Flatidae
| Flatidae | |
|---|---|
| |
| adult bugs and nymphs (Flatida rosea) Ankarana Reserve, Madagascar | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Infraorder: | Fulgoromorpha |
| Superfamily: | Fulgoroidea |
| Family: | Flatidae |
| Subfamilies | |
| |
Flatid nymph from Assam, India
Flatid adult from St. Louis, Missouri
Ormenoides venusta nymph
Flatidae are a family of fulgoroid planthoppers. They are cosmopolitan in distribution and are distinguished from others in the superfamily by a combination of characters. Like all other planthoppers, they suck phloem sap of plants. Some species are known to communicate with vibrations through the plant stems.[1] Communication may be with mates, or with ants that tend the nymphs, protecting them and gathering honeydew secretions.[2] Adults of some species have brightly coloured forewings which are tougher and known as tegmina unlike the membranous hindwings which are used for flight. Although a few can be identified by their coloration, most species requires dissection and examination under a microscope with access to literature on already described species.[3]
There are two sub-families within the family. In the subfamily Flatinae, the body of adults is flattened laterally and the tegmina are tent-like. In the Flatoidinae, the body is not laterally compressed and the tegmina are not as tent-like and sometimes held horizontally. The wing venation is distinctive in that the veins in the anal region are nodose, and the costal area has numerous cross veins.[4] The antennae are small and the first segment is collar-like and small. The second segment is longer and ends in a bulge and a flagellum arises from it. They have two ocelli. Nymphs have a tail of waxy filaments.
Subfamilies and genera[]
Genera within the family Flatidae include:[5][6]
Flatinae[]
Auth.: (Spinola, 1839) Melichar, 1901
- tribe Ceryniini Distant, 1906
- Adelidoria Metcalf, 1952
- Adexia Melichar, 1901
- Bythopsyrna Melichar, 1901
- Stål, 1862
- Cerynia Stål, 1862
- Stål, 1862
- Metcalf, 1952
- tribe Flatini Spinola, 1839
- subtribe Flatina Spinola, 1839
- Strand, 1928
- Medler, 1988
- Fabricius, 1798
- Flatomorpha Melichar, 1901
- Karsch, 1890
- subtribe Lawanina Melichar, 1923
- subtribe Phyllyphantina Melichar, 1923
- Distant, 1910
- Paracromna Melichar, 1901
- Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Distant, 1906
- Stål, 1870
- subtribe Scarpantina Melichar, 1923
- Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Stål, 1862
- Scarpantina Melichar, 1901
- subtribe Siphantina Melichar, 1923
- Melichar, 1902
- Medler, 1988
- Melichar, 1901
- Metcalf & Bruner, 1948
- Melichar, 1902
- Kirkaldy, 1906
- Distant, 1910
- Kirkaldy, 1904
- Medler, 1988
- Siphanta Stål, 1862
- Distant, 1914
- Distant, 1906
- tribe Nephesini Distant, 1906
- subtribe Cryptoflatina Melichar, 1923
- Melichar, 1901
- Melichar, 1923
- Fennah, 1942
- Melichar, 1923
- Melichar, 1901
- Fennah, 1945
- Melichar, 1901
- Flatormenis Melichar, 1923
- Kirkaldy, 1900
- Melichar, 1901
- Melichar, 1901
- Fennah, 1942
- Lallemand, 1931
- Melichar, 1923
- Kirkaldy, 1900
- Metcalf, 1938
- Metcalf, 1954
- Metcalfa Caldwell & Martorell, 1951
- Melichar, 1923
- Melichar, 1923
- Distant, 1912
- Metcalf & Bruner, 1948
- Ormenaria Metcalf & Bruner, 1948
- Stål, 1862
- Ormenoides Melichar, 1923
