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ Addressed by the EU as "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ Jump up to: a b FACT SHEET - The European Union and Syria, EEAS. Published 14 July 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Decision No 1/95 of the EC-Turkey Association Council of 22 December 1995 on implementing the final phase of the Customs Union" (PDF).
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
- ^ "Official Journal of the European Union". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
- ^ "EU-UK trade and cooperation agreement: Council adopts decision on conclusion". www.consilium.europa.eu. 29 April 2021.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "RECORDED HRVP Federica MOGHERINI host the ceremony on the occasion of the launching of the Association Agreement(s) negotiations with the Principality of Andorra, the Principality of Monaco and the Republic of San Marino". European Commission. 18 March 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
- ^ "Azerbaijan". European External Action Service. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
- ^ "ENP Package – Libya". European Commission. 27 March 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
- ^ "EU, Mercosur strike trade pact, defying protectionist wave". Reuters Business News. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
- ^ "European-Syrian Cooperation Agreement". European External Action Service. Archived from the original on 16 September 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ "Syria". European External Action Service. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ European Yearbook. III. Springer Science+Business Media. 2013. p. 365. ISBN 9789401538954.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement - Consilium". www.consilium.europa.eu. Retrieved 18 July 2018.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
- ^ Franco-Monegasque Treaty
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ "#EUTrade news". Trade - European Commission. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details}". Council of the European Union.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
- ^ "Australia - Trade - European Commission". ec.europa.eu.
- ^ "India". European Commission. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
- ^ "Free Trade Agreement". European External Action Service. Archived from the original on 8 August 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ "Morocco". European Commission.
- ^ "New Zealand - Trade - European Commission". ec.europa.eu.
- ^ "EU and the Philippines launch negotiations for a free trade agreement". European Commission. 22 December 2015.
- ^ "EU and Thailand hold first round of negotiations for Free Trade Agreement". European Commission. 31 May 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
- ^ "Tunisia". European Commission.
- ^ "EU and US conclude first round of TTIP negotiations in Washington". European Commission. 12 July 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
- ^ "Pacific". European Commission. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
- ^ "Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) - Trade - European Commission". ec.europa.eu.
- ^ http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2009/september/tradoc_144912.pdf
- ^ "West Africa - Trade - European Commission". ec.europa.eu.
- ^ "Central Africa". European Commission. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
- ^ "The EU's bilateral trade and investment agreements – where are we?". European Union. 1 August 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
- ^ "Joint Proposal for a COUNCIL DECISION on the signing, on behalf of the European Union, and provisional application of the Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Armenia, of the other part". European Commission. 25 September 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
In certain areas, the Agreement is also designed to bring Armenian law gradually closer to the EU acquis. However, it does not go as far as to establish an association between the EU and Armenia.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Free Trade Agreement". European External Action Service. Archived from the original on 8 August 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
- ^ "Russia - Trade - European Commission". ec.europa.eu.
- ^ "Joint Statement by the European Union and Singapore on the initialling of the EU-Singapore Partnership and Cooperation Agreement" (PDF). European External Action Service. 14 October 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
- ^ "Press Release European Union – Thailand Partnership and Cooperation Agreement initialled today in Brussels" (PDF). European External Action Service. 7 November 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
- ^ "Remarks by the HRVP at the bilateral meeting with Abdulaziz Kamilov, Foreign Minister of Uzbekistan, announcing the formal launch of the Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement negotiations with Uzbekistan". European External Action Service. 23 November 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ "Agreement details". Council of the European Union. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ Farmers, environmentalists slam ‘sell-out’ EU-Mercosur trade deal. France 24. Retrieved 30 June 2019
- ^ How two new free trade agreements could transform Brazil. WEF Agenda. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
- ^ EU, Mercosur Reach Agreement on TradeThe Wall Street Journal (World). Retrieved 30 June 2019.
- ^ Standardisation, Mutual Recognition Agreements and Technical Cooperation. EFTA Policy Areas. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
External links[]
- Treaties entered into by the European Union
- Lists of treaties