- Melichar, 1923
- Melichar, 1901
- Lallemand & Synave, 1952
- Fennah, 1949
- Petrusa Stål, 1862
- Kirkaldy, 1913
- Melichar, 1901
- Distant, 1910
- subtribe Nephesina Distant, 1906
- Stål, 1866
- Distant, 1906
- Neomelicharia Kirkaldy, 1903
- Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Lallemand, 1939
- Distant, 1906
- Muir, 1924
- Distant, 1906
- subtribe Phaedolina Melichar, 1923
- Karsch, 1890
- subtribe Pseudoflatina Melichar, 1923
- Stål, 1866
- Kirkaldy, 1900
- Distant, 1910 - Planthoppers
- Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Stål, 1862
- Schmidt, 1924
- Lallemand, 1950
- Melichar, 1901
- subtribe unplaced
- Medler, 1991
- Peng, Fletcher & Zhang, 2016
- Distant, 1906
- Distant, 1910
- Medler, 1991
- Zhang, Peng & Wang, 2011
- Medler, 1991
- Jacobi, 1916
- Melichar, 1901
- Medler, 1991
- tribe Phantiini Melichar, 1923
- Jacobi, 1936
- Stål, 1866
- Stål, 1866
- Mesophantia Melichar, 1901
- Microflata Melichar, 1901
- Fieber, 1866
- Melichar, 1905
- tribe Phromniini Distant, 1906
- Fieber, 1866
- Fennah, 1947
- Distant, 1906
- Fennah, 1947
- Fennah, 1947
- Distant, 1906
- Schmidt, 1912
- Distant, 1906
- Jacobi, 1928
- Dermoflata Melichar, 1901
- White, 1846 (= Phromnia Stål, 1862)
- Metcalf, 1952
- Flatina Melichar, 1901
- Fennah, 1947
- Flatosoma Melichar, 1901
- Stål, 1866
- Stål, 1866
- Fennah, 1947
- Distant, 1914
- Paraflata Melichar, 1901
- Poeciloflata Melichar, 1901
- Fennah, 1947
- Fennah, 1947
- tribe Poekillopterini Kirkaldy, 1907
- Poekilloptera Latreille, 1796
- tribe Selizini Distant, 1906
- Fennah, 1965
- Fennah, 1958
- Fennah, 1961
- Melichar, 1923
- Distant, 1906
- Melichar, 1901
- Stål, 1862
- Ai, Yang & Zhang, 2019
- Fletcher, 1988
- Fletcher, 1988
- Fletcher & Moir, 2002
- Walker, 1858
- Melichar, 1905
- Stål, 1862
- Melichar, 1902
- Melichar, 1923
- Medler, 2000
- Metcalf & Bruner, 1948
- Melichar, 1901
- Fennah, 1945
- Melichar, 1901
- Van Duzee, 1907
- Metcalf, 1945
- Melichar, 1902
- Melichar, 1901
- Melichar, 1901
- Distant, 1906
- Distant, 1914
- Stroinski & Swierczewski, 2014
- Linnavuori, 1973
- Fowler, 1904
- Medler, 2001
- Kirkaldy, 1906 (J. australiae, or pandanus planthopper, pest to Pandanus tectorius[7][8])
- Jacobi, 1901
- Swierczewski & Stroinski, 2019
- Distant, 1906
- Swierczewski & Stroinski, 2019
- Melichar, 1923
- Fennah, 1945
- Walker, 1862
- Zia, 1935
- Kirkaldy, 1907
- Melichar, 1923
- Metcalf, 1938
- Distant, 1914
- Distant, 1912
- Melichar, 1923
- Metcalf & Bruner, 1948
- Melichar, 1923
- Peng, Wang & Zhang, 2010
- Medler, 2001
- Distant, 1906
- Uhler, 1895
- Stål, 1862
- Fennah, 1965
- Melichar, 1902
- Melichar, 1901
- Zia, 1935
- tribe Sisciini Melichar, 1923
- Strand, 1928
- Karsch, 1890
- Stål, 1866
- Stål, 1854
- Stål, 1870
- tribe unplaced
- Metcalf & Bruner, 1948
- Banks, 1910
- Distant, 1906
- Melichar, 1902
- Swierczewski, Malenovsky & Stroinski, 2017
- Jacobi, 1928
- Swierczewski, Malenovsky & Stroinski, 2018
- Matsumura, 1900
- Distant, 1910
- Distant, 1910
- Distant, 1906
- Distant, 1916
Flatoidinae[]
Auth.: Melichar, 1901
- Stål, 1866
- Melichar, 1902
- Distant, 1906
- Stål, 1870
- Melichar, 1923
- Melichar, 1923
- Metcalf, 1938
- Metcalf & Bruner, 1948
- Metcalf & Bruner, 1948
- Guérin-Ménéville, 1844
- Melichar, 1923
- Melichar, 1923
- Melichar, 1923
- Distant, 1910
- Distant, 1906
- Melichar, 1901
- Schmidt, 1912
- Metcalf, 1952
- Melichar, 1923
- Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
- Melichar, 1902
- Metcalf, 1938
- Stål, 1870
- Distant, 1908
incertae sedis[]
- Fennah, 1976
- Fennah, 1958
- Fennah, 1958
- Medler, 1992
- Fennah, 1958
- Medler, 1986
- Dlabola, 1979
- Medler, 1988
- Medler, 1996
- Medler, 2000
- Fletcher & Moir, 2009
- Medler, 1988
- Medler, 1988
- Medler, 2000
- Fennah, 1969
- Medler, 2000
- Gnezdilov & O'Brien, 2014
- Medler, 2000
- Medler, 2000
- Medler, 1988
- Stroinski, Malenovský & Swierczewski, 2016
- Medler, 1986
- Medler, 2000
- Synave, 1962
- Fletcher, 1988
- Medler, 2000
- Medler, 2001
- Medler, 2000
- Medler, 1999
- Medler, 1988
- Stroinski, Malenovsky & Swierczewski, 2016
- Swierczewski, Malenovsky & Stroinski, 2014
- Medler, 1992
- Medler, 1988
- Stroinski & Swierczewski, 2013
- Medler, 1990
- Medler, 1999
- Medler, 1993
- Medler, 1991
- Shakila, 1991
- Synave, 1957
- Yang & Chen, 2015
- Medler, 2000
- Shakila, 1984
- Medler, 1996
- Synave, 1962
- Fletcher, 1988
- Synave, 1956
- Dlabola & Safavi, 1972
- Stroinski & Swierczewski, 2013
- Lindberg, 1958
- Stål, 1860
- Medler, 1999
- Lindberg, 1956
- Medler, 2001
- Medler, 1993
- Medler, 1992
- Medler, 2006
- Medler, 2000
- Stroiński & Świerczewski, 2012
- Stroiński & Świerczewski, 2014
- Medler, 1990
- Medler, 1988
- Medler, 1999
- Medler, 1989
- Medler, 1989
- Dlabola, 1981
- Medler, 1999
- Medler, 1990
- Medler, 1992
- Medler, 1999
References[]
- ^ Virant-Doberlet, Meta; Žežlina, Ivan (2007). "Vibrational Communication of Metcalfa pruinosa (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Flatidae)" (PDF). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 100 (1): 73–82. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2007)100[73:VCOMPH]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ Pfeiffer, Martin; Linsenmair,K.E. (2007). "Trophobiosis in a tropical rainforest on Borneo: giant ants Camponotus gigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) herd wax cicadas Bythopsyrna circulata (Auchenorrhyncha: Flatidae)". Asian Myrmecology. 1: 105–119.
- ^ Stephen W. Wilson (2005). "Keys to the families of Fulgoromorpha with emphasis on planthoppers of potential economic importance in the Southeastern United States (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha)". Florida Entomologist. 88 (4): 464–481. doi:10.1653/0015-4040(2005)88[464:kttfof]2.0.co;2.
- ^ F. Muir (1923). "On the classification of the Fulgoroidea (Homoptera)" (PDF). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society. 5 (2): 205–247.
- ^ Bourgoin Th. (2013) Hemiptera Database - FLOW (Fulgoromorpha Lists on The Web): a world knowledge base dedicated to Fulgoromorpha. Version 8.
- ^ BioLib.cz: family Flatidae Spinola, 1839 (retrieved 29 August 2020)
- ^ "The insects killing Fraser Island's pandanus population". Queensland Times. 26 January 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
- ^ Coghill, Jon (29 October 2015). "Rangers turn to tiny native wasp to save Fraser Island's iconic pandanus population". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
External links[]
- Pictures of Australian Flatidae genera
- Illustrated overview of Fulgoroidea
Media related to Flatidae at Wikimedia Commons
Categories:
- Flatidae
- Auchenorrhyncha families
- Fulgoromorpha